Borne Fruit Research Articles

John Dryden (1631–1700): His Politics, His Plays, and His Poets. claude rawson and aaron santesso (eds). Pp. 302. Newark: Delaware University Press, 2004. Cloth, £35.00.

The Dryden tercentenary of 2000 has borne fruit in a way that is encouraging for anyone interested in the most quietly influential of great English poets. In this century, we have seen the completion of the California and Longman editions, and the arrival of four essay collections. Claude Rawson and Aaron Santesso's volume is the product of a Yale ‘Tercentenary Celebration’. The content of the essays is determined by a focus on the political aspects of the drama, and on different sorts of influence, including those upon Dryden, and the writers who were significantly affected by his immediate afterlife. The contributions (from a distinguished cast) show this remit to be broad. The first (shorter) half of the book is dedicated to the plays and their milieu: Lawrence Manley places Dryden against the ascendancy of both the libertines and the dissenters in the new expansive metropolitan London and makes some perceptive remarks about how detachment from urban intensity might affect Dryden's later years, and their focus on translation. This is complemented by Harold Love's account of the emergence of the ‘Town’ as a new sophisticated mentality, and the difference between Dryden, who (as a professional writer) was energised by such an emergence and Rochester, who (as a gentleman) scorned its posturing and copying of inherent class. Howard Erskine-Hill offers a bluff and useful guide to Dryden's major plays, paying particular attention to poetic technique. He wants more attention paid to the contemporary allusiveness of the drama (particularly those written after 1688). On the subject of Dryden in the 1690s, Maximillian Novak takes the submerged Jacobite allusions for granted, in his reading of Dryden's political views—chiefly, how different (and often unappealing) they are to a modern audience, given his implicitly conservative dislike of the ‘mob’ and over-arching fear of anarchy. Novak's idea of the later Dryden's active Jacobitism comes across in the claim that ‘If the Fables show little of the early glorification of monarchy and of heroic power that appeared in his youthful works, it is because he was so intent upon attempting to destabalize the reign of William III through his poetry that he had little space for restoring an heroic ideal’ (p. 109). Apart from the difficulty of reading such a poly-vocal and contradictory series of poems and translations in this way, the strain between the ‘intent’ and its practical outcome—the absence of favourable mentions—shows why Dryden's later politics is likely to remain as a subject of debate. More specific political matter is offered by David Womersley, who argues that The Spanish Fryar is a more tentative and exploratory play in terms of its politics than is usually thought, and thus reflects the shifting loyalties and lack of fixed conclusions in the ongoing Exclusion crisis. On the poetic side, Annabel Patterson tackles the same period, suggesting that Dryden developed his satire before Absalom and Achitophel by borrowing from the approach of opposing Whig figures generally, and Marvell in particular; the ensuing masterpiece is thus a riposte to Marvell's political poetry.

The History of the Scottish Parliament, Volume Two. Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1567-1707 (review)

