Box-Wilson Experimental Design Method Research Articles

Optimization of proportions of a composite binder that has multi-component additives

Introduction. The problem of increasing the strength and durability of Portland cement stone is not new, but it is still highly relevant. To improve the properties of the cement binder at the stage of manufacturing cement composites, finely dispersed additives of inorganic origin can be used. They affect processes of hydration and curing of concrete. Finely dispersed additives, being fillers of mineral and inorganic origin, compact the structure of the cement stone, and, consequently, concrete itself due to substantial porosity reduction. They also increase its strength, impermeability and frost resistance and reduce shrinkage. Besides, these additives allow saving clinker and improve the water-retaining capacity of concrete mixes, preventing their segregation, if used together with superplasticizers.
 
 Materials and methods. The effect of binder compositions on mechanical properties of a composite binder was studied using the Box-Wilson experimental design method. The compressive strength of cement stone was determined at the age of 7 and 28 days using the method of result processing according to GOST 30744–2001. The study was conducted at the laboratory of Department of Building Materials Engineering of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
 
 Results. The results are presented as the surface of the second level regression equation, describing the dependence of compressive strength of the cement stone on the composition of multi-component expanding and pozzolanic additives. The optimal composition of the mix, having multi-component additives, was obtained as a result of the experiments.
 
 Conclusions. In the future the authors will contribute the results of this study to their research into the properties of binders, containing multi-component expanding and pozzolanic additives.

Process Optimization Study of Pb(II) Removal by Bulk Liquid Membrane (BLM)

Box-Wilson experimental design method was employed to optimized lead ions removal efficiency by bulk liquid membrane (BLM) method. The optimization procedure was primarily based on four impartial relevant parameters: pH of feed phase (4-6), pH of stripping phase (9-11), carrier concentration TBP (5-10) %, and initial metal concentration (60-120 ppm). maximum recovery efficiency of lead ions is 83.852% was virtually done following thirty one-of-a-kind experimental runs, as exact through 24-Central Composite Design (CCD). The best values for the aforementioned four parameters, corresponding to the most restoration efficiency were: 5, 10, 7.5% (v/v), and 90 mg/l, respectively. The obtained experimental data had been utilized to strengthen a semi-empirical model, based on a second-degree polynomial, to predict recovery efficiency. The model was tested using ANOVA software (Design expert®) and found acceptable R-Squared were (0.9673). Yield responseurface and contour plots have been created using the developed model, which revealed the presence of high-recovery plateaus whose specs will be useful in controlling pilot or industrial scale future devices to ensure economic feasibility.

Application of Box Wilson experimental design method for removal of acid red 95 using ultrafiltration membrane

The applicability of the ultrafiltration process for color removal from dye-containing water has been examined in this study. The optimization of major process variables, such as dye concentration, chitosan concentration and transmembrane pressure on permeate flux and color removal efficiency was investigated. To find the most appropriate results for the experiment, the Box-Wilson experimental design method was employed. The results were correlated by a response function and the coefficients were determined by regression analysis. Permeate flux variation and color removal efficiency determined from the response functions were in good agreement with the experimental results. The optimum conditions of chitosan concentration, dye concentration and pressure were 50 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 3 bars, respectively for the highest permeate flux. On the other hand, optimum conditions for color removal efficiency were determined as 50 mg/l of dye concentration, 50 mg/l of chitosan concentration and 1 bar of pressure.

Box-willson 실험계획법 기반 고강도 자기충전형 콘크리트의 최적설계방법

Box-Wilson experimental design method, known as central composite design, is the design of any information-gathering exercises where variation is present. This method was devised to gather as much data as possible in spite of the low design cost. This method was employed to model the effect of mixing factors on several performances of 60 MPa high strength self compacting concrete and to numerically calculate the optimal mix proportion. The nonlinear relations between factors and responses of HSSCC were approximated in the form of second order polynomial equation. In order to characterize five performances like compressive strength, passing ability, segregation resistance, manufacturing cost and density depending on five factors like water-binder ratio, cement content, fine aggregate percentage, fly ash content and superplasticizer content, the experiments were made at the total 52 experimental points composed of 32 factorial points, 10 axial points and 10 center points. The study results showed that Box-Wilson experimental design was really effective in designing the experiments and analyzing the relation between factor and response.

