Bottle Weight Research Articles

Object Weight and Hand Dominance Impact Kinematics in a Functional Reach-to-Drink Task in School-Aged Children.

This study evaluates the effects of object weight and hand dominance on the end-point kinematics of the hand-to-mouth (withdrawal) movement in a functional reach-to-drink task for typically developing school-aged children. Using 3D motion capture, speed (average velocity and peak velocity), straightness (ratio), and smoothness (number of velocity peaks and log dimensionless jerk) of hand movements were calculated for the withdrawal motion with three different bottle weights (empty, half-filled, and full). Average velocity (550.4 ± 142.0 versus 512.1 ± 145.6 mm/s) and peak velocity (916.3 ± 234 versus 842.7 ± 198.4 mm/s) were significantly higher with the empty versus half-filled bottle and with the non-dominant (average: 543.5 ± 145.2 mm/s; peak: 896.5 ± 207 mm/s) versus dominant (average: 525.2 ± 40.7 mm/s; peak: 864.2 ± 209.2 mm/s) hand. There were no differences in straightness or smoothness. These findings indicate that increasing weight in reach-to-drink task puts greater constraints on the task. The slower movements with the dominant hand might denote better precision control than the non-dominant hand. The quantitative motion capture results show average values for the kinematic variables for a functional reach-to-drink task in a typically developing population of school-aged children with changing weights of the bottles that are relevant to a real-life scenario. These results could inform the design of individualized therapeutic interventions to improve functional upper-extremity use in children with neurodevelopmental motor disorders.

Packaging Material Use Efficiency of Commercial PET and Glass Bottles for Mineral Water

The influence of the bottle material (glass, PET), the reusability (reusable and disposable bottles), and the carbonization (still, medium, classic mineral water) on the filling ratio, packaging material use efficiency, cost, and shelf life were evaluated. Two hundred different bottles were purchased and characterized regarding their filling volume, the weight of the bottle, the weight of the closure, the weight of the label, and the maximum full-rim volume of the bottle. The packaging material use efficiency was calculated. The shelf life was evaluated by calculating the water vapor and carbon dioxide transmission rates. The ratio of filling volume to the packaging weight of disposable PET bottles was, on average, two times higher compared to returnable PET bottles and 20 times higher compared to glass bottles. Shelf life was, on average, higher than factor two for glass bottles compared to PET bottles. On average, but not in all cases, mineral water packaged in disposable PET bottles was cheaper compared to reusable PET and glass bottles. This paper provides a benchmark for the packaging community, especially when data for life cycle assessment are required, and the different advantages and disadvantages of different bottle materials for mineral water are shown.

Analysing Plastic Pollution: A Case Study of Coastal Pollution from Inland Urban Waterways in Galle City, Sri Lanka

The coastal stretch of Galle city is currently facing an acute pollution with the aggregation of various types of waste on beaches due to malpractices of the community living around the coastal as well as inland areas of the country. Rivers or canals play a key role in the transport of wastes from source to sea and are estimated to emit around 1 metric ton of plastics into the ocean annually. Mainly five sea outfalls are existing along the Galle coastal zone and those transfer various waste towards the beaches. The present case study aims to identify the coastal pollution caused by inland waterways in Galle municipal council area and to detect the main plastic pollutants flow into coastal zone through inland waterways from month of April to June 2023. The waste trap constructed at the main inland waterway located at Galle municipal council area, the Moda Ela trapped different types of waste and the CCTV camera fixed directing to the above-mentioned canal, captures images, uploaded to a cloud system and feed the data to an Artificial Intelligence model to detect the litter type and their counts which flows along the canal daily and get recorded in the smart plastic litter monitoring web-based system using feature extraction techniques in AI. This smart system has mainly identified the count of plastic fragments, plastic bottles, Styrofoam, and trash bags separately, as the main pollutants of this canal and has interpreted graphically and numerically in the smart system which can be freely accessed. Weights of waste were taken manually. Finally, recorded counts of waste in the smart system emphasis that most abundant causative agent affected on pollution of Moda Ela was plastic bottles (58%) while effect of Styrofoam and trash bags were 34% and 8% respectively. Further, average weight of plastic bottles was recorded highest during the study period (130 kg) when compared to other waste categories. According to the results, plastic bottles have become the main source of pollution comes through inland canals which contribute to coastal pollution. Visual observations further convince that the highest pollution source was Moda Ela while less contribution was from Mahamodara canal. The present study highlights plastics as the main pollutants in inland waterways which effect on coastal pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the polluters and need to implement proper rules and regulations while suggesting any alternatives for plastics.
 
