Top Positions Research Articles

Formalization for Subsequent Computer Processing of Kara Sea Coastline Data

This study aimed to develop a methodological framework for predicting shoreline dynamics using machine learning techniques, focusing on analyzing generalized data without distinguishing areas with higher or lower retreat rates. Three sites along the southwestern Kara Sea coast were selected for this investigation. The study analyzed key coastal features, including lithology, permafrost, and geomorphology, using a combination of field studies and remote sensing data. Essential datasets were compiled and formatted for computer-based analysis. These datasets included information on permafrost and the geomorphological characteristics of the coastal zone, climatic factors influencing the shoreline, and measurements of bluff top positions and retreat rates over defined time periods. The positions of the bluff tops were determined through a combination of imagery with varying resolutions and field measurements. A novel aspect of the study involved employing geostatistical methods to analyze erosion rates, providing new insights into the shoreline dynamics. The data analysis allowed us to identify coastal areas experiencing the most significant changes. By continually refining neural network models with these datasets, we can improve our understanding of the complex interactions between natural factors and shoreline evolution, ultimately aiding in developing effective coastal management strategies.

Impact of Age of Sexual Debut on HIV Care Engagement among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Nigeria.

Sexual and gender minorities (SGM) bear a high burden of HIV. The age of anal sexual debut may influence HIV care engagement. Our objective was to evaluate this relationship to help healthcare providers promote and anticipate future HIV care engagement among at-risk SGM. The TRUST/RV368 study provided HIV testing and treatment at SGM-friendly clinics in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. Self-reported age of sexual debut was dichotomized as <16 or ≥16 years. Multivariable logistic models estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of sexual debut with 1) prior HIV testing history, 2) HIV testing at the clinics, 3) initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) within 6 months of a clinic diagnosis, 4) viral suppression within 12 months of ART initiation. Of the 2,680 participants, 30% (n=805) reported a sexual debut <16 years. Those with an <16-year debut had significantly more receptive sex partners, condomless sex, and transactional sex (all p<0.01) and were 24% less likely to have tested for HIV before enrollment (aOR: 0.76; CI: 0.62-0.93). However, <16-year debut was not associated with HIV testing, receiving ART or achieving viral suppression once engaged with TRUST/RV368 (all p>0.05). SGM with <16-year debut engaged in behaviors that could increase HIV risk and were less likely to have a history of HIV testing. However, once enrolled in SGM-friendly clinics, uptake of HIV care was not associated with <16-year debut, suggesting that SGM-friendly care models may promote HIV care engagement.

Analysing Differences in Attack Indicators in Men’s First Division Volleyball According to the Positional Status of Teams

Background. Attack efficiency in the game of volleyball is of paramount importance in winning competitions. Objectives. The study aimed to analyse the differences in attack efficiency between teams of varying value levels, according to their position in the ranking. Materials and methods. All 12 teams participating in the men’s national first league championship were analysed using the Data Volley software. The attack parameters were compared between teams in the first half of the ranking vs teams in the second half. Another comparison was performed for 3 value levels of the top teams (top, middle, and low). Results. The Mann-Whitney U test (used to assess the differences between teams in the first half vs. teams in the second half of the ranking) indicates Z values associated with statistically significant thresholds (p &lt; 0.05) for most of the attack indicators, except Blocked but recovered% (p &gt; 0.05). The situation is similar also for the Kruskal-Wallis test, where χ² values indicate significant differences between the three levels of the teams for most of the parameters, except Blocked but recovered%. Conclusions. The findings reveal the higher values of attack efficiency and its parameters for the teams placed in the top positions of the ranking. The teams in the first half of the ranking have better percentage values on the executions associated with Winning% and Positive%. The attacking players of these teams also demonstrate lower percentage scores on the executions associated with Error%, Blocked attack% and Poor%, thus committing fewer mistakes. The situation is similar when comparing the top vs low and middle vs low pairs, where only for Blocked but recovered% no significant differences have been identified. These results support the need to focus on making the volley attack more efficient as a decisive factor in competitive success.

