Bottom Margin Research Articles

Analysis of the correlation between peri-implant probing depth and radiographic bone level

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between peri-implant probing depth (PPD) and radiographic bone level (rBL) in implants with peri-implantitis. Methods: From January 2019 to December 2022, 24 patients with 30 implants who suffered from peri-implantitis at the Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology were included in the present research. SPSS 26.0 software was used to simple random sampling select 30 healthy implants from which with electronic examination records in Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2007 to June 2023 as the control group. On the premise of retaining the implant prosthesis, PPD (distance between pocket bottom and peri-implant soft tissue margin) was examined using a Williams periodontal probe with a light force (about 0.2 N), and a total of 4 sites were recorded for each implant. Periapical radiography and cone beam CT were applied to measure the rBL (distance between the reference point at the neck of the implant and the apical point of the bone defect) and the width of the bone defect (DW), and the type of the bone defect was recorded. The correlation and consistency between the diagnosis of PPD and rBL were analyzed. Results: PPD was significantly correlated with rBL in a total of 60 implants in 180 sites (r=0.64, P<0.001). The chi-square test showed an 8.15-fold increase in the detection rate of PD≥6 mm at sites with rBL≥1 mm (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that rBL was still statistically associated with PPD after adjustment for jaw position and examination position of implants. Take rBL <1 mm as reference, the odds ratios (OR) of 1 mm≤rBL<2 mm, 2 mm≤rBL<3 mm and rBL≥3 mm group with PPD were 6.23 (P=0.014), 2.77 (P=0.183) and 10.87 (P=0.001), respectively. Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between PPD and rBL in implants with peri-implantitis. PPD can be used as a clinical examination index to assist in estimating the level of peri-implant bone under the premise of retaining the prosthesis.

ANALYSIS OF INSTALLING HISTORY SUMMARY FORM IN AND OUT OF ADULT PATIENTS IN KINDERGARTEN HOSPITAL. IV KENCANA SERANG

Background: A summary form of admission and discharge history is a medical record form that is used to record a summary of the course of the disease from the time the patient enters until the patient leaves the hospital. Therefore, it is one of the forms that are immortalized, so it is necessary to design a design that is in accordance with the standards.Research Objectives: To identify the physical aspects, anatomical aspects, and aspects of the contents of the summary form of admission and discharge history of adult patients at the Kindergarten Hospital. IV Kencana Serang in 2022. Research Methodology: This study used descriptive research with observation and interview methods. The subjects in this study were medical record officers and the object in this study was a summary form of admission and discharge history of adult patients. The research instrument used observation sheets and interview guidelines. Research results: From the physical aspect, the material is HVS 75 gram paper, rectangular shape, HVS F4 paper size, the color of the paper is white with black ink writing. From the anatomical aspect, the heading in the form of the title of the form has been included, the subtitles are missing, the name of the hospital has been included, the hospital logo is not included, the revision number is not included. page numbers are included. Introduction in the form of the title of the form. Instruction in the form of * Adult and child patients. Body in the form of top margin (5 cm), bottom margin (2 cm), side margin (1.5 cm), back margin (1.5 cm). Spacing 1.15 spaces. Vertical and horizontal rules. Type Style Times New Roman with font size 11. The way of recording is done by handwriting. Close in the form of a clear name and signature has been included. From the aspect of content, the completeness of the data items is appropriate. Terminology / Terms in the form of diagnosis, complications, anesthesia, transfusion. Abbreviations in the form of Date, Goal, NRP, NIP, Kls, dr, Sp, Lk / Pr, Is / Kk / Kp / H / B, S / N / J / D. The symbol is the symbol * Adult and child patients. Suggestion: It is necessary to redesign the entry and exit history summary form for adult patients from the physical, anatomical and content aspects.

Psychiatric risks for worsened mental health after psychedelic use.

