Bottle Body Research Articles

Microbial Contamination of Infant Feeding Bottles and Caregiver Compliance to Disinfection and Sterilization Techniques, Pediatric Hospital, Libya

Introduction: Microbial contamination of infant feeding bottles imposes a big health issue that cause increase in the infant morbidity and mortality rate, and this infection can be resulted from poor hygiene practices and using inadequate cleaning and disinfection methods of feeding bottles.
 Aim: to evaluate the rate of bacterial infection of infant feeding bottles of infants who were admitted to pediatric hospital.
 Materials and Methods: The data were collected by filling questionnaires from the mothers and taking swabs from feeding bottles of infants who were admitted to pediatric hospital. The data included 24 questionnaires and 60 swabs; which 3 swabs were taken from three different area of the same bottle for each 24 children separately. then the swabs were tested in a laboratory to detect the types of isolated bacteria.
 Results: This study found that 91.7% of the bottles were infected, and the isolated bacteria from these bottles were staphylococcus, Klebsiella, E. coli and salmonella. Moreover, it found a slight elevation in the bacterial infection rate in plastic bottles more than glass bottles. Besides, it found a positive relationship between bottle body infection and the educational level of mothers. On the other hand, it did not indicate any statistical association between infection of teats, bottles body and covers and occupational status of mothers.
 Conclusion: The microbial bottles contamination is caused due to unsuitable cleaning and sterilization methods of feeding bottles and this leads to increase gastrointestinal infection as well as increase the morbidity and mortality rate among infants.

Crack Propagation on the Surface of the Bottleneck of a Pressure Vessel Considering the Initial Crack Angle

In order to solve the impact on the accuracy of a life prediction model when the initial crack angle of the curved surface is not 0°, the traditional stress intensity factor model is revised by the non-linear regression analysis method, and an optimized crack growth model is established. This paper takes the surface of the bottle neck of the pressure vessel as the research object, and uses the finite element method to establish a simulation model with an initial crack angle of not 0°. By analyzing the stress intensity factors of different starting angles, the relationship between the correction factor F and the pressure vessel wall thickness h, the radius of curvature R of the joint surface between the bottle neck and the bottle body, the initial crack length L and the initial angle α are calculated. The modified stress intensity factor is used to optimize the crack growth model of the pressure vessel. The experiment proves that the accuracy of the pressure vessel life prediction model is improved.

STUDY OF DEFECT ON 180 ML HDPE BOTTLES YOGURT PRODUCTS WITH SMC B11 EXTRUSION BLOW MACHINE AT PT X

The type of plastic packaging that is popular in the community is bottle packaging. The plastic material that is generally used to make plastic bottles is High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). The plastic bottle industry in Indonesia usually uses a blow molding process in its production process, where the blow molding process consists of injection blow molding, extrusion blow molding and stretch blow molding. The SMC B11 machine is one of the extrusion blow molding machines used to produce plastic bottle packaging. In producing workpieces, this machine still produces several products that are not in accordance with company standards, including in terms of production cycle times and product defects. Defects or defects that are often encountered include the appearance of spots, bent parison which causes the bottle to bend (the bottle body is thin one side) and blow pin which causes the thread to not fit.Keywords— Bottle, Plastic, Defect, Extrussion Blow Molding

Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Flow-out Rate from a Bottle

While looking for parameters that may affect the experiment results, one of the basic experimental principles can be adopted: the principle of controlling a single variable. This experiment is centered on the flow rate of the liquid in the plastic bottle, and the fixed value that remains unchanged is the physical properties of the bottle itself and the liquid. The density of the liquid and the angle of the bottle are two factors that could affect the flow-out rate. The ten different angles from 0° to 90° are chosen to be observed. And five different densities of alcohol are chosen to be tested as well. Under reasonable error control, the angle of the bottle body can be obtained when the liquid flow rate is the maximum. Based on the experimental derivation process recorded in this article, the basic knowledge of statistics is used, combining with as much precision measuring equipment as possible. Then, the Bernoulli equation is also used to calculate the ideal value, which is also compared with the actual value, to get the impact factors. The experimental results are scientifically analysed and deduced, and finally, substantial results are obtained.

