Bottom-up Movement Research Articles

From selfish silo to collaborative culture – embracing data-enabled cancer research

From selfish silo to collaborative culture – embracing data-enabled cancer research Aedin Culhane and Mark Lawler, Co-Leads of the eHealth Hub for Cancer, reflect on their data-enabled cancer research journeys, how their collaborative team science approach has reaped significant dividends in cancer research and policy and how the hub is inducing a paradigm shift in how health data are deployed on the island of Ireland. An article in The Wall Street Journal (not the normal reading material for scientists) in 2011 highlighted a new approach to performing scientific research that was gaining significant credence at the time. Entitled ‘The New Einsteins Will Be Scientists Who Share’ (with the strapline ‘From cancer to cosmology, researchers could race ahead by working together – online and in the open’), the article presaged an unprecedented change in how scientists interact with each other, ushering in a culture of collaboration and cross-disciplinary research. Nowhere was this change more obvious than in the genomics and data science community, where a bottom-up movement led to the creation of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH), bringing together researchers from around the world to work together to address some of human health’s greatest challenges through the deployment of data and data tools.

Othering, peaking, populism and moral panics: The reactionary strategies of organised transphobia

This article shows that organised transphobia is promoted using similar strategies and politics as the wider reactionary movement which has become increasingly mainstream. In particular, we outline the transphobic process of ‘othering’ based on moral panics, which seeks to construct, homogenise and exaggerate a threat and to naturalise it in the bodies and existence of the ‘Other’. Reactionary politics rely on authoritarian tendencies and strategies which aim to remove the rights of certain communities, and as such threaten wider demands for equal rights. They claim to speak on behalf of ‘the people’, in this case often (certain) women, against an elite which seeks to grant unfair rights and privileges to a mostly silent and silenced minority, even though said rights are precarious and limited, and power is rarely on their side. Rather than a bottom-up movement in defence of women, what we refer to as ‘organised transphobia’ is a top-down movement that relies on prominent platforms and privileged access to shaping public discourse to divert attention away from the real struggle most women and LGBTQ+ people are facing conjointly.

Towards a New Understanding of Swedish School Reforms: A Sociological Analysis of Textbooks’ Role in Reforms of School Mathematics, 1919–1970

This article sheds new light on the Swedish comprehensive school reform implemented in the 1960s (the Grundskolan reform) and the four decades preceding the reform. This reform was typical for the Nordic countries. The presented study concerns reforms in mathematics education and how change was initiated and driven before and during the comprehensive school reform. The analysis has a focus on the role of textbooks in educational governance. The analysis is based on Bourdieu’s field theory and concerns how a new way of preparing and driving reforms of school subjects restructured relationships between the state, textbook producers, and teachers. This article is mainly a synthesis of results from several previous studies on governance of Swedish mathematics education. The analysis reveals not only a new characteristic of the comprehensive school reform (swift and radical rather than slow and successive), but also a bottom-up movement in the school system, which has been commonly understood as top-down, very centralised, and slow moving. The results of the analysis help explain why the Swedish comprehensive school reform gained early acceptance and momentum. Another contribution of this article concerns historical textbook research, particularly regarding how fundamental changes in authorship of textbooks (from visible individual authors to anonymous collectives) can be related to educational governance and changes in power structures.

The Climate Action Sprint: A Living Experiment

After fifty years of top-down international negotiations, our climate and biodiversity crisis is worse than when these talks began. This story argues for a bottom-up movement that connects our professional skills to the challenge of deep change and tells how The Climate Action Sprint helps people get unstuck and take action, using a combination of Appreciative Inquiry, action research and prototyping to test out new professional behaviours.