Resurgent psychedelic research has largely supported the safety and efficacy of psychedelic therapy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. As psychedelic use and therapy increase in prevalence, so does the importance of understanding associated risks. Cases of prolonged negative psychological responses to psychedelic therapy seem to be rare; however, studies are limited by biases and small sample sizes. The current analytical approach was motivated by the question of whether rare but significant adverse effects have been under-sampled in psychedelic research studies. A "bottom margin analysis" approach was taken to focus on negative responders to psychedelic use in a pool of naturalistic, observational prospective studies (N = 807). We define "negative response" by a clinically meaningful decline in a generic index of mental health, that is, one standard error from the mean decrease in psychological well-being 4 weeks post-psychedelic use (vs pre-use baseline). We then assessed whether a history of diagnosed mental illness can predict negative responses. We find that 16% of the cohort falls into the "negative responder" subset. Parsing the sample by self-reported history of psychiatric diagnoses, results revealed a disproportionate prevalence of negative responses among those reporting a prior personality disorder diagnosis (31%). One multivariate regression model indicated a greater than four-fold elevated risk of adverse psychological responses to psychedelics in the personality disorder subsample (b = 1.425, p < 0.05). We infer that the presence of a personality disorder may represent an elevated risk for psychedelic use and hypothesize that the importance of psychological support and good therapeutic alliance may be increased in this population.

Groundhoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) of the wetlands of Ramaroshan, Achham (Nepal) with description of a new species

This paper presents a list of groundhoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from Ramaroshan, Achham, Nepal, along with the description of a new species, Hedotettix samitae sp. nov. A total of 7 species were recorded from the study area. The new species is brachypronotal with anterior margin of pronotum slightly rounded; robust hind femora; and antennal grooves with top margin above bottom margin of eyes and bottom margin slightly below. The new species is in many ways similar to Hedotettix gracilis. Hedotettix (gracilis) species group is described to include these two species, which differ mainly in the shape of the hind femora, scutellum, and anterior margin of pronotum. The taxonomy of the genus Hedotettix is problematic, and it is likely to be paraphyletic. Future works involving molecular studies would solve the taxonomic problems. Bolivaritettix insignis (Kirby, 1914) is recorded for the first time from Nepal.

The Effect of Supplementary Food in the Form of Moringa Leaf Dry Brownies on the Increasing Weight of Under-Fives with Underweight Status

Background: In 2020, the percentage of underweight children under five in Indonesia is relatively high, which is 6.7% or a total of 779,139 children under five. Wonokerto Village is the village with the highest number of underweight children under five in Turi District. This shows that the problem of under-five malnutrition is still high both in Indonesia and in the regions, even though toddlers are a golden age where the growth process occurs very rapidly and cannot be repeated. Therefore, malnutrition in toddlers needs to be addressed immediately so that growth disorders do not occur. One alternative treatment is with dry brownies of Moringa leaves.&#x0D; Methods: This study used Pre Experimental designs, One Group Pretest and Posttest with a sample of 34 underweight toddlers who were intervened for 21 days and analyzed their weight gain using the Paired T-Test.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that there was an increase in underfive weight between before and after being given moringa leaf brownies with a p value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05..&#x0D; Conclusion: The conclusion is there is an effect of providing additional food in the form of dry brownies of Moringa leaves on increasing body weight in underfives with underweight status.&#x0D; All sections in the manuscript should be typed using Arial font. Authors should use this document as their article template. Articles must be written in A4 text size (210 x 297 mm) and the left margin format 25 mm, right margin 20 mm, top margin 30 mm, and bottom margin 20 mm. The manuscript must be written in Arial font with 11 pt font size (except article title, author name and abstract title), one space spacing, and in a two-column format (except for article title, author's name and abstract). The distance between columns is 5 mm (0.2 inches)