 Keywords: Coastal pollution, Inland waterways, Waste trap, Galle Municipal Council area, Artificial intelligence technology

Focus on reuse: reducing waste associated with topical preoperative antiseptics.

To outline the environmental and financial costs associated with single-use topical antiseptic (5% povidone-iodine [PVI] solution) in the ophthalmology theatre setting and explore potential methods of repurposing topical antiseptics. Large tertiary referral center (Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia). Single-center prospective observational study. Dedicated containers placed in the ophthalmology theatre of the participating institution were used to collect the number of disposed PVI bottles over the 3-week study period. Descriptive statistics were employed to determine the associated packaging bottle weight, mean unused quantity (mL) and cost of the single-use topical PVI solution and costs of unused antiseptic. The total amount of waste generated from the use of single-use PVI bottles during the surveillance period was 10.823 kg, of which 21.9% was preventable; 72% of unused PVI by weight were discarded during the study period, equating to approximately $21 857.60 in wasted pharmaceutical content per year. 100% of the discarded PVI was successfully redirected and reused at a local wildlife rescue organisation and diverted from landfill. This study has demonstrated that the utilization of single-use topical preoperative PVI preparations is associated with significant financial, pharmaceutical and environmental waste. Future studies examining the recyclability of single-use PVI bottles and investigating systematic strategies to recycle and repurpose this waste are required.

Isothermal and non-isothermal computer simulation of a stretch blow molding process and comparison with experiments

Environmental pollution by plastic waste has become a serious problem, and there is increasing demand to reduce the weight of PET bottles. To fabricate reduced weight PET bottles, research on the PET blow molding process is essential. In this study, experiments and computer simulations were performed on the stretch blow molding process used to fabricate carbonated soft drink PET bottles. The computer simulations were performed under the same conditions as the experiment using isothermal and non-isothermal models to analyze the blowing phenomena, thickness and temperature distributions, stretch ratio, and the stretching path of PET bottles. Experimental and simulation results were compared, confirming that the stretch blow molding simulation was useful for designing and fabricating improved PET bottles through the stretch blow molding process.

Peningkatan ketepatan smash forehand badminton melalui media latihan beban botol berpasir pada pergelangan tangan

The core of the problem is that many students still lack confidence when doing the forehand smash movement, the movement still looks like the arm looks stiff. This research is a classroom action research that aims to improve smash hitting skills through the medium of sand bottle weight training on the wrist. The research subjects were students, totaling 29 students. The study consisted of two cycles and the collected data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The methods in this study include research subjects, research variables, procedures, research cycles, data and data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and indicators of success. The results showed that it can improve students' badminton smash hitting skills. This increase is shown by the results of research from cycle I to cycle II, namely in the initial conditions only 4 students (13.80%) reached the completion criteria while the rest had not. At the end of cycle I, 13 students (44.82%) achieved the completion criteria. At the end of cycle II there was an increase of 26 students (89.65%) reaching the completion criteria. The conclusion is that the use of weight training media on the wrist with the help of used bottles filled with sand media can improve students' badminton forehand smash skills.

