BOT Project Research Articles

Critical Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Exploiting Toll Booth (Build - Operate - Transfer - Bot) Projects in Vietnam: Sponsorship Bank’s View

Critical Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Exploiting Toll Booth (Build - Operate - Transfer - Bot) Projects in Vietnam: Sponsorship Bank’s View

Remote Controlled Agricultural Robot

Abstract: The Agri Bot project presents a pioneering endeavor in the realm of autonomous agriculture by seamlessly integrating robotics, IoT, and mobile application development. Utilizing an Arduino UNO microcontroller, ESP32 camera module, servo motors, and various sensors, the system excels in executing precise agricultural tasks such as digging, filling, seed sowing, and fertilizer dispensing. The accompanying mobile application, developed through MIT App Inventor and utilizing Bluetooth communication, provides an intuitive interface for users to remotely oversee and manage the Agri Bot's operations. Beyond its successful hardware and software integration, the project holds transformative potential for traditional farming practices, evident in the incorporation of advanced technologies such as obstacle detection sensors and machine learning for crop recognition. The modular design and collaborative potential of swarm robotics hint at scalability and adaptability for evolving agricultural needs. As the project lays the groundwork for autonomous agriculture, future prospects include autonomous navigation, sustainable power solutions, data analytics for decision support, and enhanced remote monitoring. Collaboration with agricultural experts and ongoing refinements based on real-world feedback are crucial for optimal deployment in diverse farming environments. The Agri Bot project represents a significant milestone in the convergence of technology and agriculture, heralding a future where autonomous systems play a central role in shaping the agricultural landscape.

Risk Management Strategies for Waste-to-Energy Projects Utilizing BOT Models

Since the 1990s, with the implementation of the reform and opening up policy, the rapid development of China's economy, the progress of urbanization is getting faster and faster, and as one of the urban wastes, the treatment of domestic waste has also attracted more and more attention. The municipal solid waste incineration treatment, and the heat generated after combustion is used to generate electricity, referred to as "garbage incineration power generation", because this way can make the waste to reduce, harmless, and can be converted into part of the electricity, because it is widely used in the treatment of municipal solid waste by local governments. Due to the shortage of government funds, most domestic waste incineration projects are implemented in BOT mode. Waste incineration power generation projects are often a large investment, for investors, the recovery period is long, the technical requirements are high, the investment agreement signed with the government is also very complex, coupled with the imperfect supporting laws and policies in China, so that the process of waste incineration power generation projects have many problems and risks, through the operation, construction, investment and other links. Based on the theoretical content of risk management in project management and combined with practical cases, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for important risks in the project, so as to analyze and discuss the risks of garbage incineration BOT project. Firstly, this paper investigates and collates the research situation of relevant projects at home and abroad, and systematically summarizes the project research results from three aspects, namely, BOT risk management of waste incineration power generation projects, BOT model of projects and BOT project risk research. Secondly, the multi-case study method was used to analyze the risks of 3 typical waste-to-power generation BOT projects, collect risk factors, construct risk aggregation, and summarize 5 types of key risks and 14 kinds of risks. Then, according to the BOT agreement signed with the government side, the specific risk management method is proposed. The goal of this study is the LF waste incineration power generation project. The author participated in the project and identified and evaluated the project risks through risk list and hierarchical analysis, so as to find out the main risks in the project such as government risk, public opinion risk, completion risk and operational risk. In addition, in combination with the project risk, specific risk coping strategies are proposed according to the risk coping strategies proposed in the paper and the actual situation of the project, so as to reduce the degree of project risk and reduce risk losses. For other similar projects in China, there is reference and reference significance and value.

Basic Rationale for Airport BOT Projects in Cyprus

Basic Rationale for Airport BOT Projects in Cyprus

Analyzing key success factors in public-private partnership BOT projects: an empirical study on financing influences, insights, and analysis in construction management

Analyzing key success factors in public-private partnership BOT projects: an empirical study on financing influences, insights, and analysis in construction management

A Survey on Campus Companion

Abstract: Chatbots are expert systems designed to understand and respond to user queries in their own language, engaging in conversations similar to human interactions. This chatbot offers two modes of interaction, text and audio, enhancing user experience, particularly in answering through voice messages. College bot project addresses the challenges faced during the academic admission procedure at our institute, especially for parents residing in different locations. The system aims to provide a platform for students and parents to ask questions and resolve doubts using simple English text messages or audio commands, reducing the need for physical visits to the inquiry window.