Effect of Wettability and Adhesion Property of Solid Margins on Water Drainage

Liquid flows at the solid surface and drains at the margin under gravity are ubiquitous in our daily lives. Previous research mainly focuses on the effect of substantial margin's wettability on liquid pinning and has proved that hydrophobicity inhibits liquids from overflowing margins while hydrophilicity plays the opposite role. However, the effect of solid margins' adhesion properties and their synergy with wettability on the overflowing behavior of water and resultant drainage behaviors are rarely studied, especially for large-volume water accumulation on the solid surface. Here, we report the solid surfaces with high-adhesion hydrophilic margin and hydrophobic margin stably pin the air-water-solid triple contact lines at the solid bottom and solid margin, respectively, and then drain water faster through stable water channels termed water channel-based drainage over a wide range of water flow rates. The hydrophilic margin promotes the overflowing of water from top to bottom. It constructs a stable "top + margin + bottom" water channel, and a high-adhesion hydrophobic margin inhibits the overflowing from margin to bottom and constructs a stable "top + margin" water channel. The constructed water channels essentially decrease marginal capillary resistances, guide top water onto the bottom or margin, and assist in draining water faster, under which gravity readily overcomes the surface tension resistance. Consequently, the water channel-based drainage mode achieves 5-8 times faster drainage behavior than the no-water channel drainage mode. The theoretical force analysis also predicts the experimental drainage volumes for different drainage modes. Overall, this article reveals marginal adhesion and wettability-dependent drainage modes and provides motivations for drainage plane design and relevant dynamic liquid-solid interaction for various applications.

Effects of announcing a vocabulary test before reading a glossed text on reading behaviors and vocabulary acquisition: An eye-tracking study.

Glosses provide an effective way of fostering second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition. Expanding on previous research, we explored how a vocabulary test announcement prior to reading a glossed text influences the reading behaviors and subsequent vocabulary acquisition of L2 learners. The participants of this study comprised 65 Korean undergraduate students. The participants were assigned to either a vocabulary test announcement (TA) or a no test announcement (NTA) group. Thereafter, the researchers read to the participants a short story containing 16 glossed words displayed in the bottom margin. The students' responses to the reading comprehension test and a battery of vocabulary tests (i.e., form recall, meaning recall, and meaning recognition) were captured immediately and one week after the assessments. The results showed that while processing in-text target words and marginal glosses, no variation in eye-tracking measures (e.g., gaze duration and total reading time) was observed among the TA and NTA groups. In contrast, the TA group spent significantly longer time fixating on bottom-margin target words than the NTA group during eye-tracking measures. Regardless of the testing phase, the vocabulary test results showed that only the form recall scores in the TA group were significantly higher than the NTA group. However, the differences in meaning recall and recognition scores were not significant. Collectively, these results suggest that vocabulary test announcements likely enhance the favorable effects of glossed text, particularly through promoting visual word form acquisition. However, the effects do not strengthen form-meaning associations without compromising L2 learners' reading comprehension.

ANALYSIS OF INSTALLING HISTORY SUMMARY FORM IN AND OUT OF ADULT PATIENTS IN KINDERGARTEN HOSPITAL. IV KENCANA SERANG

Background: A summary form of admission and discharge history is a medical record form that is used to record a summary of the course of the disease from the time the patient enters until the patient leaves the hospital. Therefore, it is one of the forms that are immortalized, so it is necessary to design a design that is in accordance with the standards.&#x0D; Research Objectives: To identify the physical aspects, anatomical aspects, and aspects of the contents of the summary form of admission and discharge history of adult patients at the Kindergarten Hospital. IV Kencana Serang in 2022.&#x0D; Research Methodology: This study used descriptive research with observation and interview methods. The subjects in this study were medical record officers and the object in this study was a summary form of admission and discharge history of adult patients. The research instrument used observation sheets and interview guidelines.&#x0D; Research results: From the physical aspect, the material is HVS 75 gram paper, rectangular shape, HVS F4 paper size, the color of the paper is white with black ink writing. From the anatomical aspect, the heading in the form of the title of the form has been included, the subtitles are missing, the name of the hospital has been included, the hospital logo is not included, the revision number is not included. page numbers are included. Introduction in the form of the title of the form. Instruction in the form of * Adult and child patients. Body in the form of top margin (5 cm), bottom margin (2 cm), side margin (1.5 cm), back margin (1.5 cm). Spacing 1.15 spaces. Vertical and horizontal rules. Type Style Times New Roman with font size 11. The way of recording is done by handwriting. Close in the form of a clear name and signature has been included. From the aspect of content, the completeness of the data items is appropriate. Terminology / Terms in the form of diagnosis, complications, anesthesia, transfusion. Abbreviations in the form of Date, Goal, NRP, NIP, Kls, dr, Sp, Lk / Pr, Is / Kk / Kp / H / B, S / N / J / D. The symbol is the symbol * Adult and child patients. Suggestion: It is necessary to redesign the entry and exit history summary form for adult patients from the physical, anatomical and content aspects.&#x0D;