Comparing the Effectiveness and Adherence between Fixed and Non-Fixed Dorzolamide/Timolol Maleate in Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Glaucoma is an irreversible chronic eye disease in which intraocular pressure (IOP) control is important. This study aimed to assess the IOP-lowering effects and adherence scores between fixed combination dorzolamide/timolol maleate (FCDT) and non-fixed combination dorzolamide and timolol XE (NFDT) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients. A randomised controlled trial in a parallel, single-blinded study involving 60 OAG patients was conducted. The patients were randomised into FCDT or NFDT based on a block randomisation technique. A pre-study run-in with Gutt timolol was administered for two weeks. IOP was assessed at baseline, month 1 and month 3, with a bottle weight measurement at month 3. Only 55 OAG patients were analysed, with 8.4% dropping out. A statistically significant mean IOP reduction was observed in each group from baseline to month 1 (FCDT: mean difference [MD] = 4.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.00, 5.86); NFDT: MD = 4.92, 95% CI = 4.024, 5.82) and from baseline to month 3 (FCDT: MD 5.17, 95% CI = 4.19, 6.15; NFDT: MD = 4.85, 95% CI = 3.874, 5.82). The overall FCDT mean IOP was significantly lower by 1.02 mmHg (95% CI = -2.01, -0.02) than NFDT (F(1, 53) = 4.19; P = 0.046). A significant interaction was observed between time and treatment at month 3, with the mean IOP for FCDT being lower by 1.22 mg than for NFDT (P = 0.037). The mean adherence score was significantly higher in the FCDT group than in the NFDT group (t stat (df) = 3.88 (53); P < 0.001). The reduction in IOP between the groups became non-significant after adherence was adjusted (F(1, 52) = 2.45; P = 0.124). Both drugs showed a decrease in IOP but more so in FCDT. However, no difference was found in terms of medication adherence. An emphasis on treatment compliance is needed.

Utilization of plastic bottles and fiber mask in eco-friendly concrete mixtures

Eco-friendly concrete uses less waste material which has less negative impact on the environment. This research utilizes PET plastic bottles and masks as a substitute for aggregate in concrete. The aim is to find out whether the compressive strength of eco-friendly concrete meets the requirements of structural concrete. The method used is planning mix design on seven samples, one sample of normal concrete and six samples of concrete with replacement of aggregate composition. Samples with aggregate replacement were designed from variations of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% by weight of cement and PET plastic bottles with composition variations of 5% and 10% of coarse aggregate. The test results of the average compressive strength of concrete for 28 days are 235 KN/m2 for normal concrete; 117 KN/m2, 85 KN/m2; 149 KN/m2; 64 KN/m2, 42 KN/m2 and 21 KN/m2. The highest average compressive strength was obtained at 149 KN/m2 but did not reach the design compressive strength of 235 KN/m2. It can be concluded that the use of substitute aggregates from PET plastic bottles and masks did not get concrete results that match the compressive strength of the plan, but the concrete still meets the requirements for the compressive strength of low-strength structural concrete.

Study of post-opening stability of active ingredients in hand sanitizers

IntroductionHand disinfection plays an important role in infection control. Currently, hand sanitizers containing ethanol and chlorhexidine gluconate as active ingredients are widely used. Most of hand sanitizers have a defined expiration date for use. However, there was no rule about the expiration date after opening defined with the evidence. Therefore, we examined the fluctuation of active ingredients and disinfection effect after opening the bottle. MethodTwelve hand sanitizers from 44 to 921 days after opening set in different places in the hospital were examined and unopened hand sanitizer used as a control. Chlorhexidine gluconate and ethanol of each samples were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, respectively. The correlation between the concentration of each ingredient obtained and the number of days after opening, bottle weight, storage temperature and humidity was analyzed. A time-kill test based on ASTM E2315-03 was performed to confirm the actual disinfection effect. ResultsIt was observed that active ingredients had not been decreased up to 921 days after opening and were not affected by storage conditions after opening. In addition, a decrease of disinfection effect was not observed in any sample. ConclusionsWe found that hand sanitizers do not need to be discard after a number of days have passed because the active ingredients are retained even after opening in it.

Is lightweighting glass bottles for wine an option? Linking technical requirements and consumer attitude

AbstractWhen discussing glass bottles within the context of circular economy, reusability and recyclability are highlighted. However, it is recognised the relevant environmental footprint of glass production due to energy consumption and the impact of transportation of the empty bottles from the production site to the filling plants. Reducing the weight of the bottles has become possible through design and production technologies advances. However, consumer perceptions and technical requirements must be integrated and may conflict. This work aims at contributing to better understanding the relationship between the wine glass bottle weight, consumer perception of wine quality and acceptance of lighter bottles and recognition of sustainability factors related to packaging. Bordeaux shaped bottles are the lightest in the wine market, when compared to Burgundy or Conical, but also the ones with a wider weight range. Bordeaux bottles with 100 g of weight difference could be found for 750‐cL capacity. Design features, punt and finish/neck dimensions were found to limit the reduction in bottle weight. Consumer survey results indicate a correlation between the bottle weight and the wine price. Portuguese consumers tend to associate a heavier bottle with better quality and higher price, particularly those consumers with higher wine expertise. The three top concerns regarding packaging are, by order, being plastic‐free, recyclable and reusable. There is very low awareness on the importance of lightweighting glass bottles as a measure to improve sustainability. More than 80% of the respondents indicated the increase of recycled content as the measure contributing the most to sustainability.