Moving through, interacting with, and caring for the city. Children's and young people's everyday experiences in smart cities

In recent years, smart city programmes have focused on innovation and technology to transform cities into resource-efficient, liveable, and inclusive places. Children's and young people's positions in smart cities are unstable and, depending on a project's agenda, ever-shifting – at the centre of a bottom-up movement, on the fringes of top-down planned programmes. This article revolves around the everyday experiences of children and young people and explores how they encounter life in a smart city district. It draws on observations from a qualitative case study with children and young people in a Viennese neighbourhood where an EU smart city lighthouse project was implemented from 2016 to 2019. Drawing on ethnographic research with children and young people in a school, an afterschool centre, and an open child and youth care programme in a city park, I develop three dimensions of encounters: how children and young people move through, interact with, and take care of the city. My findings show that many children and young people perceive crises with the same urgency as smart city programmes and are equally interested in technological innovation, environmental protection, and social inclusion. They demonstrate responsibility and care about socio-ecological challenges and approaches to solutions. However, young people's discourses and practices also show that urban life cannot be limited to certain issues, nor do young people's urban lives end at structural or administrative boundaries. Participants also emphasise that focusing on human beings alone does not lead to sustainable urban development, and they express frustration with measures that bypass the reality of their lives and divert much-needed attention away from pressing issues.

지역 기반 교사학습공동체 ‘나무학교’의 확장학습 과정 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the expansive learning process of Namu School, which is local-based teacher learning community. The activity system of Namu School was analyzed with the framework of Engeström’s(1987) expansive learning theory, which is called the third-generation cultural-historical activity theory(CHAT). We try to explore how the activity system is expanding and what the meaning of expansive learning is. The results of this study are as follows. Namu School created an activity system called Growth Classroom that enables teachers to improve instruction. However, while facing various contradictions that exist in the Growth Classroom activity system, Namu School has transformed its community organization to expand the community and maintain its identity, and has expanded to class festival and small group activities oriented toward changes in local education and school. In the extended learning process of Namu School, first, there were expansive learning cycles based on multi-voicedness, democratic reflection and discussion for better practice. Second, the expansive learning of Namu School was forming a teacher platform that aims to change local schools. In this process, teachers create virtuous circles of teacher growth. Lastly, the expansive learning process of Namu School is meaningful as a bottom-up movement for school innovation that interacts with contexts surrounding the school. This study is able to illuminate the context of the expansive learning process and school innovation that is based on teacher learning community. In addition, it is possible to reveal the possibility of learning by overcoming contradictions and continuing new attempts based on a sense of community.

Dynamic corticomuscular multi-regional modulations during finger movement revealed by time-varying network analysis

Objective. A body movement involves the complicated information exchange between the central and peripheral systems, which is characterized by the dynamical coupling patterns between the multiple brain areas and multiple muscle units. How the central and peripheral nerves coordinate multiple internal brain regions and muscle groups is very important when accomplishing the action. Approach. In this study, we extend the adaptive directed transfer function to construct the time-varying networks between multiple corticomuscular regions, and divided the movement duration into different stages by the time-varying corticomuscular network patterns. Main results. The inter dynamical corticomuscular network demonstrated the different interaction patterns between the central and peripheral systems during the different hand movement stages. The muscles transmit bottom-up movement information in the preparation stage, but the brain issues top-down control commands and dominates in the execution stage, and finally the brain’s dominant advantage gradually weakens in the relaxation stage. When classifying the different movement stages based on time-varying corticomuscular network indicators, an average accuracy above 74% could be reliably achieved. Significance. The findings of this study help deepen our knowledge of central-peripheral nerve pathways and coordination mechanisms, and also provide opportunities for monitoring and regulating movement disorders.

Managers’ support for workplace innovation in the public sector: Wedged between expectations and conditions

Over the past few years, public policy interventions have been initiated to promote public sector innovation. These top-down initiatives have been aimed at generating bottom-up movement, and first-line managers are believed to play an important role in this transformation. However, little is known about the challenges first-line managers face in their role as agents of change. This article therefore explores the expectations and conditions that first-line managers face when innovation support is implemented in municipalities. The article draws on 23 interviews with participants from three Swedish cases where innovation support has been implemented in the municipal context. The findings reveal that a multitude of expectations pointing towards an explorative logic are placed on first-line managers to lead, dare and support in connection with employee-driven innovation, but the conditions under which they operate point towards an exploitative logic. The managers find themselves wedged between high expectations and a lack of mandate, resources and organisational support for workplace innovation in the public sector context.