A fragment of an unknown Armenian homiletic collection from the Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts

In the Armenian manuscripts fund of the Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts there is preserved a Gospel, which paleographically dates back to the 15th century [10:238]. The Gospel was restored in the 60s of the 20th century, and the fragments of the authentic leather cover are preserved. In the course of the restoration, it appears that two sheets of parchment used as flyleaves have been removed. The parchment fragments are horizontally cut parts of a single sheet and attract attention from both paleographical and textual perspectives. Before being cut, the size of the fragment was 320x210, but even this does not reflect the original size of the parchment sheet, since only one column survives in the fragment, that too incompletely, and the manuscript must have been written in at least two columns. In the fragment preserved today, the size of the column is 115 mm, the distance be-tween the columns is 20 mm, there are 22 lines in the column, the distance between the lines is 10 mm, the bottom margin is 110 mm, and the right margin is 82 mm.

Finite element analysis of the impact of the properties of dental wedge materials on functional features

Purpose: Defect of the interproximal wall of the tooth is filled with use the shaped matrix and wedge which seals bottom margin during filling. Better fit of the wedge and equalization of the pressure forces on the matrix is achieved by the compliance of the wedge structure through cuts and perforations and the use of silicone materials and unidirectionally expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). The work presents a methodology for model studies of the mechanics of dental wedges in order to evaluate and compare the impact of wedge materials on functional features. The hypothesis of the work was that the mechanical properties of ePTFE determine the effectiveness of the dental wedge. Design/methodology/approach: Effect of modulus of elasticity and friction coefficient of wedge and matrix materials on the functional features of the wedge was studied on the way Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Simulation included contact sliding between wedge and matrix what was simulated in nonlinear large displacements regime. The sealing evaluation criterion was the pressure distribution between the wedge and matrix below the lower edge of the defect. Displacement values were the criterion for the loss of convexity as a result of matrix deformation. Findings: The material for the wedge should be characterized by a low coefficient of friction, low elasticity (ensuring high compliance of the wedge) and at the same time the ability to large permanent deformations, which allows for plastic shaping of the matrix from the side of the defect in order to achieve the required wall convexity and the tangent point. Research limitations/implications: Results show tendency of phenomena in limitation to model simplification of the interdental gap and the ideal adhesion of the matrix to the tooth and linear elasticity of materials. Practical implications: The material that best meets the requirements is unidirectionally expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, which has one of the lowest coefficients of friction and very high plasticity necessary to shape the matrix from the inside of the cavity. Originality/value: Methodology of model study and criteria of functional characteristics of dental wedge was presented.

Investigation and optimization on cooling performance of serial-parallel mini-channel structure for liquid-cooled soft pack batteries

This article proposes a liquid-cooled battery thermal management system based on a serial-parallel mini-channel cold plate to solve the problem of severe heat generation during high-rate battery discharge. The numerical simulation method was used to investigate the cooling effects of the bottom margin of the inlet flow channel length (L) and flow channel width (W). The results showed that increasing the L will reduce the standard deviation of the battery pack temperature, but the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference will decrease at first and then increase. Meanwhile, the increase of the W will reduce the average temperature of the battery pack, but the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference will increase slightly after the W exceeds a certain value. In addition, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the interactive effects of different parameters on the performance of the cooling system and optimize the structural parameters. The RSM predicted results revealed that compared with the original model, the maximum temperature difference and pressure drop of the coolant fell by 15.5 and 34.8%, respectively, which significantly improved the performance of the cooling system.