Application of Box–Wilson experimental design method for 2,4-dinitrotoluene treatment in a sequential anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR)/aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system

A sequential aerobic completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) following the anaerobic migrating blanket reactor (AMBR) was used to treat a synthetic wastewater containing 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT). A Box–Wilson statistical experiment design was used to determine the effects of 2,4-DNT and the hydraulic retention times (HRTs) on 2,4-DNT and COD removal efficiencies in the AMBR reactor. The 2,4-DNT concentrations in the feed (0–280mg/L) and the HRT (0.5–10 days) were considered as the independent variables while the 2,4-DNT and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies, total and methane gas productions, methane gas percentage, pH, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and total volatile fatty acid/bicarbonate alkalinity (TVFA/Bic.Alk.) ratio were considered as the objective functions in the Box–Wilson statistical experiment design in the AMBR. The predicted data for the parameters given above were determined from the response functions by regression analysis of the experimental data and exhibited excellent agreement with the experimental results. The optimum HRT which gave the maximum COD (97.00%) and 2,4-DNT removal (99.90%) efficiencies was between 5 and 10 days at influent 2,4-DNT concentrations 1–280mg/L in the AMBR. The aerobic CSTR was used for removals of residual COD remaining from the AMBR, and for metabolites of 2,4-DNT. The maximum COD removal efficiency was 99% at an HRT of 1.89 days at a 2,4-DNT concentration of 239mg/L in the aerobic CSTR. It was found that 280mg/L 2,4-DNT transformed to 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) via 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT) and 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT) in the AMBR. The maximum 2,4-DAT removal was 82% at an HRT of 8.61 days in the aerobic CSTR. The maximum total COD and 2,4-DNT removal efficiencies were 99.00% and 99.99%, respectively, at an influent 2,4-DNT concentration of 239mg/L and at 1.89 days of HRT in the sequential AMBR/CSTR.

Treatment of a Petrochemical Industry Wastewater by a Solar Oxidation Process Using The Box-Wilson Experimental Design Method

As an advanced oxidation treatment, the Fe(III)/ H 2 O 2 /Solar-UV process was applied to a petrochemical refinery wastewater in Izmir, Turkey. A solar photocatalytic reactor was used for the advanced oxidation. The Box-Wilson experimental design method was employed to optimize the wastewater flowrate, oxidant and catalyst concentrations as significant factors for maximum organic matter removal. Organic matter removal was monitored throughout the operation period. The maximum reduction in the TOC concentration was 49% with the addition of 2677 mg/L H2O2 and 0.5mM Fe(III) at a 10 L/h flowrate after 8 hours of exposure to solar irradiation.

Application of Box–Wilson experimental design method for the solar photocatalytic degradation of textile dyestuff with Fe(III)/H 2O 2/solar UV process

As an advanced oxidation treatment, Fe(III)/H 2O 2/solar UV process was applied to an azo dye, Reactive Blue 19 (RB19), a widely used textile dyestuffs in the Turkish textile industry. A solar photocatalytic reactor was used for the advanced oxidation. Box–Wilson experimental design method was employed to optimize the wastewater flowrate, oxidant and catalyst concentrations as significant factors for maximum decolorization and organic matter removal. Color and organic matter removals were monitored throughout the operation period. Complete decolorization ( E = 100%) was obtained for the strong dye solution with 50 mg/L dyestuff concentration with the addition of 2677 mg/L H 2O 2 and 0.5 mM Fe(III) at 10 L/h flowrate after 8 h of exposure to the solar irradiation. The maximum reduction in the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration was 90% under the same operating conditions.