Development of eight wireless automated cages system with two lick-o-meters each for rodents.

Drinking behavior has been used in fundamental research to study metabolism, motivation, decision-making and different aspects of health problems, such as anhedonia and alcohol use disorders. In the majority of studies, liquid intake is measured by weighing the bottles before and after the experiment. This method does not tell much about the drinking microstructure, e.g., licking bouts and periods of preference for each liquid, which could be valuable to understand drinking behavior. To improve data acquisition of drinking microstructure, companies have developed lickometer devices that acquire timestamps when animals approach or drink from a specific sipper. Nevertheless, commercially available devices have elevated costs. Here, we present a low-cost alternative for a lickometer system that allows wireless data acquisition of licks from eight cages with two sippers each. We ran a three-phase validation protocol to ensure (1) proper choice of the sensor to detect licks; (2) adaptation of the device to a wireless transmission and realistic in silico tests; and (3) in vivo validation to test the correlation between the amount of licks measured by the lickometer and the bottle weight. The capacitive sensor presented appropriate recall and precision for our device. After adaptation to wireless transmission, the in silico validation demonstrated low reading and transmission errors even when tested in extreme simultaneous licking conditions. Finally, we observed a positive correlation between water or ethanol consumption and lick count, showing that the lickometers can be used for in vivo studies interested in rodent drinking microstructure.

Enabling Cryogenic Hydrogen-Based CO2-Free Air Transport: Meeting the demands of zero carbon aviation

Flightpath 2050 from the European Union (EU) sets ambitious targets for reducing the emissions from civil aviation that contribute to climate change. Relative to aircraft in service in year 2000, new aircraft in 2050 are to reduce CO₂ emissions by 75&#x0025; and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 90&#x0025; per passenger kilometer flown. While significant improvements in asset management and aircraft and propulsion-system efficiency and are foreseen, it is recognized that the Flightpath 2050 targets will not be met with conventional jet fuel. Furthermore, demands are growing for civil aviation to target zero carbon emissions in line with other transportation sectors rather than relying on offsetting to achieve &#x201C;net zero.&#x201D; A more thorough and rapid greening of the industry is seen to be needed to avoid the potential economic and social damage that would follow from constraining air travel. This requires a paradigm shift in propulsion technologies. Two technologies with potential for radical decarbonization are hydrogen and electrification. Hydrogen in some form seems an inevitable solution for a fully sustainable aviation future. It may be used directly as a fuel or combined with carbon from direct air capture of CO₂ or other renewable carbon sources, to synthesize drop-in replacement jet fuels for existing aircraft and engines. As a fuel, pure hydrogen can be provided as a compressed gas, but the weight of the storage bottles limits the practical aircraft ranges to just a few times that is achievable with battery power. For longer ranges, the fuel needs to be stored at lower pressures in much lighter tanks in the form of cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH₂).

Análisis de la microestructura de cerámica roja con la incorporación de residuo de vidrio Análise microestrutural de Cerâmica vermelha com incorporação de resíduo de vidro

The study examined the microstructure of ceramics with the addition of glass waste at different temperatures ranging from 800 to 1000 °C. Samples were molded by piston without vacuum, with the incorporation of 20% (weight) of glass bottles, with coarse particles, for a better identification. The raw materials were analyzed chemically and mineralogically by XRF and XRD. The microstructural characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, SEM and optical microscopy, in order to analyze the behavior of grain boundary and the interaction between the materials. The results showed that there is compatibility between the materials, where the increase in temperature causes a greater interaction, but when this temperature exceeds 900 ° C, pores appear in the glass, a phenomenon known as overfiring.