Guidance of laser therapy for early laryngeal carcinoma by mucosal wave changes

Objective:Analyze the relationship between the change of mucosal wave and the infiltrating level of early laryngeal carcinoma so as to guide the cordectomy. Method:Retrospective research on patients of 1a stage without anterior commissure invasion who received simple CO2 laser therapy because of primary glottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Result:Records of 320 patients including 22 patients who have slightly reduced according to the mucosal wave prompts before operation, 49 patients mucosal wave moderately reduced, 151 patients mucosal wave severely reduced, and 98 patients have mucosal wave disappeared according to stroboscopic assessment. Post-pathological evidence shows that 16 patients had their tumor infiltration into the epithelial layer, of which, 15 received the Ⅲ type laser surgery, 1 patient received the Ⅳ type laser surgery; 189 patients had their tumor infiltration into the lamina propria, of which, 148 received the Ⅲ type laser surgery, 41 received the Ⅳ type laser surgery; and 115 patients had their tumor infiltration into the vocal cord muscle layer, of which, 77 received the Ⅲ type laser surgery, 38 received the Ⅳ type laser surgery. Analyzed according to the Kaplan-Meier method, it shows that their five-year overall survival rate was 94.0%, the five-year disease-specific survival rate was 98.4%; and five-year local-region control rate was 91.2%. Change of the mucosal wave and the tumor infiltrating level have significant correlation; patients whose tumor infiltration had reached the lamina propria received the Ⅲ and Ⅳ type laser surgical treatment, their five-year overall survival rate and their five-year local-region area control rate have no obvious difference; patients whose tumor infiltration have reached the muscular layer received the Ⅲ and Ⅳ type laser surgical treatment, their five-year overall survival rate and their five-year local-region area control rate have no significant difference. Conclusion:This research shows that, change of the mucosal wave can, to a certain extent, prompt the tumor infiltration degree and guide in operation; for patients who are suspected of laryngeal carcinoma, when mucosal wave before operation prompts moderate-sever reduction or disappearance, to ensure bottom incisal margin clean, it should be cut at least to the muscular layer; for laryngeal cancer patients whose infiltrating mucosal wave disappears, it prompts that the tumor may have infiltrated to the muscular layer, and the Ⅲ and Ⅳ type laser surgery will have no significant prognostic influence.

Short-term outcome of regenerative surgery treating peri-implantitis

To evaluate the short-term outcome of regenerative surgery for peri-implantitis therapy. From March 2018 to January 2019, 9 patients with 10 implants who suffered from peri-implantitis were included in the present research. Vertical bone defect at least 3mm in depth with 2 or more residual bone walls was confirmed around each implant by radiographic examination. Restorations were replaced by healing abutments on 3 implants with the consent of the patients. Guided bone regeneration surgery was performed after a hygienic phase. During surgery, full thickness flaps were elevated on both buccal and lingual aspects. Titanium curette was used for inflammatory granulation tissue removal and implant surface cleaning. The implant surface was decontaminated by chemical rinsing with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. After being thoroughly rinsed with saline, the bone substitutes were placed in bone defects which were covered by collagen membranes. 6 months after non-submerged healing, the clinical parameters including peri-implant probing depth (PD, distance between pocket bottom and peri-implant soft tissue margin) and radiographic bone level (BL, distance form implant shoulder to the first bone-to-implant contact) were used to evaluate the regenerative outcome. PD was measured at six sites (mesial, middle and distal sites at both buccal and lingual aspects) around each implant, and BL was measured at the mesial and distal surfaces of each implant on a periapical radiograph. The deepest PD and largest BL of each implant ranged from 6-10 mm and 3.2-8.3 mm respectively. All the implants healed uneventfully after surgery. The mean peri-implant PD at baseline and 6 months after surgery were (6.2±1.4) mm and (3.1±0.6) mm respectively, and a mean (3.0±1.5) mm radiographic bone gain was observed, P<0.01. Treatment success was defined as: no sites with residual PD≥6 mm, no bleeding on probing, and BL elevation of at least 1 mm. Nine implants from 8 patients fulfilled the success criteria. Residual pockets with 6 mm in depth and bleeding on probing could be detected in only one implant. Within the limitation of the present research, guided bone regeneration surgery can be used for the treatment of bone defect that resulted from peri-implantitis. Significant PD reduction and radiographic bone gain can be obtained after 6 months observation.

