Bovine Tallow Research Articles

Biodiesel from beef tallow: a technological patent mapping / Biodiesel de sebo bovino: um mapeamento de patente tecnológica

Beef tallow has become indispensable for the production of biodiesel since the introduction of biofuel manufacturing methods. The objective of this study is to create a technological map of patents that have employed bovine tallow in the manufacturing of biodiesel over the last ten years (2009–2019). The methodological approach was established using a bibliographic survey and a content analysis, in which keywords from the European Patent Office's (Espacenet) and Derwent Innovations Index databases were employed (DII). After a preliminary examination, 34 patents were found, divided into eight patent families, with China being the largest repository of these technologies, suggesting that the companies that promoted the use of beef tallow as a fuel had diversified completely, with no monopoly on technological content for a specific group of institutions.

Characterization of aroma in response surface optimized no-salt bovine bone protein extract by switchable GC/GC×GC-olfactometry-mass spectrometry, electronic nose, and sensory evaluation

No-salt bovine bone protein extract (NS-BBPE) is rich in bone collagen, peptides and amino acids and is useful in the food industry. However, NS-BBPE has a more monotonous taste than bovine bone protein extract (BBPE), so BBPE is more useful than NS-BBPE. According to the World Health Organization, adults who eat less than 6 g/d have improved health. Odor-induced saltiness (OISE) is a way to reduce the amount of NaCl in food. The multisensory interaction between aroma (meaty and roasted) and taste can be used to compensate for the saltiness perception of healthy low-salt food. In this study, the optimal Maillard conditions from response surface optimization were as follows: temperature, 105 °C; time, 20 min; reducing sugar addition, 1 g; EH-NS-BBPE, 30 g; water, 10 g; hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP), 5 g; bovine tallow, 3 g; L-Cys, 0.5 g; cysteine hydrochloride, 1 g; VB1, 0.4 g; and I+G, 0.5 g. The salt-congruent aroma was produced from the Maillard reaction products of NS-BBPE, which was detected by a new SGC/GC2-O-MS system. Electronic nose analysis of the difference in aroma and sensory evaluation proved that salt-congruent aroma was present in the samples.

Comparative analysis of butter thermal behavior in combination with bovine tallow

Comparative analysis of butter thermal behavior in combination with bovine tallow

Determination of bovine tallow in butter using a comprehensive method

The detection of animal fats such as tallow in butter using standard criteria is more difficult than vegetable fats. In order to perform a complete assessment, several methods are likely to be used together. In the experimental design of this research, compositional characteristics such as fatty acids, sterols and triacylglycerols, along with the conventional physicochemical characteristics of butter mixed with different percentages of tallow (0–15% w/w) were evaluated. An increase of less than 5% (w/w) in bovine tallow content in butter physicochemical tests, sterols and fatty acids could not indicate the adulteration level but the ratio of C6+8+10+12/C18 fatty acids, C52/C50، C52/C48, C52/C46 triacylglycerols, S1, S3, S5-value equation and C52 triacylglycerols could show this adulteration level in butter. Also, the successive use of fatty acids and triacylglycerols resulted in the capability to determine adulteration in butter including bovine tallow above 1% (w/w).

Effects of Biodiesel Expansion and the Exchange of Triglyceride Sources in the Brazilian Energy Scenario

The concern with global warming impacts on the environment has made the world population search for new energy sources that are less aggressive to the environment. Therefore, biodiesel has become more relevant and has expanded its proportion in the blend with diesel. However, Brazil still uses about 20% of bovine tallow, which emits large amount of GHG, degrades the soil and entails great water consumption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibilities and effects of the substitution of this nonrenewable source for others of vegetable origin, as well as the environmental effects of increasing the percentage of biodiesel, reaching levels of 20% and 30%. Hence, two types of biodiesel were produced and tested, with and without bovine tallow, and the results obtained and data from the diesel fleet were used to model the impacts and CO2eq emissions with the aid of the MoMo Lite model in Brazil. It was possible to determine the great benefit of adopting higher levels of biodiesel in diesel (especially when there was a substitution of bovine tallow for plant sources), besides the importance of adopting broader analysis of the whole production cycle of the raw material. Since only CO2eq emission data were observed at the burning, the results varied only 10%, but when the results were analyzed through the well-to-tank, this variation rose to 52%.