Study on the stress and deformation characteristics of ultra-deep soft rock tunnel under complex geological conditions

Under asymmetric three-dimensional high in-situ stress and high pore water pressure, tunnels are subjected to complex stress conditions, making them susceptible to failure and posing a threat to water conveyance safety. This study focuses on a large-scale cross-basin water diversion tunnel from Datong river into Huangshui river, which characterized by ultra-deep and complex geological conditions. Based on the field measurement data, a parameter inversion method considering the deformation of tunnel surrounding rock at multiple characteristic points is proposed. Additionally, considering the fluid-structure interaction effects under the influence of asymmetrical three-dimensional high in-situ stress and high pore water pressure, the stress-deformation characteristics of the soft rock tunnel are studied, and the damage evolution characteristics of the surrounding rock under different in-situ stresses and pore water pressures are analyzed. The results manifest that intense mutual extrusion of the surrounding rock, leading to volumetric compression, is the primary cause of the formation of stress concentration and excess pore water pressure. Additionally, the maximum deformation and the most likely location for gushing water both occur at the tunnel’s waist. After the implementation of segment support measures, the deformation control effect on the surrounding rock is remarkable. Notably, the reduction in damage depth across various characteristic locations due to segment support shows minimal variation. However, in terms of the reduction in disturbance depth, the tunnel waist significantly outperforms the top and bottom positions. The damage depth of the tunnel surrounding rock is positively correlated with both in-situ stress and pore water pressure, but it is more significantly influenced by in-situ stress than by pore water pressure. These findings can offer some valuable insights and guidance for future similar tunnel construction project.

Challenging the Status Quo: Headhunters and Gender Bias in Executive Recruitment: “Women have been at a Disadvantage, and it is long Overdue to Correct that”

This paper investigates the exclusion of women from the recruitment process for top management positions, focusing on the role of headhunters in Iceland—a country ranked first in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report for 15 consecutive years. Despite Iceland's reputation as a leader in gender equality, women remain significantly underrepresented in executive roles. This study addresses this paradox by exploring how headhunters' recruitment practices both perpetuate and challenge gender bias. Through semi-structured interviews with 44 board members (22 men, 22 women) and eight headhunters, this study uncovers structural and behavioral biases limiting women’s opportunities in executive roles Headhunters often rely on established networks and emphasize CEO experience, which favors male candidates. However, the study also highlights the potential of headhunters to act as change agents by expanding candidate pools and rethinking traditional hiring criteria. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in its exploration of how headhunters, positioned as both gatekeepers and agents of change, can influence gender diversity in leadership. This study also uses agency theory to explain the dynamic between headhunters and boards, examining how their conflicting goals shape executive recruitment outcomes.

Machine learning techniques for the smart faults detection and diagnosis of centrifugal compressor

In this work, we have conducted a comparative study among several machine learning techniques with the aim of selecting the best one for classifying faults affecting the compressor system to enable smart monitoring. This study encompasses various machine learning techniques, including Support Vector Machine, k-nearest neighbor, Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, AdaBoost, and Bag ensembles. To determine the optimal classification technique, we applied three distinct criteria: the confusion matrix, error histogram, and mean square error through cross-validation. Based on these criteria, the results indicate a tie for the top position between two classification models: Decision Tree and Bag ensemble. To solidify our choice of a single model, we employed the new AutoML technique to automatically identify the most suitable machine learning classification model for our case study. We evaluated this approach using process data obtained from an operational industrial centrifugal compressor. Consequently, the results presented in this work affirm that Decision Tree is the superior technique for classifying faults in the 3MCL compressor.

The effect of high-energy electron beam irradiation on the physicochemical properties of PET material

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polyester used in the manufacture of containers and packaging. PET waste occupies one of the top positions in terms of volume among polymer waste. The radiation modification of PET is a promising method for regulating its operational and technological properties. It is assumed that irradiation of PET waste with an electron beam will facilitate its secondary processing. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the ionizing radiation on the PET physicochemical and physicomechanical properties. For this purpose, samples were irradiated by hig-energy electron beam with energy 10 MeV and dose range 0–600 kGy. The radiation-induced EPR of the signal was measured, and the dose dependence was estimated. As a result, it was found that irradiation with electrons leads to a decrease in the melting temperature and an increase in the melt fluidity and glass transition temperature of PET. The hardness and rigidity of the irradiated samples increase. The changes in properties are explained by the destruction of PET macromolecules, which proceeds with the formation of carboxyl and carbonyl groups.