Eine merkwürdige griechische Randnotiz Überlegungen zum koptischen Kodexblatt Paris BNCopte164 II fol. 16m recto

Abstract A papyrus codex which contained the Sahidic version of the Gospel of John exhibits a highly interesting “marginal note”. On the bottom margin of one page (Paris BNCopte164 II fol. 16m) one finds traces of the beginning of five lines written in Greek in a cursive hand usually used in documentary papyri. A closer look at the Greek cursive suggests that these lines originally belonged to the text of a fifth-century protokollon.

Mapping valley bottom confinement at the network scale

AbstractIn this article, we demonstrate the application of a continuous confinement metric across entire river networks. Confinement is a useful metric for characterizing and discriminating valley setting. At the reach scale, valley bottom confinement is measured and quantified as the ratio of the length of channel confined on either bank by a confining margin divided by the reach length. The valley bottom is occupied by the contemporary floodplain and/or its channel(s); confining margins can be any landform or feature that makes up the valley bottom margin, such as bedrock hillslopes, terraces, fans, or anthropogenic features such as stopbanks or constructed levees. To test the reliability of calculating confinement across entire networks, we applied our geoprocessing scripts across four physiographically distinct watersheds of the Pacific Northwest, USA using freely available national datasets. Comparison of manually digitized and mapped with modeled calculations of confinement revealed that roughly one‐third of reaches were equivalent and about two‐thirds of the sites differ by less than ±15%. A sensitivity analysis found that a 500 m reach segmentation length produced reasonable agreement with manual, categorical, expert‐derived analysis of confinement. Confinement accuracy can be improved (c. 4% to 17% gains) using a more accurately mapped valley bottom and channel position (i.e. with higher‐resolution model inputs). This is particularly important when differentiating rivers in the partly confined valley setting. However, at the watershed scale, patterns derived from mapping confinement are not fundamentally different, making this a reasonably accurate and rapid technique for analysis and measurement of confinement across broad spatial extents. © 2019 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Sacred Uncertainty: Religious Difference and the Shape of Melville's Career by Brian Yothers

