Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus In Cattle Research Articles

Development and application of an indirect ELISA for the serological detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection based on the protein E2 antigen.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes continuous economic losses to the livestock industry. Monitoring antibodies with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a valuable tool to ensure the purification of BVDV in cattle. However, currently available ELISA kits based on the whole BVDV virion are both costly and time-consuming. The E2 protein has good immunogenicity, induces the secretion of neutralizing antibodies and is an essential immunogen for serological detection. We developed a novel recombinant E2 protein-based indirect ELISA (rE2-iELISA) and conducted a serological survey for BVDV antibodies in 2021-2022 in Beijing, China. The results showed that E2 protein was successfully expressed with high immunogenicity and the optimal rE2-iELISA displayed high sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity. Clinical testing of 566 serum specimens indicated that 318 BVDV positive samples and 194 BVDV negative samples were tested by rE2-iELISA and the IDEXX BVDV ELISA-Ab kit, with a positive coincidence rate of 93.3%, a negative coincidence rate of 86.3%, and an overall coincidence rate of 90.5%. This study established an rE2-iELISA method, which is a highly sensitive, specific and robust ELISA-test validated to detect anti-BVDV antibodies. These findings indicate that the newly developed rE2-iELISA method has the potential to be used as a rapid, reliable and cost-effective screening tool for BVDV infection and provides technical support for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy in cattle herds in the future.

Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey

Abortions, fetal mummification, calf anomalies, and infertility problems constitute most of the reproductive problems in cattle. Viruses play a significant role in the cause of these cases. In cattle, these agents are known as primary abortion agents and the most common of these agents are Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BoHV-1), and Bovine Herpes Virus Type 4 (BoHV-4). The objective of this research is to determine the potential role of BVDV, BoHV-1, and BoHV-4 as viral abortion agents in cattle housed in the Van district. For this, a total of 115 animal specimens (blood, serum, vaginal swab, vaginal fluid discharge, nasal swab, and abortion material) from 100 abortion, early embryonic deaths, and infertility cases in cattle over the age of 2-5 years old were collected. All samples for detection of BVDV, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 genomes were tested by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique using specific primers encoding Panpesti 5'-UTR, Glycoprotein C (gC) and Glycoprotein B (gB) genes, respectively. Result out of the samples tested, 41.73% were positive for BVDV and all samples were negative for BoHV-1 and BoHV-4. In conclusion, the presence of BVDV in cattle in the Van region and its role in the occurrence of abortion cases was emphasized for the first time. It is necessary to the consideration of viral abortions and determine the etiology of abortion cases and genital system problems. According to this, we need to focus on the detection of persistently infected (PI) animals for prevention and control of infection and the most effective way of vaccinating susceptible populations.

Caracterización genética del virus de la diarrea viral bovina detectado en granjas de traspatio en México

Infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle remains a source of significant economic losses for livestock producers. This virus is classified within the Pestivirus genus, including three main species: Pestivirus A (BVDV-1), Pestivirus B (BVDV-2), and Pestivirus H (HoBi-like pestivirus). Here, we performed a molecular epidemiological investigation aiming to evaluate the genetic diversity of BVDV in cattle from backyard farms in a municipality in Mexico named Tepalcingo, Morelos, with records of reproductive disorders. RT-PCR was conducted in 111 serum samples from affected cattle. Viral RNA was detected in 47.74% of the samples analyzed. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on 5'UTR showed that the circulating subgenotype was BVDV-1a in all positive samples. These findings reveal the prevalence of BVDV in the surveyed population; thus suggesting a possible association with the previous records of reproductive manifestation in the herd. However, further studies are needed to confirm BVDV as the causative agent. Additionally, our results represent a helpful tool for designing control and prevention strategies accurate to the current regional epidemiological situation. Moreover, obtained information from this type of epidemiological study will assist the implementation of biosafety measures on backyard farms with limited economic resources.