Characteristics of Spatial Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Seasonal Change of Different Vegetation Buffer Zones in Duliujian River

Different vegetation types may affect the accumulation and transformation of soil organic carbon （SOC）, but it is unclear whether the organic carbon fixation is realized by litter input and/or root control of environmental factors and dissolved organic matter （DOM） of soils. In this study, the spatial distribution characteristics of easily oxidizable organic carbon （EOC）, dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, particulate organic carbon （POC）, mineral-bound organic carbon （MAOC）, and their seasonal variations in the surface soil （0-10 cm） were studied in different vegetation zones of the arbor forest （at the upper position）, the mixed forest of arbor and shrub （at the middle position）, and the waterfront vegetation （at the bottom position） in the ecological embankment of Duliujian River, Tianjin, China. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil DOM components and their seasonal changes were also analyzed by combining UV-visible spectroscopy and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that： ① The accumulation of SOC was significantly higher in the waterfront vegetation than in the arbor forest and the mixed forest of arbor and shrub in summer, whereas the opposite was true during the spring season. It was indicated that the root input of the soil was the key driving factor for determining the accumulation of SOC in summer, whereas the input quality of above-ground litters was more important for the sequestration of SOC in spring. ② Differences in DOM fractions explained the fixation and transformation pathways of SOC in different seasons, with humus-derived DOM in spring promoting the transformation of DOC to POC and MAOC and microbial-derived DOM in summer advancing the transfer of EOC to MAOC under the action of microorganisms. ③ Soil physicochemical properties had less direct influences on SOC, which preferentially affected SOC accumulation by regulating the composition as well as the chemical structure of soil DOM. ④ The structural equation modeling indicated that water content （MC） and total phosphorus （TP） were directly involved in SOC transport and transformation, whereas ammonium nitrogen （NH4+-N）, nitrate nitrogen （NO3--N）, electrical conductivity （EC）, available phosphorus （AP）, pH, K+, and Na+ indirectly affected SOC accumulation mediated by DOM from humus and microbial sources. In summary, the present study elucidated that the trade-off mechanisms affecting SOC sequestration in the critical functional zone along the land-river ecotone, and the results can provide theoretical support for further exploring the constructive methods of ecological corridors and the pathways of carbon sequestration and sink enhancement in the "watershed-estuary-offshore" system of the coastal rivers.

Theoretical model construction and static performance analysis of multi-leaf journal foil bearings

Abstract Multi-leaf journal foil bearing (MLJFB) structures are complex, making performance prediction challenging, and the accurate prediction of gas film thickness and pressure distributions is crucial. In this study, COMSOL finite-element software was used to establish an initial foil assembly and structural deformation simulation model for an MLJFB with bump foils. Using MATLAB, a compressible gas lubrication model was established and solved using the finite volume method (FVM). Real-time data transfer between COMSOL and MATLAB enabled a fully coupled fluid-structure interaction simulation. This model meticulously accounts for the pre-tension force in the multi-leaf bearing assembly, contact friction between adjacent foils, and the interaction between the top foil and gas film pressure. The effects of journal movement distance, direction, and top foil overlapping ratio on the bearing capacity as well as the effects of different external load directions on the journal equilibrium position were analyzed based on this model. The results indicate that increasing the top foil overlapping ratio enhances the bearing capacity of the MLJFB. Furthermore, compared to the direction of the top foil overlap position, external loads applied in the direction of the top foil midpoint are more beneficial for bearing operational stability.

The death education needs of patients with advanced cancer: a qualitative research

BackgroundCancer remains a global health concern, with nearly 20 million new cancer cases and approximately 10 million cancer-related deaths reported in 2020.An increasing number of individuals with advanced-stage cancer are likely to confront the reality of mortality.In China, cancer-related deaths hold the top position among factors contributing to resident mortality, accounting for nearly a quarter of all deaths. Patients with advanced-stage cancer contend with both physical challenges such as pain, physical decline, and functional impairments, as well as psychological issues including death anxiety, fear of death, and feelings of meaninglessness and hopelessness during disease treatment. Death education serves as a method to educate patients on coping with death, alleviating death-related anxieties and fears, and approaching death calmly, thereby facilitating a peaceful end-of-life experience. Currently, there is a dearth of death education content tailored to patients’specific circumstances in China. Consequently, this study aims to explore the content of death education needs among patients with advanced-stage cancer in China.MethodsA qualitative research based on phenomenology was used to select 19 patients with advanced cancer from November 2022 to June 2023. Semi-structured interviews were used to interview, and Colaizzi 7-step analysis method was used to organize and analyze the data.ResultsSix themes were extracted: 1. Death cognition and education; 2. Life review; 3. Ethics of death; 4. End-of-life decision-making; 5. Social support; 6. Disease treatment.ConclusionsPatients with advanced-stage cancer face significant distress caused by their illness and the prospect of death. This distress can impact their quality of life and even influence treatment decisions. It’s essential to comprehensively assess the current state and needs of patients, engaging in ongoing interventions tailored to individual patient circumstances. This approach involves implementing targeted death education content and methods.When executing death education, it’s imperative to consider the patient’s knowledge framework and their level of acceptance. Integrating the patient’s disease progression and treatment, as well as addressing their negative emotional states, becomes crucial for enhancing the patient’s overall well-being and quality of life.