Ultra‐flexiblePLA‐based blends for the manufacturing of biodegradable tamper‐evident screw caps by injection molding

AbstractMono‐material in the manufacturing of oil‐based plastic bottles has been so far not considered because of the poor flexibility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The undercuts of PET caps (i.e., the threads of the screw caps) would be torn‐off during the ejection step of the injection/compression molding processes that are commonly used to fabricate them. In this respect, the present work deals with the design and development of innovative biodegradable polyester‐based blends with high flexibility, intended for the manufacturing of screw‐cap, being this element the most critical in the implementation of the complete bottle. The blend is based on polylactic acid and it is tailored for injection molding of tamper‐evident screw plastic caps by the addition of another biodegradable polyester, that is, polybutylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate. The effect of the addition of a barrier agent, polyvinyl alcohol, on the overall behavior of the blends was also studied in the perspective of the implementation of caps featuring barrier properties against water vapor and oxygen. The same material could be, however, easily tailored for the fabrication of the bottle body and printed label to get to the mono‐material bottle. Twin‐screw corotating extrusion of the compound, injection molding of the plastic material for the fabrication of the screw caps, and evaluation of the thermophysical and mechanical properties of the screw caps are hereinafter discussed. The biodegradable polyester‐based blends are found to be suitable for injection molding of the tamper‐evident screw caps, exhibiting adequate flexibility during ejection from the mold. The screw caps can also boast appreciable mechanical strength and impact resistance as well as good thermal stability.

Using Quality Function Deployment Approach to Design Ready to Drink Beverage Bottles

Due to its role and usefulness in enhancing the product 's consistency, beverage product packaging is important and also has the appeal of a ready-to-drink. In the beverage industry, the degree of competition in packaging is very intense, and the requirements for practicality promote the design of new beverage packaging bottles that meet customer needs using the Quality Feature Deployment (QFD) process. Ready for drinking category bottle (RTD) is the design of beverage bottles produced. The choice of methods for the QFD approach is based on the participation of consumers in the product design sequence as early as possible to ensure that the product will please customers. Research started with the dissemination of the initial questionnaire, the preparation of the customer's speech, the dissemination of the second questionnaire, the determination of the customer's needs, the decision on technical characteristics, the formation of a quality house (HOQ) and the production of a visualized design. Round, pet (Polyethylene Terephthalate), bottle height 175 mm, bottle base diameter 61.65 mm, bottle body diameter 59.95 on the bloated body are the resulting RTD beverage bottle shape. In comparison, the diameter of the shrinking body in the middle is 53.24 mm, the height of the neck-to-hole is 15.63 mm, the diameter of the hole is 24.38 mm, the diameter of the cap is 30.63 mm, the weight of the light bottle is 20 grams, the width of the label is 40 mm, the length of the label is 100 mm and the colour of the blue and green label with flip and slide versions. The innovation in the design of this RTD beverage bottle is that by separating the two sides vertically, it can accommodate two types of drinks in one bottle (2 in 1 bottle), each side can accommodate 250 ml, and the suggested types of drinks are mineral water and tea from the survey results. Key Words: Design, packaging, RTD beverage bottles, Quality Function Deployment (QFD)), House of Quality (HOQ)

Simulation on flow, heat transfer and stress characteristics of large-diameter thick-walled gas cylinders in quenching process under different water spray volumes

Cooling strength is one of the important factors affecting microstructure and properties of gas cylinders during quenching process, and reasonable water spray volume can effectively improve the quality of gas cylinders and reduce production costs. To find the optimal water spray parameters, a fluid-solid coupling model with three-phase flow was established in consideration of water-vapor conversion. The inner and outer walls of gas cylinder with the dimensions of d914 mm×38 mm×12000 mm were quenched using multi-nozzle water spray system. The internal pressure, average heat transfer coefficient (have) and stress of the gas cylinder under different water spray volumes during quenching process were studied. Finally, the mathematical model was experimentally verified. The results show that both the internal pressure and have increase along with the increase of spray volume. The internal pressure increases slowly first and then rapidly, but have increases rapidly first and then slowly. To satisfy hardenability of gas cylinders, the minimum spray volume should not be less than 40 m3/(h·m). The results of stress indicate that water spray quenching will not cause deformation of bottle body in the range of water volume from 40 to 290 m3/(h·m).