Evaluation of the oxidative stability and cold filter plugging point of soybean methyl biodiesel/bovine tallow methyl biodiesel blends

The objective of the present work was to study the oxidative stability (OS) estimated from the induction period (IP) and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of blends made with different proportions of soybean methyl biodiesel (BOS) and bovine tallow methyl biodiesel (BSB). BOS is poorly resistant to oxidation because its composition is predominantly unsaturated esters, but it has a satisfactory cold filter plugging point. The BSB is composed of saturated esters and of the lower carbon chain and thus has good oxidation stability values, but has poor CFPP values. Thus, BOS / BSB mixtures in different proportions were made to evaluate the ideal amount of the mixture in which it was possible to obtain IP and CFPP properties in satisfactory values by the legislation. The mixtures started at 10% BSB and 90% BOS and was increased 5% up to the 50% percentage of each biodiesel in each blend. Samples with 45% and 50% BSB had oxidative stability above the minimum required by law, and all blends had the CFPP value within the legal values.

Performance, fatty acids profile and oxidative stability of meat of rabbits fed different lipid sources

Abstract To evaluate the use of different lipid sources in diets of growing rabbits, 60 New Zealand White rabbits were evaluated on performance, carcass traits, meat composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of refrigerated and frozen meat. The experiment was distributed in a randomized block design, in five treatments, with six replicates and two animals per experimental unit (one male and one female). The treatments consisted of five isonutritive diets, with 2.5% soybean oil (SO), sunflower oil (SFO), cottonseed oil (CO), beef tallow (BT) and poultry fat (PF). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of dietary lipid sources on animal performance, carcass traits and meat composition (P > 0.05). Dietary inclusion of beef tallow resulted in a lower proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat compared to vegetable oils. The values of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) indicated higher oxidation in the frozen meat of the animals fed with sunflower oil, cottonseed oil and bovine tallow in their diets. In conclusion, vegetable oils and animal fats can be included in growing rabbit diets without impair performance and meat quality parameters. Dietary inclusion of soybean oil is more advantageous because it promotes the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and greater lipid stability of refrigerated and frozen rabbit meat.

Authenticity investigation of bovine tallow for biodiesel production via mass spectrometry: a comparison with traditional methodology

Biodiesel has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to advantages related to sustainability and reduction of polluting gases emission and, in Brazil, the main raw materials used by biodiesel industry are soybean oil and bovine tallow, however, bovine tallow stands out due to its low cost, supply without competition with food market, high calorific value, high number of cetanes, and most importantly, because of its 100% conversion rate. It is produced by transesterification or esterification process of triglycerides with low content of free fatty acids or raw material rich in free fatty acids in the presence of a catalyst. The extensive usage of bovine tallow in biodiesel production values it, and similar to important commodities, it has also been frequently adulterated with the addition of specific products (frying residual oils and other animal fats from industrial by-products) decreasing the raw material quality. Consequently, there is a need for fast and reliable analytical methods for quality control. Therefore, this work evaluated the lipid quality of bovine tallow provided by biodiesel industry to confirm its authenticity; fatty acid composition was obtained by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector. The lipid profile was obtained by fingerprint applying direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Additionally, the lipid profile obtained for bovine tallow samples were compared with the lipid profiles obtained for soybean oil, poultry oil and a standard bovine tallow. Conclusively, fraud in bovine tallow by poultry oil was observed in one sample.

Effects of the consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the oxidative status of adult dogs.