Reviewed by: The History of the Scottish Parliament, Volume Two. Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1567-1707 David L. Smith The History of the Scottish Parliament, Volume Two. Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1567–1707. Edited by Keith M. Brown and Alastair J. Mann. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2005. xii, 303 pp. £50.00. ISBN 0748614958. The creation of a new Scottish parliament in 1999 has naturally helped to stimulate a resurgence of interest in the history of the parliament that existed in Scotland up until the union with England in 1707. That interest has borne fruit most notably in the Scottish Parliament Project (S.P.P.) at the University of St Andrews, which was established in 1997 under the direction of Keith Brown. With funding from the Scottish Office and latterly the Scottish Executive, together with the British Academy, the S.P.P. has created a new digital edition of the acts of the Scottish parliament from its earliest known proceedings in 1235 up to 1707. The S.P.P. is also producing a three-volume history of the Scottish parliament, of which the present volume is the second. This is a fascinating and highly accomplished collection that takes discussion of the Scottish parliament during the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to a new level of sophistication while also locating it within the wider context of early-modern European assemblies most successfully. The introduction, by Keith Brown and AlastairMann, presents a splendidly detailed survey of the historiography and sources for the Scottish parliament in this period. Their discussion shows the need not only to assess the Scottish parliament on its own terms without imposing inappropriate (frequently English) yardsticks of comparison, but also to set it against the background of continental assemblies, whose equal it was in terms of political effectiveness and procedural development. In particular, the continuing influence of the nobility in leading the unicameral Scottish parliament emerges very strongly in the introduction and in many of the essays that follow. To take just one example, John Scally's excellent study of the Covenanter parliaments between 1639 and 1651 demonstrates the crucial role that James Hamilton, third [End Page 270] marquess and first duke of Hamilton, played in guiding both the parliaments and Scottish politics more generally. This essay is particularly notable for its use of Hamilton's parliamentary diary for 1648 - a 12,000-word manuscript which has only recently been discovered - and it whets the appetite for Scally's edition of this diary and for his biography of Hamilton. A number of the essays are significant for the light that they throw on individual monarchs and the changing nature of royal policies. Alan MacDonald and Vaughan Wells draw out the underlying wisdom and skill of James VI in handling the parliaments of 1592, 1612 and 1621. By contrast, John Young shows why Charles I's Scottish coronation in June 1633 was so provocative, and why his treatment of the Scottish parliament that met in the same month, together with his sweeping aside of grievances that the conventions of estates had expressed in 1625 and 1630, appeared unnecessarily high-handed. Perhaps the most striking reassessment of a monarch's behaviour is Alastair Mann's study of James VII, which suggests that James's greatest failing was not that he was guilty of unprecedentedly heavy-handed manipulation of the Scottish parliament, but rather that he insisted on working with a dangerously narrow circle of advisers comprising only a few favoured ministers. This opens the way to a major revision of James's rule in Scotland and the origins of the revolution of 1688-9. Another virtue of this collection is that its coverage extends to sections of the story that have often been relatively neglected hitherto. Thus Gillian MacIntosh's account of the Restoration period and the role of Lauderdale examines Charles II's reign as a whole, whereas many previous accounts (Clare Jackson's is an important and noteworthy exception) have tended to concentrate on the years 1660-3. Similarly, the 1690s are often a rather shadowy decade, sandwiched between the drama of the revolution against James II and the events leading up to the union of 1707...

The risk of noise-induced hearing loss in the Danish workforce

The causal association between occupational noise exposure and permanent hearing loss is well-documented and well-founded primary preventive approaches have been developed. However, documentation of the impact on the present prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss in the working population is limited. This study reports on the prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss in a population sample of 788 workers from 11 trades with expected high noise exposure levels and a reference group examined according to the same protocol. Full-shift A-weighted equivalent sound levels were recorded and pure tone audiometric examinations were conducted at the work sites in soundproof booths. Data were analyzed with multivariate regression techniques and adjusted for age, sex, ear disease, smoking and environmental noise exposure. An overall two-fold increased risk of hearing handicap (hearing threshold above 20 dB averaged across 2, 3 and 4 kHz for either ear) was observed in the noise exposed workers [odds ratio (OR) 1.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-4.34]. Workers exposed for more than 20 years to an exposure level above 85 dB(A) had a three-fold increased risk (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.33-6.99). Workers starting in noisy work during the last 10-15 years or workers below 30 years of age showed no increased risk of hearing handicap. This indicates that preventive measures enforced during the past 10-15 years to reduce noise exposure may have borne fruit. Systematic surveillance of noise and hearing levels in appropriate populations should still be included in an efficient hearing conservation program.

Temporal development of crown condition of beech and oak as a response variable for integrated evaluations