Extrusion blow molding of environmentally friendly bottles in biodegradable polyesters blends

Increasing awareness of the environmental impact of oil-relying plastic materials is prompting Academia and manufacturing industry to develop eco-friendly materials and alternative technological solutions. Blown bottles and containers represent a significant share of the worldwide plastic market and great environmental concern is arising about their disposal. Generally, blown plastic bottles are made of three different materials: (i) a cap manufactured from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), (ii) a bottle body manufactured from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), (iii) a label manufactured from printed Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). The disposal of blown bottles requires, therefore, the separation of the different materials and, then, their individual recovery. An eco-friendly alternative to multi-material blown bottles is the development of a bottle entirely made from a biodegradable polymeric blend, designed to be suitable for manufacturing both the cap, the bottle body and the label. In this framework, the present manuscript deals with the design and development of novel biodegradable blends based on bio-based polyesters. The blends are herewith specialized for extrusion blow molding of the bottle body, although they could be further customized for both the cap and the label. Twin-screw co-rotating extrusion of the compounds, extrusion blow molding of the compounds for bottle manufacturing and the evaluation of the thermo-physical and mechanical properties of the bottles are hereinafter reported. The novel polymeric blends are found to be suitable for extrusion blow molding of the bottle body, also exhibiting valuable performances in terms of mechanical strength and impact resistance as well as protection against gas permeation and light transmission.

Design and application of a pulmonary function exercise bottle

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a severe respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction with high mortality and rate of recurrence. Rehabilitation exercise can lessen the possibility of the progressive exacerbation of the patient's condition, exerting an active role in improving their lung function and the quality of the patients' life. Therefore, we have designed a lung function exercise bottle, which is capable of adjusting the pressure according to the patient's needs. It is easy to operate and apply in practice. The exercise bottle is composed of three components, including bottle body, threaded round cap and air blow pipe. The bottle body is formed in rectangle shape, and utilized to contain liquid. The filling opening is designed on the top of the bottle. Outside of the filling opening, there is a screw thread round cap, which can adjust the pressure according to the patient's tolerance, gradually increasing the training intensity,and improving the training effect thereby. The blowpipe can be inserted into the bottle body and the patient can blow the air through the tube. Compared with the traditional rehabilitation training, when the newly invented lung function exercise bottle has been used for rehabilitation exercise, the air pressure in the bottle can be adjusted, with the advantage of wider range of application, lower cost and more convenient. It provides a good solution for clinical and home-based rehabilitation and is worth of popularizing.

Using environmental product declaration as source of data for life cycle assessment: a case study

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of using the environmental performance indicators retrievable from Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) into a non-conventional Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) procedure for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), replacing inventory background data from secondary datasets. In standard methodology, when specific inventory data are not available for life cycle stages that do not constitute the core process of the investigated system, secondary data are gathered from globally acknowledged sources such as international LCI databases. Once EPDs are available for the specific products included in the analyzed system, through this approach characterized data are used in place of traditional input and output information, with higher quality level. The approach proposed here is compared with traditional practice by means of a real case study, i.e. the analysis of switching primary packaging material, from glass to plastic, of water bottles distributed onboard a cruise ship. The results show that the experimented alternative approach for life cycle inventory is consistent with the collection of input/output data from literature, supporting the same conclusions for decision making process. Through conventional data capture from secondary sources, reductions in weight of the bottle body, corresponding to manufacturing standards of the specific supplier in the analyzed study, are not taken into account. The use of primary characterized data is showed to avoid overestimations of potential environmental impacts for the various typologies of bottles, with different relative shares in relation to the format. In the implementation of such non-conventional pattern, the selection of the same set of characterization factors is a necessary condition for the reliability of the results.