Portable waste bank for plastic bottles by weight and bottle categories

Garbage is basically a material that is wasted or disposed of from a source resulting from human activities or natural processes that have no economic value, and can even have a negative value if it is not handled properly. Of the various kinds of waste that exist, one type of waste that can still be reused is plastic bottle waste. This study discusses the design and manufacture of a portable plastic bottle waste bank that provides sales value automatically through measuring the weight of plastic bottles using Arduino software. This plastic bottle waste bank tool is designed with the feature of automatic sales value acquisition through the acquisition of scale calibration data and determination of bottle categories measured using an IR sensor. The plastic bottle waste bank system is set using the Arduino Uno program to obtain the calibration factor from the load cell sensor. The test results show that the calibration factor with a value of 701 shows the smallest error percentage value and the average weight of the measuring stone is close to the actual value with the average data collection variable i in one experiment of 5. Testing on this waste bank tool is quite good because the tool able to provide categories and selling prices of plastic bottles based on a given programming function. However, this tool still lacks in the accuracy of calibration on the scales.

The Effect of Preconception-Initiated Low-Dose Aspirin on Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Detected Pregnancy, Pregnancy Loss, and Live Birth : Per Protocol Analysis of a Randomized Trial.

A previous large randomized trial indicated that preconception-initiated low-dose aspirin (LDA) therapy did not have a positive effect on pregnancy outcomes. However, this trial was subject to nonadherence, which was not taken into account by the intention-to-treat approach. To estimate per protocol effects of preconception-initiated LDA on pregnancy loss and live birth. The EAGeR (Effects of Aspirin on Gestation and Reproduction) trial was used to construct a prospective cohort for a post hoc analysis. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00467363). 4 university medical centers in the United States. 1227 women between the ages of 18 and 40 years who had 1 or 2 previous pregnancy losses and were attempting pregnancy. Adherence to LDA or placebo, assessed by measuring pill bottle weights at regular intervals during follow-up. Primary outcomes were human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-detected pregnancies, pregnancy losses, and live births, determined by pregnancy tests and medical records. Relative to placebo, adhering to LDA for 5 of 7 days per week led to 8 more hCG-detected pregnancies (95% CI, 4.64 to 10.96 pregnancies), 15 more live births (CI, 7.65 to 21.15 births), and 6 fewer pregnancy losses (CI, -12.00 to -0.20 losses) for every 100 women in the trial. In addition, compared with placebo, postconception initiation of LDA therapy led to a reduction in the estimated effects. Furthermore, effects were obtained in a minimum of 4 of 7 days per week. The EAGeR trial data for this study were analyzed as observational data, thus are subject to the limitations of prospective observational studies. Per protocol results suggest that preconception use of LDA at least 4 days per week may improve reproductive outcomes for women who have had 1 or 2 pregnancy losses. Increasing adherence to daily LDA seems to be key to improving effectiveness. National Institutes of Health.

Beverage Bottle Capacity, Packaging Efficiency, and the Potential for Plastic Waste Reduction

Plastic pollution is a pressing issue because authorities struggle to contain and process the enormous amount of waste produced. We study the potential for reducing plastic waste by examining the efficiency with which different Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles deliver beverages. We find that 80% of the variation in bottle weight is explained by bottle capacity, 16% by product category, and 1% by brand. Bottle weight is quadratic and convex function of capacity, which implies that medium capacity bottles are most efficient at delivering consumable product. Local data on PET bottle sales and municipal waste recovery validate the findings. A 20% shift in consumption from smaller to larger bottles could reduce the production of PET waste by over 10,000 tons annually in the U.S. alone.

Beverage bottle capacity, packaging efficiency, and the potential for plastic waste reduction

Plastic pollution is a pressing issue because authorities struggle to contain and process the enormous amount of waste produced. We study the potential for reducing plastic waste by examining the efficiency with which different polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles deliver beverages. We find that 80% of the variation in bottle weight is explained by bottle capacity, 16% by product category, and 1% by brand. Bottle weight is quadratic and convex function of capacity, which implies that medium capacity bottles are most efficient at delivering consumable product. Local data on PET bottle sales and municipal waste recovery validate the findings. A 20% shift in consumption from smaller to larger bottles could reduce the production of PET waste by over 10,000 t annually in the U.S. alone.