Application of a Statistical Technique to Investigate Calcium, Sodium, and Magnesium Ion Effect in Yeast Fermentation

In this work, the dependence of the ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 251TP(3-2) on calcium, sodium, and magnesium ion concentration and interaction effects were studied with the use of a statistical experimental design. The parameters of the ethanol concentration model proposed on the basis of Box-Wilson experimental design method were evaluated with the use of the experimental data. Comparison of the predicted values from the model with the experimentally observed values showed that the model is a good fit. From the analysis of model equation, it was seen that sodium ion concentration has significant main effects on ethanol production, and there is interactive effect only between calcium and magnesium. With the use of developed model, maximum ethanol concentration of 3.73% (v/v) was obtained when calcium, sodium, and magnesium concentration were 1,515, 930, and 128 mg/L, respectively, for the 10% sugar concentration in synthetic molasses.

The use of experimental design method for the investigation of pitting potential of aluminum

AbstractThe dependence of the pitting potential (Ep) of aluminum on chloride concentration, pH and the temperature of the solution was studied by the potentiodynamic method according to a statistical experimental design. The parameters of the statistical Ep model offered on the basis of Box‐Wilson experimental design method were evaluated with the use of the experimental data. Comparison of the predicted values from the model with the observed values showed that the model is a good fit. From the model equation the most noble Ep value of − 420 mV was obtained when Cl− ion concentration, temperature and pH of the solution were 57 ppm, 22°C, and 8.3 respectively. Box‐Wilson experimental design technique was proved to be applicable in modelling Ep of aluminum.

Use of experimental design method to investigate metal ion effects in yeast fermentations

AbstractThe dependence of ethanol production by fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 251 TP(3‐2) on zinc, sodium and potassium ion concentration was studied with the use of a statistical experimental design. The parameters of the ethanol concentration model proposed on the basis of the Box–Wilson experimental design method were evaluated using the experimental data. Comparison of the predicted values from the model with the experimentally observed values showed that the model is a good fit. From analysis of the model equation it was seen that zinc, sodium and potassium ion concentrations have significant main effects on ethanol production but there were no interactive effects of the ions. Using the developed model, the maximum ethanol concentration of 4.19% (v/v) was obtained when potassium, sodium and zinc concentrations were 7900, 930 and 3.04 mg L−1, respectively. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

06/02037 Application of the Box-Wilson experimental design method for the spherical oil agglomeration of coal: Cebeci, Y. and Sönmez, 1. Fuel, 2006, 85, (3), 289–297.

06/02037 Application of the Box-Wilson experimental design method for the spherical oil agglomeration of coal: Cebeci, Y. and Sönmez, 1. Fuel, 2006, 85, (3), 289–297.

Application of Box–Wilson experimental design method for the photodegradation of bakery's yeast industry with UV/H 2O 2 and UV/H 2O 2/Fe(II) process

Decolorization and mineralization of bakery's yeast industry effluent by photochemical advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing UV with hydrogen peroxide and Photo-Fenton, were investigated in a laboratory scale photo-reactor equipped with a 16 W low-pressure mercury vapor lamp. The Box–Wilson experimental design method was employed to evaluate the effects of major process variables (e.g. pH, oxidant dose, and irradiation time) on the decolorization efficiency. Response function coefficients were determined by regression analysis of the experimental data and prediction results agreed with the experimental results. The optimum hydrogen peroxide concentration and irradiation time were found to be 5 mM and 50 min at pH 3, respectively, for UV/H 2O 2 process. In the Photo-Fenton process application, maximum decolorization efficiency (96.4%) was obtained at the optimum reaction conditions that were 100 mM H 2O 2 and 1 mM Fe(II) doses at pH 3, and 10 min of irradiation time.

Application of the Box-Wilson experimental design method for the spherical oil agglomeration of coal

In this study, the Box-Wilson statistical experimental design method was employed to evaluate the effects of important variables such as bridging liquid (oil) concentration, salt (CaCl 2·2H 2O) concentration and stirring speed on the agglomeration of bituminous coal. Response function coefficients were determined by the regression analysis of experimental data and the predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The optimum kerosene concentration, CaCl 2·2H 2O concentration and stirring speed were determined as 30 wt%, 1 M and 1683 rpm, respectively, when considering combustible recovery and ash content. In addition, contact angle and solution surface tension measurements were carried out to evaluate of agglomeration success with the contact angle values and surface tension values. The surface tension of CaCl 2 2H 2O solutions and the average contact angle increased with increasing CaCl 2·2H 2O concentration.

