Borg El-Arab Research Articles

Multiplex PCR-based genotyping of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium from food sources and assessment of their antimicrobial resistance profiles in Egypt.

Salmonellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease that poses a significant threat to livestock and public health. This study aimed to serotype 20 Salmonella isolates obtained from sixty retail chicken meats, assess Salmonella contamination from eggs, and evaluate antibiotic resistance profiles. Twenty eggs were randomly collected in the new Borg El Arab market. Bacterial isolation was carried out utilizing both traditional culture, biochemical, and PCR methods. Among the twenty eggs analyzed, three (15%) tested positive for Salmonella, while the remaining seventeen (85%) were confirmed as negative. Genotyping through multiplex PCR revealed the presence of two S. Enteritidis and other serovar, with the use of three specific gene sets: a random sequence for Salmonella spp., sdfI gene for S. Enteritidis, and flagellin (fliC gene) for S. Typhimurium. Out of the 20 isolates obtained from chicken meat, five (25%) were identified as S. Typhimurium, and three (15%) were classified as S. Enteritidis. All isolates sourced from chicken meat exhibited resistance to Rifampicin and Amoxicillin, with 90% displaying sensitivity to cefotaxime, gemifloxacin, and Erythromycin. Importantly, S. Blegdam, identified via serological methods, displayed resistance to all tested antibiotics. For the three isolates obtained from eggs, 66.6% showed sensitivity to cefotaxime, erythromycin, cefuraxime, and cefaclor, while displaying complete resistance (100%) to Amoxicillin, rifampicin, clarithromycin, and cefadroxil. Notably, one serovar exhibited absolute resistance to all tested drugs. Stakeholders must implement strict control measures and rationalize antibiotic use in veterinary and human medicine due to the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains.

Performance evaluation of standalone new solar energy system of hybrid PV/electrolyzer/fuel cell/MED-MVC with hydrogen production and storage for power and freshwater building demand

To achieve zero carbon emissions, increasing the scale of renewable energy implementation is imperative. Hydrogen is considered the prospective solution for sustainable energy due to its dual nature as a carbon-neutral fuel and an efficient storage medium for renewable energy sources. So, in this work, a standalone new hybrid energy system powered by solar energy for yearly power and freshwater production for building demand in New Borg El-Arab, Egypt. The system comprises photovoltaic (PV) panels, a water electrolyzer, multi-effect mechanical vapor compression desalination (MED-MVC), and fuel cells with hydrogen storage. A complete mathematical system model is built and solved by MATLAB/Simulink to study the daily, monthly, and yearly performance and sizing of the different system components based on the location climate conditions. The results indicate that PV panels of an area of 1824 m2, in conjunction with an electrolyzer, 863 fuel cells, and a storage tank capacity of 3013.4 m3can satisfy the annual building requirements of 255.17 MWh electricity, 766.5 m3 hot water and 876 m3 cold water. The maximum hydrogen storage lies between September and October, with maximum consumption between February and March. The average annual efficiency of PV, electrolyzer, fuel cell, electrolyzer output, fuel cell output, and overall hybrid system is 20.7%, 68.2%, 34.6%, 13.4%, 4.4%, and 16.5%, respectively, and the performance ratio (PR) of MED-MVC is 2.61. The system proves its capability to supply the building with electrical and water requirements with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) equal to 0.712 $/kWh. Additionally, This system shows the potential to include other activities in remote areas or islands besides its contribution to achieving SDGs 6, 7, and 13.

Seasonal thermo-enviro-economic performance analyses of concentrated PV/T integrated with humidification-dehumidification water desalination system

Concentrated solar photovoltaic thermal offers a great opportunity for water desalination by applying some thermally driven techniques. Humidification–dehumidification water desalination is appropriate for moderate installations and runs on low temperatures matching the attainable output of low concentrated photovoltaic thermal systems. So, in this paper, thermo-enviro-economic performance analyses of an integrated system consisting of compound parabolic collectors partially covered with photovoltaic cells powering humidification dehumidification water desalination system is theoretically introduced. The system performance is conducted at a seasonal scale using MATLAB throughout the whole year under the weather of New Borg El-Arab city-Alexandria-Egypt. The results indicate that raising the flow rate of the working fluid of the system increases the desalination output, reduces the PV cell temperature, and enhances PV efficiency. At a fluid flow rate of 0.02 kg/s suitable for PV safety temperature, the cell maximum and minimum temperature are 79 and 42.5 °C, maximum and output power is 6 and 3.8 kW, and maximum and minimum efficiency is 17.2 and 14.2 % respectively. The output water temperature is 73 and 36.9 °C in summer and winter, respectively. The desalination system produces maximally 4.7, 6.2, and 3.8 L/h at water to air mass flow rate ratios of 1.5, 2, and 3, respectively. The maximum achieved average monthly desalination system gain output ratio is 3.15 with an overall system efficiency of 41 %. The average annual system thermal energy and exergy yield is approximately 176 and 0.2 kWh, respectively. The annual freshwater cost is $0.0351/Liter. The system mitigates an annual average of 7.2 tons of CO2 emissions.