Diagnóstico e análise filogenética do vírus da diarreia viral bovina em bovinos (Bos taurus) e búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) da região amazônica e Sudeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a highly infectious pathogen that affects bovines worldwide leading to great economic impact. Although Brazil has the largest commercial cattle population throughout the world and an increasing buffalo breeding industry, the country has no control or eradication program for BVDV. In this perspective, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of BVDV in cattle and buffaloes from two Brazilian states. Four different ELISA tests were performed and confirmed by virus neutralization testing (VNT). The presence of BVDV antibodies in the serum or plasma from 77 cattle from six herds (ELISA-1 and ELISA-4) and from 89 buffaloes from three herds (ELISA-1 through ELISA-4) was detected. Extraction of viral RNA was performed from the serum or plasma samples for the detection of BVDV by RT-PCR analysis. Amplified nucleotide sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree. In cattle, ELISA-1 detected 49.4% of seropositive animals, while ELISA-4 detected 37.7%. In buffaloes, ELISA-1 failed to detect any seropositive animals, while ELISA-2 and ELISA-3 detected 20.2% of seropositive animals, and ELISA-4 detected 21.3%. Eight of the nine herds tested had seropositive animals. The rate of PCR positive animals was 6.5% in cattle and 9% in buffaloes. Subtype 1d was found in cattle, and subtypes 1d and 1f were found in buffaloes. This is the first-time subtype 1f has been reported in Brazil. The absence of a control and eradication program seems to be favoring the spread of BVDV in the Brazilian herds. In addition, the improvement of diagnostic strategies for BVDV in buffaloes are required.

Benefit of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) Eradication in Cattle on Pestivirus Seroprevalence in Sheep.

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) are closely related pestiviruses of cattle and sheep, respectively. Both viruses may be transmitted between either species, but control programs are restricted to BVDV in cattle. In 2008, a program to eradicate bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in cattle was started in Switzerland. As vaccination is prohibited, the cattle population is now widely naïve to pestivirus infections. In a recent study, we determined that nearly 10% of cattle are positive for antibodies to BDV. Here, we show that despite this regular transmission of BDV from small ruminants to cattle, we could only identify 25 cattle that were persistently infected with BDV during the last 12 years of the eradication program. In addition, by determining the BVDV and BDV seroprevalence in sheep in Central Switzerland before and after the start of the eradication, we provide evidence that BVDV is transmitted from cattle to sheep, and that the BVDV seroprevalence in sheep significantly decreased after its eradication in cattle. While BDV remains endemic in sheep, the population thus profited at least partially from BVD eradication in cattle. Importantly, on a national level, BVD eradication does not appear to be generally derailed by the presence of pestiviruses in sheep. However, with every single virus-positive cow, it is necessary to consider small ruminants as a potential source of infection, resulting in costly but essential investigations in the final stages of the eradication program.

Effects of Multivalent BRD Vaccine Treatment and Temperament on Performance and Feeding Behavior Responses to a BVDV1b Challenge in Beef Steers.

Simple SummaryBovine respiratory disease (BRD) threatens cattle production and welfare globally. We sought to quantify the effects of vaccine treatments and animal temperament classification on feed intake, feeding behavior and weight responses following challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus, one of the pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease. Commercially available respiratory vaccines were utilized, and temperament classification was based on exit velocity. Although overt clinical signs of respiratory disease were not observed following challenge, feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, and feed bunk frequency and duration were negatively affected. Animals administered a modified-live vaccine had more desirable feed intake, feed bunk duration, longer meal events and slower eating rates compared with those administered a killed or no vaccine. Temperament affected feeding behavior patterns, where calm steers had a greater duration of feed bunk visits and meal events, and slower eating rates compared with excitable steers. There were greater differences due to vaccine treatments in most feeding behavior traits within calm vs. excitable steers. The modified live vaccine mitigated the negative effects of the viral challenge to a greater extent than the killed vaccine for feed intake and feeding behavior patterns, and corresponded with previously reported findings regarding the effects of these vaccine types on immune responses.This study examined the effects of multivalent respiratory vaccine treatment (VT) and animal temperament classification on feeding behavior traits, feed intake and animal performance in response to a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) challenge. Nellore–Angus crossbred steers (n = 360; initial body weight (BW) 330 ± 48 kg) were assigned to one of three vaccine treatments: non-vaccinated (NON), modified live (MLV) and killed (KV) regarding respiratory viral pathogens, and inoculated intranasally with the same BVDV1b strain. Cattle temperament categories were based on exit velocity. Overt clinical signs of respiratory disease were not observed, yet the frequency and duration of bunk visit events as well as traditional performance traits decreased (p < 0.01) following BVDV challenge and then rebounded in compensatory fashion. The reduction in dry matter intake (DMI) was less (p < 0.05) for MLV-vaccinated steers, and MLV-vaccinated steers had longer (p < 0.01) durations of bunk visit and meal events and slower (p < 0.01) eating rates compared with KV- and non-vaccinated steers following BVDV challenge. Greater differences in most feeding behavior traits due to VT existed within calm vs. excitable steers. Respiratory vaccination can reduce the sub-clinical feeding behavior and performance effects of BVDV in cattle, and the same impacts may not occur across all temperament categories.

Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Cattle in Southern Papua, Indonesia

The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and its association with reproductive problems in cattle in Timika, Southern Papua, Indonesia, an emerging area for beef production. Serum from 77 beef cattle was collected from four villages and tested, using both antibody and antigen ELISA kits for BVDV. Data of the villages of origin, age, breed, sex and the number of parities of the cattle were collected. The pregnancy status of the cattle was determined by rectal examination. Results showed that the prevalence of BVDV antibody in individual cattle in Timika was 11.7% (CI: 6.1 – 20.0%), while at the farm level the antibody prevalence was 18.4% (CI: 8.9 – 33.7%).). Seropositivity for BVDV increased with age (P=0.02), from 0% (CI: 0 – 37.2%) in less than two-years old to 28.6% (CI: 11.3 – 55.0%) in cattle older than eight years of age. BVDV antibody was 2.9 times more prevalent in non-pregnant cows than in antibody negative cows (CI: 1.02 - 8.14, P=0.04). BVD antigen was not detected in the present study. This study reported for the first time, evidence of infection with BVDV in cattle in Papua and indicated that BVDV infection may be associated with infertility.

Seroprevalence and risk factors assessment of the three main infectious agents associated with abortion in dairy cattle in Isfahan province, Iran.

This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and identify the risk factors associated with Neospora caninum, Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection on industrial Holstein dairy cattle farms in Isfahan province, Central Iran. Blood samples were taken from 216 apparently healthy cattle from 16 randomly selected Holstein dairy farms in the North, South, East, and West of Isfahan in the summer of 2017. The antibodies to N. caninum, BHV-1, and BVDV were detected using a commercially available ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence for N. caninum, BHV-1, and BVDV was 19%, 72.2%, and 52.8%, respectively. The significant major risk factors of BHV-1 in cattle were identified as farm direction, age groups, parity, and milk yield by the univariate analysis (p < 0.05). The significant major risk factors of BVDV in cattle were identified as age groups, parity, milk yield, and stage of pregnancy (p < 0.05). The only significant major risk factor of N. caninum was farm direction (p < 0.05). A significant association of concurrent infection with BVDV and BHV-1 has shown in the current study (p < 0.05). This study is the first to report the risk factors for N. caninum, BHV-1, and BVDV infection in the central part of Iran and allows us to conclude that these agents are widely distributed in this region.

Pathological and virological features of skin lesions caused by BVDV in cattle.

Dermatitis might occur in mucosal disease (MD) caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). This study describes the pathological and virological features of skin lesions associated with BVDV infection in four persistently infected (PI) cattle. Skin samples were reprocessed for histopathology and IHC. BVDV isolates were obtained and were genetically characterized. In addition to upper alimentary system ulcerative lesions, all cattle (one outbreak and three individual cases) presented focal crusty and ulcerative lesions affecting the mucocutaneous and skin-horn junctions, interdigital clefts, pastern, and areas surrounding the dewclaws and diffuse thickened skin within 7-20days of infection. Microscopic analysis revealed parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and single-cell keratinocyte death, accompanied by ballooning degeneration and spongiosis in the epidermis, as well as intraepithelial and subcorneal pustules. IHC showed BVDV antigen in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes undergoing individual cell death. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates from cattle #1, #2, and #4 belonged to BVDV-1a, whereas that from cattle #3 belonged to BVDV-1d. Cytopathic BVDV was isolated from cattle #2 and #3 (MD), and non-cytopathic BVDV was isolated from cattle #1 and #4. Thus, BVDV infection might cause acute disease, characterized by skin and upper alimentary system ulcerative lesions, in both MD and PI cattle.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle in China