Microcredentials

Microcredentials (or micro-credentials) are the records of the learning outcomes that a learner has acquired following a small volume of learning, which is assessed against transparent and clearly defined criteria (European Commission, 2022). While there is no global consensus on the definition of a microcredential, the above definition adopted by all EU Member States goes beyond the bottom-up movement of issuing open badges. It distinguishes microcredentials as (digital) proofs of meeting defined learning outcomes that are assessed, quality-assured, and verified by a trusted body. Moreover, microcredentials are expected to provide metadata transparently showing the learner’s identity, awarding body, date of issue, study hours needed to achieve the learning outcomes (including credit value and level if applicable), type of assessment, and form of participation. While other terms are often used interchangeably to refer to microcredentials (e.g., digital badges, digital credentials, online certificates, alternative credentials, nano-degrees, micromasters, master tracks, and specializations), they do not always meet the above requirements. Importantly, the definition in this paper, which draws on contemporary international developments in the area, positions microcredentials as a core feature of the 21st-century credentialing ecosystem where they can be stackable or combinable with other verified qualifications or used on their own as evidence of learning.

Comparison and Analysis of Feminism in China and the West: A Case Study of the 1950s

1950 is a very special period for the development of feminism in both China and the West. The Peoples Republic of China was just established and the West was experiencing the second wave of feminist. However, the feminism in these two areas developed in different ways, that Chinses feminism is the state feminism while the West is liberal feminism. This kind of difference results from the different social environment, especially the political policy in China and the West. The Communist Party of China took feminism as a tool to consolidate socialist construction, so it launched the feminist movement from top to bottom. The second feminism in the West is a bottom-up movement for women to fight for their own rights and interests, and they use magazines and other mass media as a means of struggle. By comparing the difference of the feminism in China and the West, the flaws of these two kinds of development of feminism could also be shown.

Umut Uzer, An Intellectual History of Turkish Nationalism: Between Turkish Ethnicity and Islamic Identity