The evaluation uses the longest available time series for beech and oak defoliation in Germany. The data from Hesse, starting from 1984, show a typical pattern: for the first 12 years, a continuous increase in defoliation was observed ranging from an average value of 14% in 1984 to a peak value of 30%. This was followed by a subsequent decrease in the loss of foliage accompanied by a high variability, until the last monitoring in 2003, where an average value of 25% defoliation was observed. For both tree species, the years of trend reversal were identical. The same pattern was observed in the German federal states: Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Bavaria. The year of trend reversal was identical in Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate. In North Rhine-Westphalia, it occurred 1 year earlier and in Bavaria 3 years earlier. Whereas defoliation trends were clearly demonstrated, tree mortality did not appear on a large scale. The sample trees were grouped into four discrete clusters according to their annual defoliation values from 1984 to 2003. In 1996, the clusters represent 15, 25, 35, and 50% defoliation values. Regarding beech in Hesse, there was no overlap in the defoliation curves observed among the different clusters. These four clusters having different degrees of defoliation over the whole time span of 20 years were used for a further detailed statistical analysis. For discrete variables like crown spacing and—in the case of beech—fruit bearing, mosaic plots were applied in order to visualize relations of low dimensional contingency tables, with defoliation trends being used as the response variable. The data show for beech a very clear relation between defoliation and age, relative crown spacing, stand composition, and fruit bearing. Regarding oak, besides age and relative crown spacing, the years with significant appearance of biotic stress factors—leaf eating insects—show a clear relation to trends of defoliation. The statistical model used in this study—logistic regression—allows applying a multinomial response variable and a number of continuous or categorical explanatory variables. With this approach, an iterative optimized selection of effect variables was used to test the relevance of different variables on the defoliation pattern of the same four clusters mentioned above. For this, the variables were grouped in an iterative process with five steps, starting with a few basic variables of tree and site information, and ending with a total of more than 20 variables in the fifth step. The process selects first the variables which are of significance on the defoliation, and calculates the possible errors in the grouping of the different trees to the four clusters. In this analysis of beech, the basic tree and stand variables: age, relative crown spacing, stand composition and fruit bearing proved to be the most relevant group of parameters, with the other variables explaining the variation of defoliation only to a minor extent. More complex model levels do not change any basic selected variables; however, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), C/N-ratio, Al- and Ca-proportion of CEC are additionally selected and give a hint of the relevance of soil conditions. Regarding beech, the errors of the statistical model are lower compared to oak.

Urban History in Lancashire and Cheshire

Since the mid-1960s urban history in Lancashire and Cheshire has entered an age of enlightenment, in which new approaches to the subject have borne fruit, with deeper and more extensive research and publications of high quality. The tradition of urban history can be traced back to the nostalgic and antiquarian work of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, through the flowering of town history as a manifestation of civic pride in the late nineteenth century, to the mid twentieth century when the quality and quantity of work were both at a nadir. New themes in recent decades have included work on smaller market towns, cultural history, the evolution and experience of the resort towns, and a rich diversity of topics related to social history such as electoral politics, urban unrest, working-class housing, public health, and Irish migration. However, some areas and subjects remain under-researched — examples include post-1945 ethnic communities, twentieth-century urban topography, semiurban communities, and the demographic history of towns between 1500 and 1800. Overall, the last forty years have seen a remarkable resurgence of urban history in the region, and in the process many myths have been demolished, and the clichés have to a considerable extent been bypassed.

Approaches to Biology Teaching and Learning: From a Scholarly Approach to Teaching to the Scholarship of Teaching

We live in a time when the seeds of change in scienceeducation have borne fruit all around us. The rhetoric of thecalls for change issued by national scientific societies andagencies is supported by the reality of compelling examplesof change, accomplished by scientists who have rethoughtthe way they teach, the way they think about teaching, andthe way they define themselves as science educators(Handelsman et al., 2004; Project Kaleidoscope, 2004).The seeds have germinated in some potentially rockysoil—including the graduate and postdoctoral trainingprograms that generate future scientists (Luft et al., 2004).For many of us who received our preparation for what wenow do as educators before those seeds were sown, however,our graduate and postdoctoral programs may have donejustice only to our future roles as research scientists. Ourpreparation for teaching may have consisted largely ofservice as a laboratory teaching assistant, or as the delivererof a curriculum designed by others. When faced with the callto consider the way we teach, we are often on unfamiliarground—a ground littered with incomprehensible jargonand diverse standards for what constitutes best practice.Should we go back to the figurative school and, in essence,reinventourselves?Whatisthepotentialpayoff?Dowereallyhave the time to take a scholarly approach to teaching, in ad-ditiontotheprofessionaldemandsplacedonusinotherareas?The three scenarios presented below are offered as illustra-tions of situations in which scientists who teach are poised atthe brink of finding value in the principles and practices thatconstitute what is an emerging area of scholarship: thescholarship of teaching (Hutchings and Shulman, 1999).