CHALLENGES TO THE ADOPTION OF BOT CONTRACTS SYSTEM FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of the study was to investigate the obstacles to the use of BOT contract systems for the construction of infrastructure projects in Jordan. This is achieved by adopting a professional empirical questionnaire. The respondents were asked to rank their perceptions of the obstacles to the implementation of the BOT contracts systems by specialists in the field of construction. According to the study, the main obstacles, as groups to the adoption of the BOT contract system are legal, economic, technical, political, social, and environmental groups. As far as the obstacles are concern, the most significant are regulations and changes of law, delays in permits and approvals, shortage of experts in BOT projects, stakeholders – conflict of interest, and regulatory framework – weak/poor. The study recommends that it is necessary to investigate this idea by utilizing appropriate policy initiatives, appropriate procedures, and government support to enhance the proper implementation of the BOT contracts in construction projects in Jordan.

GEO COLLECTOR BOT: A TELEGRAM-BASED OPEN TOOLKIT TO SUPPORT FIELD DATA COLLECTION

Abstract. Georeferenced field data collection has become a popular practice allowing everyone to contribute to mapping objects or reporting events. The spread of mobile devices - capable of recording and sharing location coordinates, media and features while on the go - is primarily accountable for such diffusion. Accordingly, a number of mobile apps and software frameworks have been developed and released to perform field data collection. These frameworks allow to customize and dispatch collection forms as well as to manage contributors and records through web interfaces or database management systems. From the contributors’ perspective, specific mobile client apps need to be installed to access selectively the collection forms and contribute to the data collection on the field using their mobile devices. This operation might inhibit the sporadic contribution of occasional users who may not be willing to install additional software. To overcome this limitation, this work presents the Geo Collector Bot, an alternative software toolkit to empower field data collection projects avoiding the development and/or the installation of a specific mobile app on contributors’ devices. The Geo Collector Bot is a configurable Telegram-based chatbot enabling to dispatch of data collection forms that can be activated and filled in through Telegram chats. The ultimate goal of the presented work is to provide an alternative free and open-source software framework suitable for general-purpose field data collection applications. Development patterns and system architecture are described in detail alongside future improvements and outlooks for the Geo Collector Bot project.

Trinity Model of Ecological Management of Coal Mining Subsidence Area

The mining of energy sources such as coal mines is extremely economical in the initial stage, but the collapse areas formed due to mining have also become an urgent problem, and S province has become one of the models for the exploration of the governance of such problems. Based on the literature study of other collapse area transformation, this paper takes the abandoned mine transformation forest park as an example, analyzes the current situation of collapse area governance through field research, systematically summarizes the operation model of mine transformation based on the analysis of coal mining collapse area BOT project, and constructs a comprehensive governance model of trinity of government, enterprise and society, hoping to bring some reference value for new ideas of collapse area governance.

Incorporation of the DEMATEL into evaluations of CSR performance in BOT projects

AbstractBuild–operate–transfer (BOT) is a public–private partnership (PPP) model in which the government commissions private enterprises to develop large‐scale public infrastructure. Owing to the large scale and long duration of BOT projects, BOT companies have diverse stakeholders and assume more social responsibility than ordinary companies do. Although studies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) are plentiful, most of them have examined CSR from the perspective of consumers or private‐ or state‐owned enterprises. Few studies have investigated BOT and CSR from a holistic perspective. Therefore, we adopted systems thinking to examine multistakeholder and multicriteria scenarios for investigating the CSR of BOT companies. This study established a research framework through the Delphi method. Subsequently, the decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory and an analytic network process were used to identify causality among these criteria. Finally, the results are discussed from a systemic perspective, and suggestions for future strategies are provided.

Net present value-time curve behaviour of public private partnership projects

The development wheel in Egypt, and many other countries of the same profile, is hampered by insufficient governmental funds. Successive governments have not succeeded in providing large and immediate investments to cover such needs. Public Private Partnership (PPP) is a project delivery method that can be used to overcome this dilemma. In this financing system, the public sector partners with the private sector providing projects/services; the private sector affords the financial burden and shares the risks with the public sector. As the most commonly used PPP scheme in Egypt, B.O.T has no objective negotiating criteria to determine the concession period in such projects. This article proposes a framework to determine the concession period boundaries of BOT projects. The B.O.T Net Present Value (NPV)/Time Curve behaviour has been noticed previously for roads projects. The methodology depends on reviewing different types of PPP (B.O.T) projects in Egypt; a resort, a garage, and an airport. The NPV/Time curve behaviour in all of those projects was the same as the road one. Such observation institutes a foundation that facilitates the decision-making of determining the PPP (B.O.T) concession period. Consequently, it enables awarding more PPP projects to accelerate the development wheel.