Reviewed by: An Intellectual History of Turkish Nationalism: Between Turkish Ethnicity and Islamic Identity by Umut Uzer Zeynep Geylan Umut Uzer. An Intellectual History of Turkish Nationalism: Between Turkish Ethnicity and Islamic Identity. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2016. 288 pp. Paper, $25. ISBN: 978-1607814658. In An Intellectual History of Turkish Nationalism: Between Turkish Ethnicity and Islamic Identity, Uzer traces the changes in the phenomenon of "Turkish Nationalism" with a detailed analysis of published texts. Given the abundance of literature on politics, Uzer easily fills a gap by keeping his analysis primarily on the texts while addressing the political context only when necessary. He defines nationalism as "a cultural phenomenon based on language, sentiments, and symbolism and thus cannot be defined as purely an ideology or a political movement" (p. 9). He begins by exploring the birth of Turkish nationalism by highlighting three main factors behind its emergence. Later, he defines three different nationalisms as he traces the transformations in Turkish nationalism from a forward-thinking, revolutionary approach to a conservative ideology that highlights the Islamic past of Turkey. Uzer defines the three main factors that led to the formation of Turkish nationalism as: beginning of nationalist movements among non-Turkish minorities under Ottoman rule that made Ottomanism "irrelevant"; discovery of a Turkish history that existed before the Ottoman Empire through texts; and migration of Turkish people from Russia who admired the culture but disliked the rule of the sultan, which kindled the need for a "Turkish Nationalism." The second factor, discovery of pre-Ottoman Turkish texts, was the main motivation for the Ottoman intelligentsia to reconnect with their roots. In line with the main argument of many scholars, enabling an earlier history for these [End Page 267] individuals re-shaped their identity.1As soon as the new literature was absorbed, subsequent texts began to be published by many "impactful" authors. Uzer summarizes each by their specific contributions throughout the first chapter. He concludes that these three factors culminated at a time when the Young Turks began to emerge and the Ottoman Empire was at the edge of dissolution, hence resulting in the creation of a Turkish nationalism. The author acknowledges that the way Turkish nationalism came to be was not necessarily a bottom-up movement but rather was from the top down where the political context at the time did not leave any other choice. While the Ottoman Empire collapsed and the Turkish Republic was established, the newly founded Turkish nationalism was difficult for masses to fully adopt. As the initial Turkish nationalism found it difficult to establish roots, it transformed into different versions. Uzer identifies three main versions of Turkish nationalism as Kemalist, Ethnic, and Conservative Nationalism, which all reinforce and influence each other one way or another. As soon as the Turkish Republic was founded by Atatürk, a Kemalist version of Turkish nationalism was simultaneously constructed and emphasized. Kemalist nationalism, as the first form of Turkish nationalism, mainly adopted a territorial approach that also carried strong ethnic undertones. It emphasized the importance of maintaining the hard-earned motherland while also putting emphasis on the ethnic roots of Turkish people to reinforce unification. Kemalist nationalism mainly stressed Westernization, secularism, and modernity, however, still mentioned Islamic notions because the Muslim masses were responding positively. Before moving onto Conservative Nationalism, which remains dominant in today's Turkey, Uzer defines "Ethnic Nationalism." While the author recognizes that Kemalist nationalism has its ethnic components, ethnic nationalism remained as a different version of Turkish nationalism that gave more importance to race and ethnicity and Kemalist nationalism mainly underlined the unification of language and religion. According to Uzer, ethnic nationalism was never a dominant approach in Turkey; however, it remains grounded to this day. He notes that in the future, ethnic nationalism has the potential to gain momentum if more individuals embrace the separatist Kurdish identity that is dominant in the southeastern Turkey. [End Page 268] The final chapter deals with conservative nationalism that had been dominant in Turkey since the 1950s. Uzer identifies the main factors behind the emergence of conservative nationalism as: democratization, which unified all opponents of Kemalist nationalism under a conservative party; urbanization, which resulted...

A Future for Paris? Federalism, the Law of Nations, and U.S. Courts

The 'We Are Still In' movement raised novel and urgent questions about the status of executive agreements, treaties, and customary international law in U.S. courts. As sub-national governments increasingly face difficult trade-offs between climate change mitigation and adaptation, American courts will confront challenges thereto likely grounded in various types of dormant preemption of state and local initiatives. This symposium essay argues that our courts must first situate sub-national actions on climate mitigation within a complex and evolving context of mitigation as a globally-scaled collective good that can only be provided if contributions thereto accumulate over time. They must also avoid lumping sub-national action advantaging some firms in a competitive market under the old unionist fears of protectionism in all things local. A bottom-up movement like 'We Are Still In' may be uniquely positioned to keep the nation's pledges on climate change mitigation — and its obligations under U.S. treaties and public international law — but only if our courts understand the stakes and the fine print of our foreign affairs federalism.