A detailed analysis of game statistics of professional tennis players: An inferential and machine learning approach.

Tennis, a widely enjoyed sport, motivates athletes and coaches to optimize training for competitive success. This retrospective predictive study examines anthropometric features and statistics of 1990 tennis players in the 2022 season, using 20,040 data points retrospectively obtained from the ATP official source after the end of the season. These data were cross-verified with information from other sources before categorisation to address any discrepancies. Employing various analytical methods, the results emphasize the strategic importance of tournament participation and gameplay for financial gains and higher rankings. Prize money analysis reveals a significant disparity favoring top players. Multivariate Analysis of Variance highlights the need to consider multiple variables for understanding ATP rankings. Multinomial Logistic Regression identifies age, height, and specific service-related metrics as key determinants, with older and taller players more likely to secure top positions. Neural Network models exhibit potential in predicting ATP Rank outcomes, particularly for ATP Rank (500). Our results argue for the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically Neural Networks, in handling complex interactions and emphasize that AI is a supportive tool in decision-making, requiring careful consideration by experienced individuals. In summary, this study enhances our understanding of ATP ranking factors, providing actionable insights for coaches, players, and stakeholders in the tennis community.

Broken rung roles in the female leadership deficit phenomenon in Indonesia

The underrepresentation of women in top management positions is marked by a decline in participation as the hierarchy rises. This study investigates the impact of the "broken rung" phenomenon—referring to unfair promotion systems as a key barrier to female career advancement—on the leadership deficit among women in Indonesia. Using a qualitative methodology and a phenomenological approach, data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The research analysis followed four stages of coding: open coding, axial coding, selective coding, and process coding. Findings reveal that gender stereotypes in certain industries and occupations contribute to the scarcity of female leaders. The shortage of female leaders initially stems from the limited presence of women in specific industries, influenced by these stereotypes. The "broken rung" is not the primary factor in Indonesia’s female leadership deficit, as there were already few women in specific sectors before unfair company systems impacted them. The root cause is not an unfriendly promotion system, but rather the unequal distribution of female workers across industries. Feminine-dominated sectors see higher female representation, while masculine-dominated sectors do not. Unfortunately, a significant portion of jobs are perceived as masculine, leading to an overrepresentation of male-dominated industries.

Https://www.questjournals.org/jrbm/v12-i11.html

Rich countries, developing countries and Underdeveloped countries differ in their capacity to invest in capital assets. Some countries developed in-depth knowledge and wisdom in applying science and technology. To achieve synergy, some countries import capital, human resources, materials, and technology from the open market. Countries use different approaches to mix and use their resources with imported resources. This article focuses on how the United States of America is in the top position economically and politically in the world. The priority of this article is to explain the type of business strategy America uses to achieve financial supremacy.

Effect of warehouse storage on the alteration, cooking and organoleptic characteristics of Kponan yam (Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata) of Côte d'Ivoire

Yam holds the top position in food crop production, and Kponan yam is highly prized by Ivorians. However, storage deterioration poses economic challenges for wholesalers and producers. This study assesses Kponan yam quality in warehouse storage, considering its geographical origin. To achieve this, yams from the Bondoukou, Bouna, and Kouassi-Kouassikro regions were kept at a warehouse in Abidjan, allowing an assessment of alterations, cooking properties, and organoleptic characteristics over a 3-month storage period. Kponan yam tubers were placed on boards at the warehouse's temperature (27.98 °C) and relative humidity (85.61 %). Temperature and humidity levels were recorded three times per week and four times daily at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00. Physical, cooking, and sensory characteristics were checked at harvest and during each month. The results showed that the main damage observed during storage at the warehouse was rotting and dehydration of the tubers. Rot rates were 47.53 % for yams grown in Bondoukou, 51.96 % for those grown in Bouna and 60.65 % for those grown in Kouassi-Kouassikro. Dehydrated tubers rates were 17.88 %, 25.04 % and 29.20 % for yams from Bondoukou, Bouna and Kouassi-Kouassikro, respectively. The browning indices of Kponan yams decrease (P < 0.05) during storage, with a much more marked effect for yams grown in Bouna (23.43-18.56) and Bondoukou (24.73-18.11), in contrast to those grown in Kouassi-Kouassikro (26.09–22.96). Hardness also dropped for Kponan yams grown in Bouna, Bondoukou and Kouassi-Kouassikro (38.94–25.19 N, 39.39–26.52 N and 35.59–26.66 N respectively). Sensory analysis showed that yams from Bouna stored for three months were rated highest in taste (score = 4). The storage quality of Kponan yams was influenced by the cultivation region. Organic production of Kponan yams benefits the environment and human health, while increasing shelf life.