Customary Law and the Nationalist Project in Spain and Peru

Customary Law and the Nationalist Project in Spain and Peru

Foundations of Library and Information Science, 2nd ed. (review)

Reviewed by: Foundations of Library and Information Science Donald G. Davis Jr. Foundations of Library and Information Science, 2nd ed.By Richard E. Rubin . New York: Neal-Schuman, 2004. xvii, 581 pp. $65.00. ISBN 1-55570-518-9. In the years spanning the turn of the recent century students, faculty members, and administrators—as well as governing boards and funding bodies—are finding the definition of the field known recently as library and information science increasingly difficult to articulate. "Information" is the appealing word, to be sure, and it has actually become the sole identifier for some self-anointed and would-be super schools. But just what does that word encompass with regard to the broad mandate of professional education that our schools provide? Can the substantial contours of our comprehensive field be treated, condensed, and made intelligible in one volume that is suitable for a variety of venues? Richard Rubin answered that question just about as well as anyone could in the first edition of this work that appeared in 1998. The fact that a second edition has appeared demonstrates that his efforts were not in vain but, in fact, have borne fruit. One can hope that this fact also provides evidence that a codification of the foundations of our field has found a substantial readership. Theformat for the ten chapters and appendices follows the pattern of the earlier edition, but the present work is between 15 to 20 percent longer. Chapters with elegant titles treat (1) the context of information, (2) information science as a service concept, (3) the changing definition of the library, (4) information policy, (5) information freedom, (6) organization of information, (7) the historic mission and values of libraries, (8) professional ethics and standards, (9) management of libraries, and (10) the evolving profession. Each has updated tables and references as well as some new material. The critical first chapter that sets the tone for the project by explicating the dimensions and scope of the information world has increased by about one third, and three new tables illustrate the text. Chapter 10, "From Past to Present: The Library's Mission and Its Values," the historical chapter, remains largely unchanged with the exception that in the analytical segment on mission Ranganathan's laws are now preceded by Michael Gorman's values of librarianship and American Library Association 1999–2000 documents on core values of the profession (302–3). As in the first edition, following the last chapter a substantial bibliography of selected readings (more than seven hundred entries) appears arranged alphabetically by a classification based on the chapter titles. The appendices, on the other hand, are reduced in size by the elimination of specific documents. Primary sections that remain, with updating, include the selective bibliography of major periodicals and core reference works (indexes, dictionaries, and encyclopedias only), the listing of relevant professional associations, and the roster of accredited master's programs in the United States and Canada. Two examples of codes of ethics from specialized groups conclude the appendices. An ample index and author vita conclude the book. If one could possess but a single volume to reveal what our profession is and does and how it fits into the society it serves, one could pick no better book. [End Page 582]The decline or demise of systemically offered broad introductory courses in our schools and the price of this volume will tempt some to pass it by, but they would be making a big mistake. There is no other source that packs in so much information in digestible form for a broad audience than this text. On a teaching mission to China in 1999 I considered what one volume I would leave with my hosts. I easily selected the first edition. Had I a copy of this work when I made a more recent trip I would have been pleased to present this recent edition. It is that good. Rubin's work is a landmark of professional literature that one should have close to hand for thoughtful reading and for reference. Donald G. Davis Jr. University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2005 University of Texas Press

Quantitative ecosystem indicators for fisheries management

Spring in Paris (31 March to 3 April 2004) helped to attract more than 250 participants from 53 countries to a symposium on ‘‘Quantitative Ecosystem Indicators for Fisheries Management’’. The symposium was hosted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission at the UNESCO headquarters next to the Eiffel Tower, and coorganized with the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR). Four years of preparation had borne fruit, and the stage was set with a programme of 40 presentations and nearly 150 posters. The symposium was centred on using ecosystem indicators for fisheries management, and as such reflects the growing understanding that exploited fish populations must be considered as integral components of ecosystem function, rather than units that operate independently of their environment. Internationally, there has been wide recognition of the need to move towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries, a development spearheaded by FAO through their Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (Garcia, 2000), and supported by many regional and national institutions as well as academia, NGOs, and the general public. Intergovernmental organizations providing management advice, such as ICES and PICES, require meaningful indicators that adequately reflect the state of marine ecosystems. As we move to embrace an ecosystem perspective, we need new measuring sticks. Ecosystem approaches to fisheries require consideration of the interdependent way we utilize ecosystems. At a minimum, the components to be addressed cover ecological, economic, social, technological, and governance aspects. When considering the ecosystem, we must include not only target species, but also their effects on dependent or competing non-target species, as well as on the habitats shared by the species. An important question thus arises, related to trade-offs. Management interventions directed at one target species may have consequences for many other species, including some that are targets of other fisheries. How do we evaluate the trade-offs involved, and how do we determine the direction that a society should take, based on the implications for marine ecosystems? To answer such questions, analyses must be based on