IoT Based Electrolyte level Monitoring System

In hospitals, Electrolyte is fed to patients in many ways. One of the important functions is in the form of saline to treat dehydration and thus improve their health. In current health care measures, whenever a saline is fed to any patient, the patient needs to be continuously monitored by a nurse or any caretaker. Monitoring the Saline level in a bottle attached to a patients’ body is one of the most important tasks for a Nurse/caretaker. In cases involving ignorance or carelessness, the bottle may get empty and blood can start flowing reverse into the bottle from patients’ body. This is a risky situation and needs a better solution. We are developing an IoT based bottle level monitoring system that will detect the saline bottle level at all instances and will send an alert to the hospital's control room in case the bottle reaches it's critical level(30% of initial level) and if there is no response and the level goes beyond 20% on initial level, we stop the flow. We are using ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for processing and communication and load sensor for detecting the bottle weight. The proposed system is not electrolyte specific and can monitor any fluid. A Dc Motor controlled- screw actuated clamp mechanism is used for stopping the flow.

Environmental assessment of food and beverage under a NEXUS Water-Energy-Climate approach: Application to the spirit drinks

The energy-water nexus is a concept widely established but rarely applied to product and, in particular, to food and beverage products, which have a great influence on greenhouse gases emissions. The proposed method considers the main nexus aspects in addition to other relevant aspects such as climate change, which is deeply linked with energy and water systems, and assessing process as well as product. In this framework, this study develops an integrated index (IWECN) that combines life cycle assessment (LCA) and linear programming (LP) to assess energetic, water and climate systems, enabling the identification of those products with minors energetic and water intensity and climate change effects and helping to the decision-making process and to the development of eco-innovation measures. In this case, the product assessed was one bottle (70 cl) of gin and two main hotspots were identified: the production of the glass bottle and the energy requirements of the distillation stage. Based on that, several eco-innovation strategies were proposed: the use of photovoltaic solar energy as energy source and the substitution of the glass bottle by a plastic one and by a tetra brick. The nexus results indicated that the use of solar photovoltaic energy and plastic as bottle material was the best alternative decreasing 58% the IWECN value of the production of one bottle of gin. The sensitivity analysis presented a strong preference for photovoltaic solar energy in comparison with electric power and for the reduction of the glass bottle weight or its substitution by a plastic bottle. The use of the IWECN index is extendable to any product with the aim of facilitating the decision-making process in the development of more sustainable products to introduce them in new green markets.

Robotic Therapy: Cost, Accuracy, and Times. New Challenges in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Background: The medication process in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), can be challenging in terms of costs, time, and the risk of errors. Newborns, especially if born preterm, are more vulnerable to medication errors than adults. Recently, robotic medication compounding has reportedly improved the safety and efficiency of the therapeutic process. In this study, we analyze the advantages of using the I.V. Station® system in our NICU, compared to the manual preparation of injectable drugs in terms of accuracy, cost, and time. Method: An in vitro experimental controlled study was conducted to analyze 10 injectable powdered or liquid drugs. Accuracy was calculated within a 5% difference of the bottle weight during different stages of preparation (reconstitution, dilution, and final product). The overall cost of manual and automated preparations were calculated and compared. Descriptive statistics for each step of the process are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (range). Results: The median error observed during reconstitution, dilution, and final therapy of the drugs prepared by the I.V. Station® ranged within ±5% accuracy, with narrower ranges of error compared to those prepared manually. With increasing preparations, the I.V. Station® consumed less materials, reduced costs, decreased preparation time, and optimized the medication process, unlike the manual method. In the 10 drugs analyzed, the time saved from using the I.V. Station® ranged from 16 s for acyclovir to 2 h 57 min for teicoplanin, and cost savings varied from 8% for ampicillin to 66% for teicoplanin. These advantages are also capable of continually improving as the total amount of final product increases. Conclusions: The I.V. Station® improved the therapeutic process in our NICU. The benefits included increased precision in drug preparation, improved safety, lowered cost, and saved time. These advantages are particularly important in areas such as the NICU, where the I.V. Station® could improve the delivery of the high complexity of care and a large amount of intravenous therapy typically required. In addition, these benefits may lead to the reduction in medication errors and improve patient and family care; however, additional studies will be required to confirm this hypothesis.