Passengers intentions towards self-services check-in, Kuwait airport as a case study

The expansion of the air transportation field has prompted significant air traffic congestion around the world. The management of airport demand intends to moderate air traffic congestion by restricting the uneven aspects among demand and capacity at occupied airport terminals through managerial measures (e.g., slot controls) or financial motivating forces. Kuwait International Airport faced congestion problem which leaded to a noticeable decrease in its performance. In this study, a questionnaire was made to explore the satisfaction level of customers of Kuwait International Airport services and facilities. In order to solve the crisis, a self-check-in kiosk is proposed to be used in the current airport for departure and transit flights. Furthermore, a new eco-friendly building with energy efficient lighting and lifecycle management of electronics from procurement to disposal, which serves arrival flights with full facilities, was proposed. The designed building was feasibly studied and assumed to be a BOT project. A total construction cost of 19,863,157.5 KD, a total revenue for all floors of 6,876,000 KD/year and IRR of 10.56% were estimated that made the building a successful project.

Road infrastructure development under PPP model in India: a credit rating perspective

PurposeThe study analyzes significant parameters defining the credit worthiness, economic viability and managerial efficiency of special purpose vehicles (SPVs) of infrastructure development firms engaged in the execution of road projects under PPP model in India.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a comprehensive review of credit rating reports of major rating agencies. In particular, 18 special purpose vehicles (13 BOT-toll–based and 5 BOT-annuity–based road projects) during the period 2010–2019 were considered to conduct a comparative analysis of their rating progression. Considering both financial as well as nonfinancial parameters, their segregation was done on the basis of strengths, constraints and key rating sensitivities influencing the ratings of SPVs involved in road projects under PPP model.FindingsPromoters' credibility emerged as an important factor affecting PPP credit ratings. Other prominent factors included nature of stretch and regulatory terms and conditions and the project's potential to generate cash flows. Inability of PPP projects to generate the projected levels of toll collections was a major constraint and hampered ratings over time. Growth in traffic was a key sensitive area in a toll-based project. Interestingly, despite the fixed nature of revenues, BOT (annuity) projects were impacted by rating changes.Research limitations/implicationsFewer sample projects (for which the data were available) was a constraint. Future research could consider larger data sets to provide deeper insights. An examination of credit rating parameters using rating reports of projects in other developing nations could provide meaningful implications. The findings of this research however cannot be undermined as the study bridges a gap in existing literature pertaining to the examination of PPP model from a credit rating perspective.Practical implicationsThis study would guide project developers, government agencies and awarding agencies of PPP road projects to anticipate the challenges and take adequate steps to mitigate them.Originality/valueResearch in the area of PPP projects is skewed toward risk assessment with respect to financial parameters. The present study emphasizes the rating framework of SPVs. Comprehensive examination of factors affecting project ratings in the form of projects' strengths, constraints and sensitivities would provide inputs to academics and researchers.

A risk-adjusted decoupled-net-present-value model to determine the optimal concession period of BOT projects

PurposeThe net-present-value (NPV) method is well-known for its drawbacks. To overcome some of these NPV weaknesses this paper aims to provide a methodology to determine an optimal concession period that treats risk and time separately. The purpose of this paper is to apply the notion of risk-adjusted decoupled net present value (risk-adjusted DNPV) to determine a conception period taken into consideration synthetic insurance premiums as compensation for risks.Design/methodology/approachThis paper conducts theoretical and empirical analysis and provides an integrated model for deriving concession periods of any PPP projects. The model is able to capture several contractual issues such risks costing and other contractual scenarios. Methodologically, the paper addressees both the issues of risk-based cost–benefit analysis and cash flow analysis bearing an emphasis of risk-adjusted DNPV to compute an optimum concession period.FindingsThe results show that using DNPV will produce a shorter concession period comparatively to NPV. The consequence of this is that the public sector will gain financially from an earlier transfer of the concession.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper contributes to the PPP literature by combing DNPV and risk to determine the PPP concession period for the mutual benefits both the private and public sectors. The decoupling of risk from traditional NPV computation will allow for risk pricing and tradability through insurance and allocation.Originality/valueThe attempt to decouple time and risk in the computation of NPV is the added value to the body of knowledge.

A Case Study on International Engineering Risk Management Under BOT Model: The case of Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge in Istanbul

Since the Turkish Prime Minister Ozal had put forward the basic concept of BOT project in the 1980s. It has become the construction mode favored by governments of most countries, especially in developing country. The BOT mode is mainly applicable to some complex large-scale infrastructure construction projects. In China, with the continuous improvement of economic capacity, the government pays more attention to the construction of infrastructure. But owing to this kind of project’s feature, it will bring a great financial pressure to the Chinese government. So, the BOT mode is the best choice for the government. But as the BOT mode itself involved in multilateral cooperation, even include the foreign partner, and combined with the particularity of the project itself. It has the types of risk is more than conventional projects. Therefore, risk management and control of it is what we need to research and focus on. This paper takes Istanbul Yavuz Sultan Selim (hereinafter referred to as YSS Bridge) Bridge project as an example. The paper based on the basic theory of BOT project and risk management theory, analyzes the whole process of risk management in international BOT mode project, and then analyzes how to take measures to prevent possible risk events in the case of cross-border cooperation.