The present study evaluated the alterations of the oxidative stress markers in adult dogs fed with high levels of PUFA from the mixture of soybean oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and supplemented with a natural algae-based antioxidant (AOX). Twelve healthy adult (2 years old) Beagle dogs (6 males and 6 females, 11.20 ± 1.92 kg BW), were distributed in 2 completely randomized blocks design and fed with 4 experimental diets coated with 2 lipid sources: saturated (13% bovine tallow) or unsaturated (13% soybean oil enriched with DHA), supplemented or not with 500 mg of AOX for 4 wk, intercalated with a 4-wk adaptation period. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 15, and 30 of each block. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), sulfhydryl group (SH), protein carbonylation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) were evaluated in the serum, while GSH-Px, SOD, glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), SH, and TBARS were measured in erythrocytes. There was no significant difference in most of the oxidative markers evaluated. In contrast, GST activity in erythrocytes was greater in the animals that consumed the diets coated with bovine tallow compared to dogs that consumed diets coated with soybean oil enriched with DHA (P < 0.05). Serum from dogs fed on diets supplemented with AOX presented greater TRAP values (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UNS) used in the diets for dogs were not sufficient to cause large changes in the oxidative status. It was not possible to evaluate the efficiency of the natural antioxidant in maintaining the oxidative balance of the animals as it appears that the oxidative status of the dogs was not challenged by the unsaturated diets. Our findings also suggest that dogs, as descendants from carrion carnivores, may have some natural protection against oxidation.

Development and validation of analytical methodology by GC-FID using hexadecyl propanoate as an internal standard to determine the bovine tallow methyl esters content

EN 14103:2003 and EN 14103:2011 were developed in order to determine fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of biodiesel. The internal standards (IS) of biodiesel include methyl heptadecanoate (MHD) and methyl nonadecanoate (MND), respectively. However, since these ISs are also present in bovine tallow methyl esters (BTME) or overlapping peaks, they have not been efficient. This work proposes an improved BTME determination method by using hexadecyl propanoate (HDP) as an IS. For this purpose, an analytical methodology by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was developed and validated, where HDP demonstrated selectivity in retention time between peaks C16:1 and C18:0 for coconut and soybeans methyl esters and BTME, as well as resolution >1.5 for the BTME in split mode 30:1. Trueness in the determination of BTME content using the HDP as an IS was statistically equivalent to confidence interval of 95% for the null hypothesis statistic test, even when only 20% of the HDP was utilized in comparison with the IS concentrations defined by EN 14103:2003 and EN 14103:2011. This allowed the biodiesel analysis to be performed five times more with 1 g of HDP. Furthermore, the method developed enabled us to reduce the analysis time by 21.6%, without prejudice to the integration of peaks (C6:0 to C24:1). Regarding the repeatability and intermediate precision tests, results of RSD (%) ≤ 2% were reached. Additionally, the method developed has proved to be robust. HDP is a long-chain fatty alcohol ester absent from feedstocks used in biodiesel synthesis. It presents all of the characteristics for a good IS, ideal for application via internal standardization method, as recommended by EN 14103.

OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM FRYING OIL AND BOVINE TALLOW

Nowadays, discussions about energy-related issues are in evidence. The dynamics of gradual depletion of non-renewable energy reserves, such as oil ones, and global warming have encouraged the search for renewable energy alternatives. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of major operational variables on the transesterification reaction of mixtures of frying oil and bovine tallow, in the presence of methanol, using microwave technology. In an effort to optimize biodiesel production, a statistical design was performed, considering the solvent/feed ratio, the ratio between frying oil and bovine tallow, the amount of KOH, reaction time, and temperature as independent variables. The dependent variables analyzed were biodiesel yield and esters content, obtained by chromatographic analysis. The experiments and the analysis confirmed that a 9:1 solvent/feed molar ratio of, 1.5% catalyst, 35 seconds reaction time, and a mixture containing 70% of frying oil and 30% of bovine tallow provided yields above 89 %. The best conditions to reach 99.43 % of ester content used a 9:1 solvent/feed molar ratio, 0.5 % catalyst, 70%/30% frying oil/bovine tallow, and 35 seconds reaction time.