Emotional processes in psychotherapy: evidence across therapeutic modalities

AbstractThis article briefly reviews recent process research on emotion in humanistic, cognitive, behavioural and psychodynamic psychotherapies. Cognitive therapy has traditionally shown less interest in emotional processes than the other therapies, but the interest of the others has not always borne fruit in empirical research. At the present time there is an interest in emotion research in therapy that cuts across all therapeutic modalities. Emotional processing and depth of experiencing, two heavily‐researched emotion process categories of the behaviourists and humanists respectively, have been shown to have a robust association with outcome. There is accumulating evidence that both the in‐session activation of specific, relevant emotions and the cognitive exploration and elaboration of the significance and meaning of these emotions are important for therapeutic change. Further research on emotional processes in psychotherapy is required. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wood-fuel yields in short-rotation coppice growth in the north Sudan savanna in Burkina Faso

Woody growth at five sites, covering a range of precipitation (620–785 mm) and soil conditions in North Sudan zone in Burkina Faso was investigated 5–14 years after clear-cutting. Woody growth ranged from 0.7 to 1.7 Mg ha −1 per year, corresponding to 1.0–2.4 m 3 ha −1 per year in terms of green volume when species-specific basic densities were applied. Trunks (girth more than 10 cm), branches and stemlets made up about a third each of the yield and about one-third of the trunk was bark. Thus, the actual trunk wood production ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 Mg ha −1 per year corresponding to 0.3–0.9 m 3 ha −1 per year. Woodfuel yield was reduced to about a fourth of the total yield, when excluding small dimensions and trunk-bark, species with low calorific value or multiple use, e.g. fruit bearing or forage. Each site was dominated by some few species in terms of percentage of dry mass: Sclerocarya birrea (13%), Anogeissus leiocarpus (57%), Acacia seyal (38%), Combretum glutinosum (17%) and Combretum nigricans (37%). Mean stool growth per site ranged from 0.5 to 1.7 kg per year. Largest stool growth was recorded for S. birrea and A. leiocarpus with 4.1 and 3.6 kg per stool per year, respectively.

Land tenure reform in Africa: a shift to the defensive

Land tenure reform has been advocated as an instrument of development in sub-Saharan Africa since before Independence, based on a neoclassical economic model promising greater agricultural productivity as a result of titling. This in turn, it was suggested, would promote land investments, credit supply and efficient land markets. Titling policies were justified in the 1980s by evidence from southeast Asia, particularly Thailand. However, empirical studies in Africa have largely failed to find any of the promised positive effects; indeed they have revealed negative effects of titling policies, especially by worsening the tenure insecurity of poor farmers whom such policies should have helped. In the last decade the discourse of land tenure reform in Africa has departed from promises of increased incomes and shifted to a conservative, defensive stance, focused on preserving livelihoods against élite predation. This paper explores why the neoclassical model has not borne fruit in sub-Saharan Africa, describes inherent weaknesses in the model as applied to the African context and suggests methods by which the model could be better tested before dismissing entirely the use of tenure reform as an instrument against poverty.

Darwinian functions and Freudian motivations

Badcock, and Nesse and Lloyd, have argued that there are important points of agreement between Freud's theory of the mind and a theory of mind suggested by adaptive reasoning. Buller, on the other hand, draws attention to the need to avoid confusing an adaptive rationale with an unconscious motivation. The present paper attempts to indicate what role adaptive reasoning might have to play in justifying psychoanalytic claims. First, it is argued that psychoanalytic claims cannot be justified by the clinical experience of psychoanalysts alone. It is urged that, to avoid interpretative proliferation, it is necessary to base interpretation on some theory which is external to psychoanalysis. Next, Buller's reservations about using adaptive reasoning to justify claims about a personal unconscious, are summarized. Then an argument for the existence of a personal unconscious, is offered, based on experimental evidence from Gur and Sackeim. Then it is argued that adaptive reasoning, though it cannot itself provide evidence for the existence of any psychological mechanism, can valuably guide the search for such evidence. It is argued that such an approach has borne fruit, both in biology generally and specifically in psychology. Finally, it is argued that psychoanalysis is important enough to justify such a research project.