Research on Comparison Model of Connected Project Financing Model Based on Fuzzy Hierarchy Theory

A scientific and reasonable project financing mode is very important for the development of transnational grid interconnection projects. On this basis, this paper first analyzes the status of the interconnection project, and designs the interconnection project financing mode comparison index system from four dimensions, external financing environment, financing method, financing efficiency and financing risk. Secondly, with the help of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, the comparison model and calculation process of the interconnection project financing model are established. Finally, the S interconnection project is selected for case analysis, and it is concluded that the interconnection project should adopt the BOT project financing model, which is helpful to reduce project financing risks and increase revenue.

Effective Back Channel Response to User Queries using Banking Bot Artificial Intelligent System

The banking bot project is to create an Intelligent machine for banks to read the users queries and respond at a faster rate. The aim of the project is to develop a system for banks where users/ customers can ask any bank related questions like loan, services, account, schemes, policy etc. The application will be developed for web users. The machine recognizes the queries and answers appropriately. Even if the user does not frame sentence properly, system will understands the query and answer accordingly based on the frequent matching datasets. There is no specific format to follow for the user to ask questions. This project helps to create a user friendly Artificial Intelligent system to resolve user’s basic queries.

Effect of Hybrid Annuity Model on Road Project

Indian road network is one of the largest road network in world and need huge funding for maintaining and construction of new project. And in India time and cost overrun on infrastructure project are very common. BOT was one of the most successful model from PPP type. But from last couple of years BOT model is lagging behind to achieve financial closure within budget. Most of the BOT project fails due to not generating minimum revenue. Government modifies the MCA (Model Concession Agreement) time to time to eliminate lacunas from existing model. Recent modification of PPP is HAM (Hybrid Annuity Model). Hence to overcome from this type of difficulty government of India introduce the new PPP model called Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) in 2016. This model was introduce to reduce the financial burden from the contractor. HAM model is a contractual arrangement made by government to overcome the limitations from BOT model. The financial strategy of HAM model is different than BOT model. In HAM model 60% funding made by authority during construction phase and remaining 40% is on annuity basis. In this paper the strength and limitation of HAM model is found out and identified most influencing factor for success of HAM model by using Relatively Importance Index (RII) technique. And schematic representation of financial model of HAM is generated by using Model concession Agreement (MCA)

Determine the optimal capital structure of BOT projects using interval numbers with Tianjin Binhai New District Metro Z4 line in China as an example

Purpose Various factors may influence project finance when a multi-sourced debt financing strategy is used for financing capital investments, in general, and public infrastructure investments, in particular. Traditional indicators lack comprehensive consideration of the influences of many internal and external factors, such as investment structure, financing mode and credit guarantee structure, which exist in the financing decision making of BOT projects. An effective approach is, thus, desired. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper develops a financial model that uses an interval number to represent the uncertain factors and, subsequently, conducts a standardization of the interval number. Decision makers determine the weight of each objective through the analytic hierarchy process. Through the optimization procedure, project investors and sponsors are provided with a strategy regarding the optimal amount of debt to be raised and the insight on the risk level based on the net present value, as well as the probability of bankruptcy for each different period of debt service. Findings By using an example infrastructure project in China and based on the comprehensive evaluation, comparison and ranking of the capital structures of urban public infrastructure projects using the interval number method, the final ranking can help investors to choose the optimal capital structure for investment. The calculation using the interval number method shows that X2 is the optimal capital structure plan for the BOT project of the first stage of Tianjin Binhai Rail Transit Z4 line. Therefore, investors should give priority to selecting a capital contribution ratio of 45 per cent for this investment. Research limitations/implications In this paper, some parameters, such as depreciation life, construction period and concession period, are assumed to be deterministic parameters, although the interval number model has been introduced to analyze the uncertainty indicators, such as total investment and passenger flow, of BOT rail transport projects. Therefore, more of the above deterministic parameters can be taken as uncertainty parameters in future research so that calculation results fit actual projects more closely. Originality/value This model can be used to make the optimal investment decision for a project by determining the impact of uncertainty factors on the profitability of the project in its lifecycle during the project financial feasibility analysis. Project sponsors can determine the optimal capital structure of a project through an analysis of the irregular fluctuation of the unpredictable factors in project construction such as construction investment, operating cost and passenger flow. The model can also be used to examine the effects of different capital investment ratios on indicators so that appropriate measures can be taken to reduce risks and maximize profit.

Empirical Study of Optimal Capital Structure and the Debt Capacity of BOT Projects

Empirical Study of Optimal Capital Structure and the Debt Capacity of BOT Projects