Efficiency and Super‐Efficiency in the CRO Industry, 2012–2021: A Two‐Stage Exploration

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the productivity of contract research organizations (CROs) by computing and exploring efficiency and super‐efficiency data envelopment analysis (SDEA) scores for a sample of companies over 2012–2021. Main findings suggest that CRO efficiency and super‐efficiency is high and has increased more than 25% over 2012–2021. The top positions in the rankings according to efficiency are not limited to a few companies; in contrast, many firms in the sample are able to reach a top position in at least one concept of efficiency, suggesting the high degree of rivalry and competition in this industry. A second‐stage preliminary analysis of variables associated with efficiency suggests that best performers implement a sound human capital policy, with controlled costs. Moreover, they also have a careful short‐term cash‐flow management, with brief collection periods. Big and small firms outperform the rest of the companies, suggesting the presence of increasing returns and niche advantages in some stages of the supply chain. Finally, results suggest that the COVID pandemic had an asymmetric impact on CROs, affecting positively only large CROs.

Deep learning with synthetic data for wireless NLOS positioning with a single base station

Traditional wireless positioning methods exhibit limitations in the face of signal distortions prevalent in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, especially in the case of a single base station (BS). Moreover, the adoption of deep learning (DL) methodologies has lagged behind, largely due to the challenges associated with generating real-world datasets. In this paper, we present a comprehensive approach leveraging DL over large-scale synthetic wireless datasets (the recent WAIR-D in this case, which was co-produced by Huawei) to overcome such challenges and address the case of single-BS NLOS positioning. The aim of the paper is to practically explore the extent to which synthetic wireless datasets can help to achieve the positioning objectives. Towards this direction, we develop a map-based representation of a radio link, demonstrating its synergistic effect with feature-based representations in MLPs. Furthermore, we introduce a UNet-based neural model which incorporates input maps and radio link representations and generates as output a heatmap of potential device positions. This model achieves an 11.3-meter RMSE and 76.5% prediction accuracy on NLOS examples (1.5-meter, 99.9% for LOS) assuming perfect information, surpassing the MLP baseline by 47%. Finally, we provide further insights into the model’s ability to predict top device positions, the characteristics of predicted heatmaps as indicators of confidence, and the crucial role of map availability and radio path angles in model performance, thus revealing an unconventional perspective on incorrect predictions.

Occupational and social mobility of skilled migrants: an intersectional analysis

ABSTRACT Research on skilled migration has grown substantially in recent years. Drawing on 58 in-depth interviews with skilled Americans in China, this paper explores how the intersectionality of race, gender, and citizenship shapes their occupational and social mobility, and whether these two forms of mobility align. The findings suggest that skilled migrants’ social identities simultaneously create both advantages and disadvantages in their occupational and social mobility. I coined the term ‘glass box’ to describe their experiences: while many enjoyed enhanced occupational mobility, they eventually hit a ‘glass ceiling’ that blocked access to top positions and faced ‘glass walls’ that pigeonholed them into a narrow range of occupations. However, their social identities also brought privileges, forming a ‘glass floor’ that protected them from employment precarity. Their social mobility, extending beyond occupational mobility, improved to varying degrees after migration to China but declined rapidly and unexpectedly following the outbreak of COVID-19. While changes to skilled Americans’ occupational and social mobility aligned most of the time, there were notable exceptions where these two forms of mobility shifted in opposite directions. Such contradictory experiences highlight the persistent structural barriers that shape their professional and social trajectories.