A simulation study of sulphur grindability in a batch ball mill

Grinding tests were performed using a laboratory batch ball mill to investigate the grindability of pure sulphur and examine the influence of selected grinding parameters (slurry concentration, grinding time, wetting agent solution strength, and mass of solid) on the process. Experiments were conducted in accordance with the Box–Wilson experimental design method, and the grinding data obtained were used to establish mathematical models and set up a computer simulation program. Results have indicated that the highest grinding rates would be achieved with a slurry concentration of 70 wt.% solid and a wetting agent [sodium lignosulphonate (SL)] solution strength of 7.5%, but the right combination of solid mass and grinding time would need to be selected based on the product size required. Particle size distributions were represented by a modified Rosin–Rammler–Bennett (RRB) function, which provided an excellent fit to the measured size analysis data.

Application of Box–Wilson experimental design method for the photodegradation of textile dyestuff with UV/H 2O 2 process

Photodegradation of textile dyestuffs Chrysophenine Yellow (DY12), Congo Red (DR28) and Remazol Black B (RB5) by the UV/H 2O 2 process was investigated in a laboratory scale photoreactor equipped with a 16-W low-pressure mercury vapour lamp. The Box–Wilson experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of major process variables, dyestuff and hydrogen peroxide concentrations and irradiation time on decolorization efficiency. Response function coefficients were determined by regression analysis of experimental data and predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. For 100 mg l −1 DY12, RB5 and DR28 for instance, the optimum hydrogen peroxide concentration and irradiation time were found to be 45 mM for 58 min, 45 mM for 58 min and 60 mM for 120 min with 100, 100 and 85.7% efficiencies, respectively. Further increases in oxidant concentration led to slight decreases in decolorization efficiencies according to the response function, most probably due to the scavenging effect of excess hydrogen peroxide on hydroxyl radicals. And this was confirmed by the repeated experiments performed at the points of concern. Increasing the dyestuff concentration also decreased the decolorization efficiency even at higher concentrations of oxidant and longer irradiation times. The photodegradation of dyestuffs were found to follow a first-order reaction law.

Application of a statistical technique to the production of ethanol from sugar beet molasses by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In this work, a statistical model which can be used to describe the rate of ethanol production from sugar beet molasses by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was developed. Total sugar concentration, pH, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4H 2PO 4) concentration were chosen as a 2 3-factorial experimental design and the effects of these factors on ethanol production were examined in repeated shake flask cultures according to the Box–Wilson experimental design method. With the use of the developed model a maximum ethanol production of 1.06 g dm −3 h −1 was obtained when sugar concentration, pH, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate concentration, were 1.6 g dm −3, 4.51, 0.72 g dm −3, respectively.

Chemical modification of polypropylenes by maleic anhydride: Influence of stereospecificity and process conditions

An investigation about the possibilities of atactic polypropylene in order to be chemically modified either in solution or in molten state processes, and further predictions about the reaction conditions' influence in the process, have been carried out. For those purposes the Box–Wilson experimental design method has been used. Besides, in order to check the experimental design polynomials forecasting of the models, additional experiments were performed at different working temperatures, kind of solvent, and stereospecificity of the polymer by comparison of processes carried out on atactic and isotactic polypropylenes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 483–495, 1998

Modification of Polypropylene by Maleic Anhydride

Abstract The Box-Wilson experimental design method is employed to study the free radical process between polypropylene and maleic anhydride in the presence of a peroxide like radical initiator. The batch processes in the solution and in the molten state have been considered in an attempt to know how the physical characteristics of the reaction medium are affecting the modification level of the polypropylene. The analytical titration method proposed by Gaylord is used in order to evaluate the maleic anhydride grafting onto the polypropylene. The main goal of this preliminary study is to know and to show the quantitative values reached in the grafted maleic anhydride level inside the experimental range scanned. From the results the influence of the reaction and several observations can be made in order to evaluate and finally optimize the continuous process by reactive extrusion.