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection causes significantly economic losses to cattle industry worldwide, also including China. The epidemiological prevalence of infection associated with BVDV in dairy cattle has not been systematically assessed in China. Therefore, we undertook this study to evaluate prevalent of BVDV infection. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from papers on the BVDV incidence and prevalence in dairy cattle in China by searching China Science and Technology Journal Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang Database and PubMed for publication from March 2003 to March 2018. The 41 studies reporting the prevalence of BVDV in cattle in China were selected upon our inclusion criterion. The pooled BVDV prevalence in dairy cattle in China was estimated to 53.0% (95% CI 40.2–65.7) based on the data obtained from the 27,530 cows tested using serological or virological assay in the qualified papers published during the periods (χ² = 51,861.0, I2 = 99.9%). The highest BVDV positive rate in dairy flocks reached 90.0% in Fujian province of China, followed by Shaanxi (88.9%) and Shandong (83.3%). The prevalence in the six administrative districts of China was validated to be highly variable (25.7%–72.2%) and reached 72.2% in dairy cattle flocks of Northern China. Besides, the BVDV-RNA positive rate was estimated 27.1% (95% CI 17.3–37.0) based on 6 studies, comparatively, the pooled BVDV seroprevalence based on 35 studies was about 57.0% (95% CI 44.4–69.5) in China. This systematic review and meta-analysis firstly established an estimated prevalence of BVDV in dairy herds in China, indicating that the BVDV infection is escalating, though there is a bias in the number of studies between 2003–2009 and 2010–2018 timescales. This study may help understand the status of BVDV infection in dairy herds in China. Further extensive and comprehensive investigation is recommended, and effective intervention measures for preventing and controlling BVDV spread in dairy herds should be deployed, especially herds that have been exposed to BVDV.

Epidemiology and genetic characterization of BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4, BHV-5 and Brucella spp. infections in cattle in Turkey.

The aim of the study was to determine the epidemiological data of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4), bovine herpesvirus-5 (BHV-5) and Brucella–associated cattle that were previously reported to have abortion and infertility problems in Ankara, Corum, Kirikkale and Yozgat provinces, Turkey. Whole blood and sera samples were obtained from 656 cattle, and antibodies against Brucella spp. were detected in 45 (6.86%) and 41 (6.25%) animals by Rose Bengal plate and serum tube agglutination tests, respectively. The seropositivity rates against BVDV, BHV-1 and BHV-4 were 70.89%, 41.3% and 28.78%, respectively. RT-PCR and PCR were performed to detect RNA and DNA viruses in blood samples, respectively. The BVDV 5′-untranslated region and BHV-1 gB gene detected in this study were phylogenetically analyzed. The BVDV strains analyzed in this study were closely related to those previously reported from Turkey. The nucleotide sequence from the BHV-1 strain detected in this study is the first nucleotide sequence of BHV-1 circulating in this area of Turkey deposited in the GenBank. The presence of Brucella spp. and prevalence of BHV-1, BHV-4 and BVDV in cattle should be further investigated throughout these regions.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission from persistently infected cattle to non-persistently infected cattle when commingled

Worldwide, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects cattle of all ages, resulting in huge economic loss due to ensuing morbidity and death. Persistent infection (Pl) of calves results from in utero infection of a fetus with a non-cytopathic strain of BVDV prior to the development of immunocompetency. A PI calf is infected for life and constantly sheds virus in its mucosal secretions. Exposure of naïve cattle to BVDV results in a transient infection (Tl), in which the virus is cleared within weeks of infection. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of BVDV in cattle following direct exposure to PI cattle.