A flow-based procedure exploiting the lab-in-syringe approach for the determination of ester content in biodiesel and diesel/biodiesel blends

The ester content is an important parameter to be monitored in biodiesel for evaluation of the transesterification reaction yield and for assessing the purity of the final product. This is also a relevant quality parameter in diesel/biodiesel blends to avoid frauds, because legislation establishes a minimum amount of biodiesel to be added to diesel. The official method EN14103 requires the addition of an alternative internal standard (methyl nonadecanoate) for analysis of biodiesel from bovine tallow because the methyl heptadecanoate is found in high amounts in this product. In this work, it is proposed a fast, simple, practical, and environmental friendly flow-based spectrophotometric procedure, which exploits the formation of the violet complex between Fe(III) and the hydroxamate generated by the reactions of the alkyl esters with hydroxylamine. All involved steps are carried out inside the syringe pump of a sequential injection analyzer (lab-in-syringe approach). A single phase is attained by using ethanol as mediator solvent between the organic sample and aqueous soluble reagents. Linear responses for biodiesel samples and diesel/biodiesel blends were obtained from 4–99%(v/v) to 2.0–40%(v/v) methyl esters, described by the equations: A = 0.342 + 0.00305C (r = 0.997) and A = 0.174 + 0.00503C (r = 0.999), respectively. The analytical curve can be obtained by in-line dilution of a methyl linoleate stock solution. For biodiesel samples, the coefficient of variation (n = 10), limit of detection (99.7% confidence level), and sampling rate were estimated at 0.8%, 0.36%(v/v), and 15h−1, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for the blend samples were 0.20%, 0.03%(v/v), and 12h−1, respectively. The procedure consumes only 860μg of hydroxylamine, 366μg of Fe2(SO4)3·H2O, and 2.0mL ethanol and generates ca. 3.0mL of residue per determination. The results agreed with those obtained by official methods EN14103/2011 e EN14078, at the 95% confidence level.

Detection of non-milk fat in milk fat by gas chromatography and linear discriminant analysis

Gas chromatography was utilized to determine triacylglycerol profiles in milk and non-milk fat. The values of triacylglycerol were subjected to linear discriminant analysis to detect and quantify non-milk fat in milk fat. Two groups of milk fat were analyzed: A) raw milk fat from the central region of Mexico (n=216) and B) ultrapasteurized milk fat from 3 industries (n=36), as well as pork lard (n=2), bovine tallow (n=2), fish oil (n=2), peanut (n=2), corn (n=2), olive (n=2), and soy (n=2). The samples of raw milk fat were adulterated with non-milk fats in proportions of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% to form 5 groups. The first function obtained from the linear discriminant analysis allowed the correct classification of 94.4% of the samples with levels <10% of adulteration. The triacylglycerol values of the ultrapasteurized milk fats were evaluated with the discriminant function, demonstrating that one industry added non-milk fat to its product in 80% of the samples analyzed.

Suplementação de lipídeos de diferentes fontes em dietas para vacas Jersey na fase inicial de lactação

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de lipídeos como sais de cálcio de óleo de palma (GP), farelo de arroz integral + óleo de arroz (FAIO) ou farelo de arroz integral + sebo bovino (FAIS) sobre o consumo de MS, a eficiência produtiva e o balanço energético de vacas leiteiras no terço inicial da lactação. A dieta controle continha 2,9% EE, enquanto as dietas GP, FAIO e FAIS continham, respectivamente, 5,13; 5,29 e 5,16% EE. Foram utilizadas oito vacas Jersey, puras de origem, de 2ª e 3ª ordens de lactação, aos 70 dias de lactação, com média de 420 kg PV e escore corporal de 3,5 a 4. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4 duplo, com oito animais, quatro dietas e quatro períodos experimentais de 21 dias (14 dias para adaptação e sete para coleta de amostras para as análises químicas do leite e dos alimentos). A produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (PLC3,5%) foi maior com a suplementação de lipídeos à dieta. Não houve efeito da suplementação sobre o consumo de MS. A suplementação de lipídeos resultou em maior eficiência produtiva, expressa como PLC3,5% em relação ao peso metabólico. Independentemente da fonte de lipídeo, não houve efeito das dietas sobre a PLC3,5%, o consumo de MS e a eficiência produtiva. O uso de diferentes fontes de lipídeos em dietas para vacas leiteiras de alta produção pode ser viável, pois sua inclusão na dieta promoveu aumento na produção leiteira sem alterar o consumo de alimentos.