GREEK SHIPPING ON THE BLACK AND AZOV SEAS AT THE TURN OF THE 40s - 50s OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE AUSTRIAN CONSULAR REPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN PRESS)

The article aims to examine the participation of the Greek merchant fleet in the navigation of the Black and Azov Seas in the mid-nineteenth century on the basis of a complex of Austrian sources that has been little studied in Ukrainian historiography. The latter included published reports from Austrian consular offices in Odesa, Berdiansk, Mariupol, Trebizond, and Galați. Materials from the Austrian press of the time are also used, primarily from the Austrian Ministry of Commerce's “Austria” newspaper, which was published as a daily newspaper from 1849 to 1856 and as a weekly from 1856. During the period under review, the Greek fleet was in a leading position in shipping in the Black and Azov Seas, successfully competing with the Austrian, British and Italian fleets. The success of the Greek merchant fleet was due, among other things, to the fact that seafaring was an ancient Greek craft, and in Ottoman times they were able to maintain the continuity of experience and tradition. In addition, this was facilitated by the developed network of Greek trading houses, which were widely represented in the main area of their fleet's navigation, in the Mediterranean Sea, especially its eastern part, and in the Black and Azov Seas. Therefore, the radical political and economic changes in the Black and Azov Seas regions did not take them and the Italians by surprise, and they were the first to take advantage of the rapid development of trade and transport traffic there. And despite increased competition in the mid-nineteenth century from the Austrians and the British, the Greeks continued to hold top positions in the shipping of the Black and Azov Seas. Moreover, unlike the Sardinians, they were gradually involved in long-distance voyages beyond Gibraltar, mainly to Great Britain. At the same time, the challenges for the traditionally sailing Greek merchant fleet from the emergence of steamship lines on the Black Sea were outlined. The first indicators were the activities of some of the Greeks' main competitors, the Austrians, in the Danube ports and on the Bulgarian coast, and the British, Austrians and Turks in the Anatolian ports.

Turbulent transport mechanisms and their impact on the pedestal top of JET plasmas with small-ELMs

Abstract Understanding the transport mechanisms that regulate the H-mode pedestal structure is crucial for developing regimes with edge dynamics that are compatible with the thermal and particle load constraints of plasma facing components. In this regard, at the JET tokamak, H-mode plasma regimes featuring small-ELM (BSE) dynamics have been developed, expelling less plasma energy per ELM compared to the standard type-I ELM. The pedestal of these new regimes remains stable against peeling-ballooning modes, leaving its structure unexplained. In this study, three baseline H-mode JET discharges—a reference with type-I ELM and two BSE regimes—are selected to investigate the turbulent transport mechanisms occurring in pedestals with different structures. The turbulence analysis is conducted using local gyrokinetic simulations around the pedestal top position. The results show that at ion scales, while hybrid ITG-KBM and KBM are destabilized in the type-I ELM discharge, the BSE regimes are dominated by hybrid ITG-TEM, suggesting a different role of turbulent transport in the two cases. At electron scales, both regimes are dominated by toroidal and slab ETG, the latter extending up to very small scales. Simulations of turbulence driven by hybrid ITG-TEM focuses on the impact and competition of electromagnetic (EM) effects and equilibrium E × B shearing. A strong EM stabilization mechanism is found, resulting in a saturated turbulence regime with spectra different from those in the electrostatic limit (ES l ). Additionally, while increasing E × B shearing reduces transport in ES l simulations, it is observed to have the opposite effect in the EM regime. Finally, stiff ETG transport is also shown to produce transport levels compatible with experimental observations. The findings of this study suggest the EM stabilization and its competition with E × B shearing as new key elements that determine the nature of the turbulent transport mechanisms around the pedestal top, which need to be considered in reduced models for pedestal limits.

Global Traction Battery Cathode Material Industrial Chain Trade Analysis: A Multilayer Modeling Approach.

The fast expansion of the electric vehicle market has led to a significant increase in the demand for traction batteries, an essential element in these vehicles that provide the opportunity to achieve low-carbon and environmentally friendly growth and carbon neutrality. By analyzing the network structure and key trading countries from 2000 to 2021, this research uses multilayer network theory to explore the trade patterns and the evolution of the global cathode material industrial chain of traction batteries. Our findings indicate the following: (1) The industrial networks display multi-core trading country characteristics. Trade connections among the top 20 countries, which account for more than 80% of the global trade volume, have strengthened. (2) Over time, the geographic center of trade has shifted from being primarily focused in Europe, North America, and East Asia to embracing the entire world, including regions such as Africa, South America, and Oceania. (3) In 2021, Australia overtook Japan as the main exporter, which held the top position in 2000. Similarly, China surpassed the United States, which was the top importer in 2000. (4) Changes in global trade relationships have affected the trading habits of the top-ranked countries.