FINDING CATALYSTS FASTER

A FOUR-YEAR COLLABORATION between Symyx Technologies and Dow Chemical has borne fruit in the discovery of a new class of single-site catalysts for olefin polymerization. new amide-ether-based hafnium catalysts were found using a fully integrated high-throughput screening methodology { J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 125, 4306(2003)}. The results are stunning, says one of the coauthors, Dow chemist James C. Stevens, because the new screening methodology enabled them to do in days or weeks what used to take many months or years. Dow-Symyx researchers set out to discover new catalysts with potential for the production of linear low-density polyethylene, which is a copolymer of ethylene and an α-olefin, such as 1-octene. They first synthesized a library of hafnium and zirconium complexes containing 23 different bidentate and tridentate ligands. To screen these complexes under different activation conditions, they carried out 384 polymerization experiments in just a few hours. work uncovered many catalytical...

Quantitative changes in phenolic content during physiological development of the olive (Olea europaea) cultivar Hardy's Mammoth.

This investigation was designed to characterize phenolic metabolism of the olive cultivar, Hardy's Mammoth, by examining its constitutive tissues. The phenolic profiles of pulp, seed, stone, and new and old season leaves were monitored over two fruiting seasons, to investigate possible relationships between tissues and phenol content and to determine the impact of alternate fruit bearing. No major qualitative differences in phenolic composition were found between the various tissues; however, distinct differences between the tissues with respect to quantifiable phenols were established. Relationships between 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl (3E,4E)-4-formyl-3-(2-oxoethyl)hex-4-enoate ester, oleuropein, and hydroxytyrosol in pulp and leaf were identified and found to be related to alternate bearing. Concentrations of 5-caffeoylquinic acid in old season leaves differed dramatically between seasons, confirming earlier studies.

Editorial

Editorial

Recent advances in VOCs removal from water by pervaporation

Pervaporation (PV) is a separation process in which minor components of a liquid mixture are preferentially transported by partial vaporization through a non-porous permselective (selectively permeable) membrane. PV is an emerging technology in environment cleanup operations, especially in the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial wastewaters or contaminated groundwaters. Current state of PV membrane development in VOC removal and improvement in process engineering, and better understanding of the interactions between VOCs and membrane materials are reviewed. Among PV process parameters documented here are process temperature, permeate pressure, feed concentration, and feed flow rate. The effects of these parameters on PV selectivity and permeation flux have been studied extensively and these studies have borne fruit in a better understanding of many aspects of PV processes. The challenge in implementing PV in practical operations lies in the further enhancement of membrane quality for specific VOCs as well as improved management and control of possible adverse hurdles coming from real systems.

The political economy of state failure

State failure is more common than generally assumed and often has distinctly negative consequences that may manifest themselves in neighboring countries. For this reason, it has attracted considerable attention in academic and policy circles alike. The researchers exploring the phenomenon have followed a rather narrow path, however, and there is substantial scope to broaden the breadth of inquiry. While the analytical efforts over the past decade to come to grips with the phenomenon of state failure have borne fruit in terms of identifying the key independent variables, the understanding of the mechanism through which they exert their influence on the dependent variable has not been significantly enhanced. The assertion is particularly valid with respect to adverse and abrupt regime transitions. The purpose of this paper is to examine, in light of the author's experience in grappling with state failure in the Chinese context, the potential for systematically expanding the research agenda in a conceptual/theoretical direction.

Relationship between the number of black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) witnessed in the surrounding villiages and fruit bearing of Fagus crenata and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata in Mt. Hyonosen Hyogo prefecture

Relationship between the number of black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) witnessed in the surrounding villiages and fruit bearing of Fagus crenata and Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata in Mt. Hyonosen Hyogo prefecture

On Historiography of Fights for Independence and Creation of Lithuanian Army

Depending on political, social, cultural and other factors, the historiography of the analysed period should be divided into several parts.The first period comprises the time when Bolshevism was gaining strength, i.e., 1917-1919 events, which the Lithuanian soldiers serving in the Russian army experienced. Their diverse activity was elucidated in the periodical press.A lot of published works, reminiscences, and estimation of more important military, political, social events appeared when the army was being created in Lithuania itself (in 1918-1920). Nevertheless, the most part of them remained as a certain "material to history."In the period between the wars (1921-1940), weighty publications came out which reviewed the activity of the army—journals on warfare and history, memoirs, etc.In Soviet times the problem was hardly investigated. The greatest contribution in this field was made by some Lithuanian war historians living abroad.In current Lithuania, the interest of the public in the subject has borne fruit—some extensive works based on the material drawn from archive stocks and other sources have been published, scientific journals come out, etc. This makes it reasonable to believe that the backwardness in the field will disappear in the near future.