高麗青銅製浄瓶（じょうへい）の金属組織

Koryo bronze bottles were first produced in India, and then were introduced to Korea through China. In the Koryo period, bronze bottles were used not only in Buddhist ceremonies, but also in the daily life of the upper class. The composition of the body of the Koryo bronze bottle analyzed is Cu-15.5 mass%Pb-9.4 mass%Sn-0.7 mass%S. The bottom metal fitted into the bottle body is Cu. Sulfur, which is detected in the bottle body, is not detected in the bottom metal. Therefore, the body and bottom metal were made separately. Since the traces of polishing were found on the body surface, it is thought that the body of the bottle was finished to give a smooth surface. The microstructure of the bronze body consists of αCu, α+δ phase, Pb, and Cu2S. On the other hand, recrystallized Cu was used for the bottom metal. A hole that had been formed when the body was cast has been filled with Cu-Sn-Pb soldering alloy. The copper particles in the Pb phase were produced by the reaction between Cu2S and Pb when the hole was filled with soldering alloy.

Empty glass bottle inspection method based on fuzzy support vector machine neural network and machine vision

This paper develops a computerized empty glass bottle inspection method. Wavelet transform and morphologic methods were employed to extract features of the bottle body and the finish from images. Fuzzy support vector machine neural network was adopted as classifiers for the extracted features. Experimental results indicated that the accuracy rate can reach up to 97% by using the method developed to inspect empty glass bottles.

Finger friction: Grip and opening packaging

A great deal of work has been carried out to investigate skin friction, most has been aimed at determining the effect of skin condition and driven by developers of cosmetic products who are interested in the measurement of dynamic coefficient of friction. Little work has been carried out to look at grip and static coefficients of friction. In this work a rig was developed for measuring finger friction and used to determine static coefficient of friction against a number of packaging materials related to bottles and jars. Tests were carried out using bare fingers and two types of glove (nitrile rubber kitchen gloves and latex protective gloves for use in a laboratory, etc.). The gloves were found to increase friction. Tests using wet and oil contaminated conditions indicated that a small amount of water would actually increase friction over the dry case, but a similar amount of oil would reduce it greatly. Analytical calculations using measured friction coefficients and human force data from the literature were used to assess the human torques that could be applied to a sample bottle (closure and bottle body). These were validated by comparison with values from bottle and jar based torque measurement devices. The predicted values were compared with calculated bottle opening torques for a range of age groups (male and female). It was found that elderly females may have difficulties opening the bottle. With some further work to look at effect of contact area and different grips this approach will be a useful design tool to help make packaging more inclusive.

Multiobjective optimization of a two-piece aluminum beverage bottle considering tactile sensation of heat and embossing formability

This paper deals with a multiobjective optimization of a screw-top beverage bottle for hot vending. The bottle body has temperate touch feeling and can be embossed easily by axially imposing a cylindrical tube die with rib-shaped inner surface on the outer surface of the bottle body. Initially, a contact nonlinear analysis of fingers grasping the bottle is carried out, and the amount of heat transmitted from the hot bottle to the flesh of the finger is then calculated to evaluate the hot touch feeling. Meanwhile, the simulation of the rib-shape embossing process of the bottle body is performed to evaluate the embossing formability of different rib shape designs. Finally, using response surface approximation method and weighted sum approach, a multiobjective optimization on the shape of the rib is performed to obtain temperate touch feeling as well as better embossing formability. The amount of heat transmitted from the optimized rib-shape embossed bottle decreased at least 30% as compared with that of the regular bottle.

936 ホット飲料販売用アルミボトルの柱状エンボス缶胴形状最適化

936 ホット飲料販売用アルミボトルの柱状エンボス缶胴形状最適化