Bovine immunoglobulin G does not have an inhibitory effect on diagnostic polymerase chain reaction utilizing magnetic bead extraction methods as demonstrated on the detection ofBovine viral diarrhea virusin dairy calves

The objective of the current study was to investigate if the presence of colostral-derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) in blood is an inhibitor of diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Eleven precolostral and 11 postcolostral blood samples in ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant as well as serum samples were collected from 11 Holstein bull calves. Calves were fed 3 liters of colostrum once, by oroesophageal tubing. Postcolostral, blood, and serum samples were collected at 48 hr of age. Serum IgG concentrations were determined in the precolostral and postcolostral serum samples using radial immunodiffusion. The blood samples (precolostral and postcolostral) were spiked with BVDV, and 2 diagnostic PCR extraction methods were applied to each sample. The extraction and amplification efficiencies of the 2 PCR methods on the precolostral and postcolostral EDTA blood samples were evaluated. Two of the 11 calves had inadequate passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins at 48 hr of age based on the serum IgG concentrations. All blood samples from calves were negative for BVDV prior to the spiking with the virus. Evaluation of the 2 different methods among 3 different virus concentrations demonstrated that there was no difference in extraction or amplification efficiency in precolostral and postcolostral samples. The results of this study suggest that bovine IgG is not an inhibitor of PCR used for detection of BVDV in cattle. The methods used in the current study are acceptable for PCR detection of BVDV in cattle.

Seroepidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon and Use of the SPOT Test to Identify Herds with PI Calves

Bovine viral diarrhoea, caused by the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae, is one of the most important diseases of cattle world wide causing poor reproductive performance in adult cattle and mucosal disease in calves. In addition it causes immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to other infections, the impact of which is uncertain, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where animals are exposed to a much wider range and higher intensity of infections compared to Europe. There are no previous estimates of the seroprevalence of BVDV in cattle in Cameroon. This paper describes the serological screening for antibodies to BVDV and antigen of BVDV in a cattle population in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon in 2000. The estimates of herd-level and within herd seroprevalences adjusted for test imperfections were 92% and 30% respectively and 16.5% of herds were classed as having a persistently infected calf (PI) in the herd within the last year based on the “spot” test approach. There was evidence of clustering of herds with PI calves across the north and west of the Region which corresponds with the higher cattle density areas and of self-clearance of infection from herds. A multivariable model was developed for the risk of having a PI calf in the herd; proximity to antelope, owning a goat, mixing with 10 other herds at grazing and the catchment area of the veterinary centre the herd was registered at were all significant risk factors. Very little is known about BVDV in sub-Saharan Africa and these high seroprevalences suggest that there is a large problem which may be having both direct impacts on fertility and neonate mortality and morbidity and also indirect effects through immunosuppression and susceptibility to other infections. Understanding and accounting for BVDV should be an important component of epidemiological studies of other diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.

Prevalência e fatores associados à infecção pelo vírus da diarréia viral bovina na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

This study was performed in order to estimate the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and to determine the main factors related to the prevalence of the infection in cattle of Santa Vitoria do Palmar and Chui counties, in Rio Grande do Sul State. Sera were submitted to the serum neutralization test and an epidemiological questionnaire was filled out in each herd to investigate variables that could be associated with this infection. The sera samples were collected in 85 farms, with or without clinical signs of BVDV infection. From 1.734 serum samples examined, 1.150 (66.32%) in 70 (82.35%) herds were positive. Variables that were identified as risk factors to seropositivity were mixed (dairy and beef) herds, extensive production, use of mechanical milking, use of artificial insemination or artificial insemination associated with natural service, use of the maternity unit at calving and absence of veterinarian assistance (P<0.05). The results demonstrate the expressive dissemination of the BVDV in cattle of this region in Rio Grande do Sul

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a widespread problem for beef and dairy herds. BVDV can readily cross into other species, such as sheep, goats, deer, antelope and bison. However, I will confine my remarks to BVDV in cattle. I will further shorten the discussion by referring to the virus and the disease(s) it causes as bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). This document is VM121, one of a series of the Veterinary Medicine-Physiological Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date December 10, 2004. &#x0D; https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/vm023