Boundary Encroachment Research Articles

The use of electrical resistivity tomography method to resolve land boundary disputes in mining areas

This paper presents the use of electrical resistivity tomography data to solve lingering land disputes arising from boundary encroachment by artisanal and small-scale miners in Jos, Plateau State. Seven electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiles were employed using the Wenner Alpha array with an electrode spacing of 1m. The 2Delectrical resistivity tomography image showed areas with low resistivity ranging from 1.80 to 250 Ωm that are interpreted as void or saturated mine drift, in contrast, areas with greater than 250 Ωm areas interpreted as dry mine drifts dug by artisanal miners in search of tin. The results revealed 38 mining drifts at depths ranging from 0 to 30m. Evidence from the 2D ERT method proves that underground mine cavities were created by mining drifts at the fringes of landed property. Field evidence of land subsidence appearing as sinkholes on the encroached property is also an indication of underground mining activities within the property. Mining activities within built-up areas damage soil conditions and pose a threat to buildings and infrastructure. The electrical resistivity tomography method employed in this study provides substantial technical proof for resolving land encroachment disputes in mining areas within Jos and its environs.

Virtual fencing without visual cues: Design, difficulties of implementation, and associated dairy cow behaviour

Intensive pasture-based farming systems rely on precise and frequent allocations of grass to animals. Virtual fence (VF) systems have been successfully used to contain animals within predefined boundaries. Accordingly, utilisation of a VF system to enhance automated allocation of correct forage areas to animals would represent a major advancement for grazing management strategies. Traditional VF systems rely on a perimeter cable to establish the boundary line, and this then needs to be deployed and physically moved to alter the parameters of the boundary. In our study, wearable GPS technology was used to implement a VF system without the need for such cabling. To accomplish this, we designed and developed a VF system comprised of a wearable collar with associated on-farm communication infrastructure. Moreover, we attempted to train dairy cows to associate an audio warning stimulus with boundary encroachment. Overall, the operating capacity of the cow-collar and the communications network were found to be robust. However, although dairy cows rapidly associated visual cues with VF boundary lines, and quickly developed a cue-consequence association between the audio warning and corrective stimulus, the number of boundary challenges made by cows increased upon removal of all visual cues. In addition, we observed a reduction in time spent grazing and ruminating during the training period, which suggested cows had become stressed within the designated inclusion zone. Nevertheless, our results are preliminary and further experimental work is required to truly assess best implementation protocols for virtual fencing without visual cues.

English

The focus of this study is to investigate and analyze the different factors of inter-household conflicts over farmland. The study further sought to assess the human security implications on the community of the study area. It has been found that farmers in the study area are suffering from land-related conflicts and its associated impacts. Descriptive-case study was employed in the study. In-depth interviews with key informants and FGDs were data collection instruments used in the study. Secondary data drawn from archival documents and government reports were also used. The major study finding indicated that inter-household conflicts over farmland occurred with the interface of underlined and risk factors. Boundary encroachment, land eviction, inherited land conflict, contract breaching conflict are among the most common. The divisive land administration institutions, individuals’ unproductive competition over farmland, poorly implemented land administration programs, and cultural attachment to land identified as underlined factors for the farmland conflicts have continued to happen. The culture of violence, availability of small arms and light weapons, and prevalence of other forms of social conflicts are also risk factors which have created fragile peace among the members of the community. The conflict has affected the economic, social, political, and psychological wellbeing of the study area residents, as well as human security threats. It was found to be imperative to revise and harmonize land administration laws and even to amend some of the faulty legislated articles. Above all digital land registration and data administration should be considered by governmental organizations and NGOs who are working on land administration sector. Key words: Household, farmland, conflict, human security, Jamma woreda.