The effects of different fat sources on the performance of broiler chickens and on the fatty acid composition of selected tissues.

The identification of the influence of different fat sources with different degree of saturation (bovine tallow, pig fat, poultry fat, sunflower oil, soy oil, and full-fat soy) used in broiler feed structure on fatty acid structure of carcass lipids (abdominal fat, inferior leg and chest), and on PUFALL (polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic an linoleic acid series) especially, with important role in prevention and fight against cardiovascular diseases, obesity and other associated diseases in human, was the aim of our study. The best fat quality from poultry meat, analyzed under the view of influence on human health, determined by a high PUFALL content and a low saturated fatty acids content was recorded in chest meat in chickens which received full-fat soy in feed, followed by those which received soy oil supplements

Risk assessment for fat derivatives in case of contamination with BSE

Prion diseases are not only of outstanding scientific interest but have also enormous economic impact. In particular, the human food and animal feed industry and even oleochemical manufacturing processes are afflicted. In the oleochemical industry, bovine edible tallow is widely used as raw material for the production of fatty acids, glycerol, and their derivatives. Although there is no evidence that tallow has been a causal factor for BSE nor that infectivity partitions preferentially with tallow, the potential risk associated with tallow-derived products has to be evaluated in the light of the specific production process. To the present day, no experimental data under technically relevant conditions are available on the safety of fatty acids, glycerol, and their derivatives in the case of a hypothetical contamination of tallow with prions. A risk assessment calculation is provided here based on quantitative data for the degradation of the pathological prion protein as well as the inactivation of prion infectivity. It can be concluded that the industrial conditions of the basic oleochemical process of hydrolytic fat splitting constitute an effective means for reducing the risk of TSE contamination to an acceptable minimum. All industrial tallow-derived products can be regarded as safe, independently of their origin.

Thermal degradation of prions in the presence of fats: Implication for oleochemical processes

Bovine tallow is widely used as raw material for oleochemical processes, i.e. the manufacturing of fatty acids and glycerol and their derivatives. The basic oleochemical process, i.e. the hydrolytic fat splitting under industrial conditions of 200–260 °C at corresponding pressure and a minimum residence time of 20 min, is considered to guarantee the safety of all tallow-derived products. As to the present day no experimental data on the safety of fatty acids and glycerol in case of a hypothetical contamination of tallow with TSE agents under technically relevant conditions are available, the intention of this study was to provide quantitative data for the destruction of prions. This short communication reports the first part of a research project simulating prion inactivation under manufacturing conditions of the upper part of industrial fat-splitting columns (fatty acid regime) on a laboratory scale. To establish worst-case destruction factors, the degradation of prion protein was analysed in dependence upon temperature. The industrial process conditions of the fatty acid regime of hydrolytic fat splitting provide an additional safety factor of at least 1×107, confirming that all fatty acids can be regarded as safe, irrespective of their origin.

Comparable Virus Inactivation by Bovine or Vegetable Derived Tween 80 During Solvent/Detergent Treatment

A mixture of Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) is often used for virus inactivation during the manufacture of medicinal products derived from human plasma. This procedure, known as solvent/detergent treatment, is of high effectiveness for inactivation of enveloped viruses. Tween 80 can be manufactured from bovine tallow or from vegetable material. As the bovine-derived Tween 80 is normally used for the solvent/detergent treatment, the question has been raised whether vegetable-derived Tween 80 can be applied as an alternative substance for the solvent/detergent treatment. Comparable inactivation studies were therefore performed using Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Pseudorabiesvirus (PRV), Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) and Bovine Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV). In principle, no differences were observed in the effectiveness of the solvent/detergent treatment when bovine or vegetable-derived Tween 80 was used. The comparability in the efficiency of both detergents for virus inactivation was shown to be independent of solvent/detergent concentration, of temperature (16° C and 6° C vs. 27° C and 25° C) and protein concentration (10% and 5% human albumin). In summary, vegetable-derived Tween 80 is of the same effectiveness as bovine-derived Tween 80, when used for virus inactivation by the solvent/detergent treatment. Copyright 2002 The International Association for Biologicals. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.