The rise and demise of plastic shopping bags in Chile – Broad and informal coalition supporting ban as a first step to reduce single-use plastics

Single-use plastic bags (SUPBs) were introduced to society as a way to facilitate our daily lives, but due to their low post-use value they are found as litter in many different environments, from urban to rural and remote, natural environments. Given the increasing awareness about environmental litter, many communities have banned SUPBs in the recent past. Here we explore an emerging economy to document the rise and demise of SUPBs in society. Through a review of scientific and grey literature (including governmental documents and media coverage) we reconstruct the timeline of SUPBs in Chile, including the development of the plastic industry and retail business within Chile, the introduction, spread and finally the demise of SUPBs. Focused on the demise phase, we document the creation and succession of municipal ordinances to reduce SUPBs in local commerce, and the development of a national law to regulate the use of SUPBs. In order to document the involvement of the general public during the demise phase, we also examined current behavior and behavioral intentions of people in (i) a local project introducing reusable cloth bags to reduce the use of SUPBs, and (ii) a consumer survey about public perception of SUPBs and their use. Plastic bags were introduced in Chile in the 1970s, then spread with the emergence of supermarkets and retail stores in the 1980s and 1990s, and were widely used in commerce by the turn of the century. During the first decade of the 21st century the first scientific studies reported large amounts of plastic litter and high proportions of single-use plastics in coastal environments, public awareness grew, and numerous initiatives aiming to reduce consumption and littering of plastics developed. The first municipal ban of SUPBs in 2013 was emulated during the following five years by 62 other Chilean municipalities and in 2018 translated into a national law, which was highly approved and supported by the population. We conclude that the ban of SUBPs in Chile was facilitated by a broad concern among the general public, which led to a bottom-up movement culminating in the national government taking stakes in the issue. Finally, we argue that this can only be a first step that must be followed by further actions to abolish single-use products in order to effectively protect the environment and in particular the world's oceans.

Agile Development at Scale: The Next Frontier

Agile methods have transformed the way software is developed, emphasizing active end-user involvement, tolerance to change, and evolutionary delivery of products. The first special issue on agile development described the methods as focusing on "feedback and change". These methods have led to major changes in how software is developed. Scrum is now the most common framework for development in most countries, and other methods like extreme programming (XP) and elements of lean software development and Kanban are widely used. What started as a bottom-up movement amongst software practitioners and consultants has been taken up by major international consulting companies who prescribe agile development, particularly for contexts where learning and innovation are key. Agile development methods have attracted interest primarily in software engineering, but also in a number of other disciplines including information systems and project management. The agile software development methods were originally targeted towards small, co-located development teams, but are increasingly applied in other contexts. They were initially used to develop Web systems and internal IT systems, but are now used in a range of domains, including mission-critical systems. Methods that were designed for single teams of 5-9 developers have been adapted for use in projects with tens of teams, hundreds of developers, which can involve integration with hundreds of existing systems and affect hundreds of thousands of users.

Multiscale Simulation of SU8 and SU8-Graphene Nanocomposite: Bridging Atomistic to Macroscale Peridynamics

SU8 is commercial epoxy-Novolac resin, a negative tone photoresist with outstanding mechanical properties. Its nanocomposites have also been considered as a research material. In order to obtain insights about the SU8 nanocomposites with graphene the present work was conducted to simulate the mechanical properties using multiscale simulation method: atomistic, meso and macro scales. This has started from molecular dynamics, then moved to coarse grain and finally reached to macroscale. Peridynamics is the methodology which is governed throughout the work. Top-down and bottom-up loop has to be employed in order to confirm the total results. A tensile deformation is applied to a 2D plane at the upmost scale to result in an internal pressure. This is transferred to the lower scale in the next step as the external pressure. The procedure continues down until the molecular scale is reached. However, bottom-up strategy requires a bridging model to link the molecular scale to upper scales. The check point is the deformation values which have to be in the same order independent of top-down or bottom-up movement. At 2.1 wt.% of graphene in SU8, increased Young’s, bulk and shear modulus were calculated (62, 200, and 82 % respectively) compared to the neat SU8.

What Makes a Maker?