Presenting Natures, Factors and Security Implications of Farmland Related Inter-Household Conflict in South Wollo Evidences from Jamma Woreda

The focus of this study is investigating and analyzing different factors of inter-household conflict over land and assessing its human security implications on the study area community. Farmers, in the study area, are suffering from land related conflict and its associated impacts. Descriptive-case study qualitative approach employed in the study. In-depth interview with key informants and FGDs were data collection instruments. Secondary data like archive documents and government reports also used. The finding of the study indicated that inter-household conflict over farmland occurred with the interface of underlined factors and risk factors. Boundary encroachment, land eviction, inherited land conflict, contract breaching conflict are the common one. The divisive land administration institutions, individuals ’ unproductive competition over farmland, poorly implemented land administration programs, and cultural attachment to land identified as underlined factors for the farmland conflicts to happen. The culture of violence, the availability of small arms and light weapons, and prevalence of other forms of social conflict are also risk factors, which create fragile peace among the members of the community. The conflict affects the economic, social, political, and psychological wellbeing of the study area residents. It poses economic, social, political, environmental, and human security threats too. It is imperative to revise and harmonize land administration laws if not changing some faultily legislated articles. Above all digital land registration and data administration should considered by governmental organizations and NGOs who are working in land administration sector.

CONFLICTS, CONTESTATION AND MARGINALIZATION IN URBAN AGRICULTURE: EXPERIENCES FROM KUWADZANA EXTENSION, HARARE

This study applied Norman Long's interface analysis in capturing and understanding causes of conflicts and struggles among actors practicing urban agriculture (UA) in Kuwadzana Extension. The benefits accrued by actors engaging in UA have attracted many actors to join the activity. An increase in the number of actors involved in urban agriculture has intensified competition for land and water that are scarce. This has increased struggles and contestations among various actors involved in the practice of UA. Focus of this study was on off-plot agriculture because of its contentious nature as it is practiced outside institutional frameworks that govern and regulate farming activities, access to land and water, conflict resolution and actors' interaction. A number of actors (farmers, Kuwadzana residents, council, church members) with different lifeworlds, divergent objectives, conflicting perceptions and opposing belief systems interact at the interface. Actors possess different power bases, which are used to dispossess and marginalize other actors. Inheritance, borrowing, renting, social networks and patronage are some of the ways that mediate access to land for farmers. These ways of accessing land escalated conflicts due to continuous boundary encroachment by actors who take advantage of lack of formal institution governing the practice of UA. The study captured conflict resolution mechanisms such as mediation, litigation and conciliation that are employed to resolve disputes. The efficacy of these conflict resolution mechanisms were examined, often, these mechanisms were neither legally binding nor have institutional backing, hence, these mechanisms have a tendency to generate more disputes.

Spatial patterns of illegal resource extraction in Kibale National Park, Uganda

SUMMARYConservation policy typically excludes people from national parks and manages encroachment by law enforcement. However, local people continue to extract resources from protected areas by boundary encroachment and poaching. This paper quantifies the patterns of illegal resource extraction from Kibale National Park in Uganda, the demand for Park resources by communities bordering the Park, and examines whether designated resource access agreements reduce illegal extraction. Sections of the Park boundary were examined and human entry trails, wood extraction, livestock grazing, and animal poaching signs were quantified. Levels of illegal extraction were compared with the demand for and admitted illegal access to resources inside the Park, collected in a survey of households located near the Park. Extraction was also compared between villages with and without negotiated resources access agreements. The most wanted and extracted resource from the Park was wood for fuel and construction. Implementation of resource access agreements with local community associations was found to be an effective means of reducing illegal extraction, but only if the association members profited from the agreement.

Land Ownership Risk and Urban Development

Under certainty, unlimited duration of private ownership of land provides landowners with efficient development incentives. However, in cases of ownership risk arising from title mistakes, fraud, boundary encroachment, or adverse possession, the statute of limitations sets a limit on how long agents have to establish or defend an ownership claim. This paper demonstrates that such restrictions speed the pace of land development and systematically affect the development density according to site location in the urban land market. It also offers an explanation of why land owners prefer a time limit on the ability to defend their ownership. It shows that the value–maximizing statute varies across sites in the spatial market.