Reviewed by: Sacred Uncertainty: Religious Difference and the Shape of Melville's Career by Brian Yothers Christopher N. Phillips BRIAN YOTHERS Sacred Uncertainty: Religious Difference and the Shape of Melville's Career Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2015. xii + 244 pp. Melville has been a key figure in "the religious turn" for some time, from Timothy Marr's careful analyses of Melville and Islam to investigations of Melville's Protestant interlocutors in studies by Jonathan Cook, Dawn Coleman, and others. Within this heady stream of scholarship characterized by increasingly fine-grained attention to the varieties of religion in Melville's thought and work, Brian Yothers's new book is a welcome addition, one that synthesizes much of the best recent criticism in its early chapters while offering an ambitious panorama of readings across Melville's works from Typee to Billy Budd. Yothers's primary concern is with what he calls "religious difference." Religious belief is never one thing in Melville's world, Yothers argues; it finds its expression in Tommo's exoticizing yet sympathetic gaze at Typee cultic practices, Ishmael's canny use of "infallible Presbyterian" doctrines of love to share in Queequeg's idol worship, Robert E. Lee's parable of a "Moorish maid" to explain the conflicting loyalties of the slaveholding South, and Captain Vere's disconnection of legal authority from religiously informed moral intuition. As Yothers argues, Melville kept in mind, across genres and decades, this question: what difference does religious difference make? Through astute readings of Melville's biography and works, he persuasively explains that Melville's keeping this question open became the author's safeguard against cynical relativism on the one hand and stony orthodoxy on the other. In other words, the puzzle of religious difference kept Melville vital throughout his career. The first chapter establishes the study's central concerns through a remarkable account of Melville's marginalia in a copy of The New Testament and Psalms. Yothers highlights Melville's sensitivity to the Gospels' narrative power, especially in Jesus's parables. The ethic of love in the "Sermon the Mount" in Matthew 5–7 and in I Corinthians 13 also receives some of the most extensive marking in Melville's book. Perhaps most telling in Yothers's reading are [End Page 112] the many cross-references he identifies in margins and on flyleaves throughout the volume, linking Goethe, Carlyle, Shakespeare, and a range of other philosophers and poets, including Asian sources, to the teachings of Christ and his early disciples. Some of Melville's responses may have unsettled his family members. Yothers notes that erasure, even occasional paper-trimming, obscures Melville's comments on some passages, even as select phrases survived this expurgation, as in one written in response to I Corinthians 7.40. Paul explains the ethical principles that should govern a widow's re-marriage, then states, "and I think also that I have the Spirit of God." Melville put an "X" next to this line and in the bottom margin wrote, whether coyly or in earnest, "I too am uncertain." This word is a resonant one for Yothers. The title he gives his book, Sacred Uncertainty, comes from the "Prose Supplement" to Battle-Pieces, where Melville cautions his readers against being too sure of historical and moral dynamics in the aftermath of the Civil War. For Yothers, Melville's uncertainty is sacred, mysterious and inscrutable as well as of infinite worth and meaning. As he shows in the Battle-Pieces chapter, Melville had no qualms about the evils of slavery or the Confederacy's culpability in instigating a war to protect the peculiar institution; his doubts arose, rather, with respect to how to remember and respond to that evil, a delicate question that he believed required humility and gentleness as well as resolve. In chapters on the fiction, Yothers shows that Melville was a long time coming to this reverence for righteous doubt, as he tried on a number of religious and anti-religious stances in his narrators and characters. His early critiques of missionary ventures in the Pacific, for instance, were rooted in a commitment to the ethic of radical love he saw in the Sermon on the Mount, an...

Jacob the Knight in Ezekiel's Chariot: Imagined Identity in a Micrography Decoration of an Ashkenazic Bible

In an Ashkenazic Bible produced in the thirteenth century, we find a unique micrography decoration portraying Ezekiel's vision. On the bottom margin the Masorah micrography shows the full bodies of the four creatures: the lion facing the ox, and the man, in full armor and holding an object in each hand, facing the eagle. I suggest that the choice to portray the human figure in this micrography as an armored knight can be explained by reference to the tradition describing seeing Jacob's image engraved on the throne in Ezekiel's vision, as also reflected in the writings of Hasidei Ashkenaz. The decoration identifies the human figure as Jacob, which may illustrate the verse 'Avir Ya‘akov, meaning “mighty one of Jacob” or Jacob the Knight.