Academic research typically portrays the Maker Movement as a bottom-up emancipatory movement that emerged out of localised, grassroots initiatives. On the basis of a broad media ethnography that gathered data in Germany, Great Britain, and the USA, this article demonstrates the myopia of this assessment. Rather than being a bottom-up movement, the Maker Movement is in fact a pioneer community with intimate connections to the corporate world and the political class maintained by a globally spread organisational elite. The increasingly global sweep of the Maker Movement is a complex act of co-construction involving an abundance of different actors. With its curatorial centre firmly embedded within the offices of the Maker Media company—guiding the discourse on the movement's identity through its periodical Make: and its experiential experiences through international Maker Faires—the Maker Movement has its organisational basis in a franchise model that leaves it open to the flexible influence of an organisational elite who secures the intellectual and physical space for individual practitioners and local groups.

Impacts of the Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement: Effects on Finance, Policy and Public Discourse

The fossil fuel divestment movement campaigns for removing investments from fossil fuel companies as a strategy to combat climate change. It is a bottom-up movement, largely based in university student groups, although it has rapidly spread to other institutions. Divestment has been criticised for its naiveté and hard-line stance and dismissed as having little impact on fossil fuel finance. I analyse the impact of divestment through reviewing academic and grey literature, complemented by interviews with activists and financial actors, using a theoretical framework that draws on social movement theory. While the direct impacts of divestment are small, the indirect impacts, in terms of public discourse shift, are significant. Divestment has put questions of finance and climate change on the agenda and played a part in changing discourse around the legitimacy, reputation and viability of the fossil fuel industry. This cultural impact contributed to changes in the finance industry through new demands by shareholders and investors and to changes in political discourse, such as rethinking the notion of ‘fiduciary duty.’ Finally, divestment had significant impact on its participants in terms of empowerment and played a part in the revitalisation of the environmental movement in the UK and elsewhere.

Is the Maker Movement Contributing to Sustainability?

ICT has already revolutionized content creation and communications. In principle, today, everybody with Internet access, the right skills and equipment can produce digital content composed of virtual “bits” and make it instantly available across the globe. The same is now happening to manufacturing for everyone with access to tools like 3D printers. This inter-changeability of bits and atoms is being called the maker movement, which started as a community-based, socially-driven bottom-up movement but is today also impacting mainstream manufacturing through increased efficiencies, distributed local production and the circular economy. The maker movement thus has significant promise for increasing social, economic and environmental sustainability, but is it currently living up to this potential? This paper reports on work undertaken by the European-funded MAKE-IT project has examined this question through detailed qualitative and quantitative empirical research, including ten in-depth case studies across Europe and a detailed examination of 42 maker initiatives at Europe’s foremost city-based maker faire, supplemented by extensive secondary research. Despite the maker movement’s short history, the overall results provide sound evidence of its important though variable contribution to sustainability thus far. In addition, there is a strong gender dimension showing that females are underrepresented both as users and leaders of maker initiatives, whilst female leaders tend to achieve much higher sustainability impacts than their male counterparts. There is also clear evidence that maker initiatives in close collaboration with each other and other actors in city- and region-wide ecosystems are much more successful in achieving sustainability impacts than others.

Secondary foreign policy as a peace-building tool: A European model? The contribution of cross-border cooperation to reconciliation and stability in Europe

ABSTRACTSince the 1950s, cross-border cooperation has been operating as a tool for reconciliation in Europe. However, this secondary foreign policy was implemented differently in each border region and did not take place simultaneously. While it started as both a top-down and bottom-up movement shortly after the end of the Second World War in Western Europe, it was limited to communist party organized symbolism in Central and Eastern Europe. Here, cross-border cooperation could only truly be employed as an instrument of reconciliation after the end of the Cold War. This paper emphasizes the historical development of cross-border cooperation as a peace-building instrument and assesses its potential model function for other regions in the world: shifting from reconciliation in specific border regions after the Second World War to a more generalized approach to ‘secondary foreign policy’ used as a tool for the European Integration process, the changing functions of cross-border cooperation will be shown.

Multi‐level Climate Governance: The global system and selected sub‐systems

Multi‐level Climate Governance: The global system and selected sub‐systems