A numerical investigation into cutting front mobility in C0 2 laser cutting

The technologically important case of reactive gas laser cutting is examined. A transient two-dimensional (2D) model is developed specifically to investigate the effect of various CNC velocity profiles on the resulting cutting front temperature. Co-ordinated motion systems must ramp up and down to their target speeds, and therefore such accelerations must be considered. In doing so, the dynamics of the cutting front cannot be neglected. The implication of this mobility is that a net acceleration will result in greater, more efficient beam coupling to the workpiece, whilst a net deceleration results in a reduction, with the transmitted power simply falling through the generated kerf. The presence of such a kerf is considered and nodal points within it became part of the convective environment. Boundary encroachment and bulk heating issues, due to workpiece geometry, are also studied for their effect on the front temperature. Results show that even under non-accelerating conditions, cutting front mobility plays a significant role in temperature determination. A non-linear velocity profile is also evaluated via an optimization strategy in order to stabilize cutting front temperatures. The motivation being that quality can therefore be assured for intricate workpieces, which inherently have pre-cut sections and boundaries. Results on front mobility and temperature show similar trends as experimental and numerical results found elsewhere, whilst their direct verification is currently under investigation. Due to the hostile environment encountered in the interaction zone, the observation of such phenomena is extremely difficult.

Effects of workpiece boundary and motion on laser cutting front phenomena

A transient two-dimensional model is developed and numerically solved to specifically investigate the effects of CNC motion and workpiece boundary on cutting front mobility and temperature in reactive-gas assisted CO 2 laser cutting. Co-ordinated motion systems must ramp up and down to their desired speeds, and therefore the initial actuator acceleration is considered for its effect on the cutting front phenomena. Boundary encroachment and bulk heating effects due to the workpiece boundary are also studied for their effect on the phenomena. Final actuator deceleration to workpiece edges reduces the amount of beam coupling arriving to the material and thus reduces such bulk heating effects. The results show that appropriate part programming of the laser system can help minimise the effect of boundary and motion on quality degradation. A more realistic temperature distribution of the workpiece was also obtained from the model by explicitly considering the presence of the kerf and making nodal points within it part of the convective environment. Results on front mobility and temperature show similar trends as experimental results elsewhere whilst their direct verification is currently under investigation.

Boundary encroachment and task delegation: clinical pharmacists on the medical team

AbstractThe sociological literature on pharmacy is sparse, relative to that on physicians and nurses, especially in light of recent changes in the nature of health care and pharmacy's expanded ‘clinical’ role. Moreover, some of this literature presents contradictory perceptions of the clinical pharmacy role; some are perceiving it as encroaching on physicians' role boundaries, while others perceive its few new tasks to be delegated. This article is based on extended participant observation of clinical pharmacists in two northeastern teaching hospitals in the U.S. Data are presented on the clinical tasks the pharmacists performed, the potential boundary conflicts they posed for other members of the medical team, the resolutions of these conflicts, and the role boundaries perceived by relevant participants. From this analysis it is argued that the literature on pharmacy's boundary encroachment is not so much contradictory as incomplete. Implications for pharmacy and the analysis of role boundaries is discussed in conclusion.

Implementation of the school nurse practitioner role: barriers and facilitators.

The purpose of this descriptive pilot study was to begin an exploration of the role determinants that facilitate or cause barriers to the implementation of the school nurse practitioner (SNP) role. Utilizing a two-step design, 16 SNPs from different school districts were surveyed to determine if their assignment included doing school physical exams. Thirteen indicated that they were functioning as SNPs. The three "no" districts were matched with three of the "yes" districts. An SNP, a school health administrator and a school physician from each district were interviewed individually using a structured questionnaire. The focus of the questions was on organizational structure of the school health services, indicators of administrative support for SNPs and the assigned function of the SNP. Responses were matched for the "yes" and "no" districts and for the three types of professionals. The major facilitator of SNP role implementation was if the idea had originated with the administrator or physician decision maker. Role change and boundary encroachment were the main barriers identified.

Boundary encroachment: pharmacists in the clinical setting.

Summary This paper discusses the relationship between pharmacy and medicine in the light of recent claims that occupations such as pharmacy, whose central tasks arc organised around those of medicine, have gained increasing control over their sphere of work, thus contributing to a decline in medical hegemony. We discuss the process by which on the one hand, para‐medical groups may extend their boundaries into areas officially the responsibility of the medical profession, and on the other, the medical profession may willingly delegate or indeed relinquish control over certain tasks. However, we argue from data collected from those groups in medicine and pharmacy concerned with the problems of drug use, that this does not necessarily indicate a decline in medical hegemony.