An approach for measuring confinement and assessing the influence of valley setting on river forms and processes

AbstractValley setting and confinement (or lack thereof) are primary controls on river character and behaviour. Although there are various proxies for valley confinement, direct measures that quantify the nature and extent of confinement are generally lacking and/or inconsistently described. As such they do not lend themselves to consistent analysis over large spatial scales. Here we clearly define forms of confinement to aid in quantification of degrees of confinement. Types of margin that can induce confinement are differentiated as a valley margin, valley bottom margin, and/or anthropogenic margin. Such margins sometimes overlap and share the same location, and in other situations are separated, giving immediate clues as to the valley setting. We apply this framework to examples from Australia, United States and New Zealand, showing how this framework can be applied across the spectrum of river diversity. This method can help to inform interpretations of reach‐scale river behaviour, highlighting the role of antecedent controls on contemporary forms and processes. Clear definitions of confinement are shown to support catchment‐scale analysis of river patterns along longitudinal profiles, and appraisals of the geomorphic effectiveness of floods and sediment flux in catchments (e.g. process zone distribution, lateral sediment inputs and (dis)connectivity). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

‘He That No Good Can’: An Unrecorded Copy of a Middle English Proverb

OXFORD, Bodleian Library, MS Digby 99 is a late fourteenth-century manuscript copied in one hand on paper. It contains a copy of the synodal statutes of William Raleigh, followed by an idiosyncratic copy of the Middle English poem The Prick of Conscience . 1 The scribe identifies himself in his colophon as ‘Frater Iohannes stanys canonic us Thetfordie’. 2 As the available descriptions indicate, this is a fascinating book, and its copying, provenance, and use merit more detailed treatment elsewhere. 3 For the present purpose, however, the key text in the book is a copy of Supplement to the Index of Middle English Verse 1162.8 in a fifteenth-century hand—not the hand of the scribe—in the bottom margin of one page. 4 To my knowledge this instance has not previously been recorded. 5 It reads: The hand is essentially modelled on anglicana in its ductus and most of its letter-forms, though it has the single-compartment secretary a , as was common in fifteenth-century anglicana, and alternates between an anglicana w for ‘wylle’ and an open secretary w for ‘warvne’. (I have no explanation for the use of the form ‘warvne’ for ‘warne’, unless it is a mistake.) The sample size is very small but I would tentatively date this writing to the second half of the fifteenth century. It shares some suggestive common features with some of the writing in the collection of songs and carols which is now Bodleian Library, MS Eng. poet. e.1, although it is not identical to any of the hands in that manuscript. 7 For example, the hand that writes 11 r –48 r shares the approach-stroke on word-initial m , the rightwards lean of the looped ascender of h and the leftwards curve of the stem of t . The hand that copies the proverb in MS Digby 99 also displays a hint of the rightwards flick at the bottom of the descender of y which is more pronounced in MS Eng. poet. e.1. The first hand’s activity in MS Eng. poet. e.1 probably dates from the end of the fifteenth century, and it has been suggested that its dialect is locatable to South-West Norfolk; dialect is not cast-iron evidence for a manuscript’s place of production and reading, but in the absence of evidence to the contrary this localization might put this manuscript in the same part of Norfolk as Thetford, where MS Digby 99 was copied. 8 The text is a proverbial couplet, although here it is copied as a xaxa stanza. A four-part brace has been added on the right in text-ink; since the brace braces every line it must denote verse in general, or the idea of rhyme, rather than the actual rhyme-scheme. The scribe may have chosen this arrangement simply because the pages of MS Digby 99 are not very wide.

Electoral Systems and the Rise and Fall of the Mass Consumption Society

While there is a large literature on how electoral institutions shape producer strategies, the other side of the market (households) has received little attention. Focusing on households, I examine how electoral rules shape the “mass consumption society”, where broad masses constantly expand their consumption into luxuries previously restricted to a few. Two margins of income inequality in society affect mass consumption: the middle/bottom income gap cannot be too small, and the top/middle gap cannot be too large. When inequality is low, the bottom margin is more binding (inequality should not be lower), so inequality-increasing majoritarian systems favor mass consumption; when inequality is high, the top margin is more binding (inequality should not be higher), so inequality-reducing PR systems favor mass consumption. Using OECD and Luxemburg Income (Wealth) Study data, I show that, as inequality rises across the OECD world, today’s mass consumption society has shifted from majoritarian to PR countries.