Adsorption of Oil from Industrial Wastewater with Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Bark: Optimization Study

Oily wastewater is one of the most hazardous contaminants that can hurt the ecosystem. There is an urgent need to adopt an efficient, eco-friendly, and low-cost material to replace the old traditional treatment methods of oily wastewater that were very expensive in addition to their relatively low efficiency. Eucalyptus bark is considered one of the materials that are rarely used in this field, although it has the characteristics that qualify it to be a distinguished and promising one. The optimum conditions of using Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Blue gum) bark in the removal of oil from prepared aqueous solutions were concluded before applying in the treatment of real oily industrial wastewater from New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. The sequential optimization adsorption results were as follows: initial oil concentration, 500 mg/l; adsorbent dosage, 0.5 g/l; pH, 3; exposure time, 45 min; temperature, 20 °C; and shaking rate, 300 rpm. The pretreatment of biomass with H3PO4 proved it to be superior in the oil removal process where the efficacy reached 450.69 mg/g, while the unmodified form came second where the adsorption efficacy reached 395.86 mg/g, after that the NaOH-modified form came third by efficacy reached 315.85 mg/g. The results of SEM elucidated this order of efficacy according to the porosity of the bark surface. FTIR analysis indicated that OH, carboxylic C = O, and carboxylic C-O groups are the contributing groups in the oil adsorption process for the three forms of Eucalyptus bark. The reusability of Eucalyptus bark using n-hexane for one cycle reached 96.34, 97.13, and 95.83% for unmodified, H-modified, and OH-modified forms, respectively, and for five cycles reached 56.29, 58.01, and 55.81% for unmodified, H-modified, and OH-modified forms, respectively. The application of Eucalyptus bark in the H-form in the treatment of real oily wastewater was achieved by efficacy ranging between 91.46 and 96.23% which proves the excellence of Eucalyptus bark in the treatment of oily wastewater.

Biosorptive removal of fluoride from wastewater using tea domestic waste biochar

AbstractThe biochar of tea domestic waste was applied to eliminate F− from their aqueous artificial solutions and real contaminated wastewater. Pre-pyrolysis chemical activation method was used to synthesize biochar from tea domestic waste. Two modification methods were applied, acidic modification using H3PO4 (H-modified form) and basic modification using NaOH (OH-modified form). The synthesized forms of tea biochars were characterized by the determination of ash content, bulk density, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses to detect the pore size, specific surface area, and pore volume, Elemental analyses to detect C, H, O, and N contents, Thermogravimetric analyses to detect the thermal behavior of biochars, and Fourier Transform Infrared analyses to detect the functional active groups of biochars. The synthesized forms of tea biochars were optimized for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions via filter bags method and applied in enhancement of the quality of wastewater from the factories of the new Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. The highest biosorption efficacy achieved was 109.18 mg F−/g biochar using the H-modified form under the optimum conditions of biochar dosage: pH: 2, 0.25 g/l, temperature: 50 °C, initial concentration of F−: 500 mg/l, exposure time: 30 min, and agitation rate: 300 rpm. The OH-modified form achieved less than half biosorption efficacy which reached 49.39 mg F−/g biochar. The existence of competitive anions in the solution had a negative influence on F− biosorption efficacy, where the impact followed the order of PO43− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− > HCO3−. The H-modified tea biochar proved to be a promising biosorbent for industrial wastewater treatment by achieving removal efficacy ranges of 80.89–93.31% and returning all violated F− concentrations to the allowable limit. Sustainable development can be greatly supported by using domestic tea wastes in the removal of F− due to the dual disposal of waste and contaminants at the same time. The tea wastes are eco-safe and cheap biosorbent material can be utilized as a precursor for an efficacious tool for the elimination of F− from artificial solutions in addition to real wastewater.

The Relationship Between Sustainability Initiatives at Airports and Passenger Loyalty (An Analytical Study on Borg El Arab International Airport)

The Relationship Between Sustainability Initiatives at Airports and Passenger Loyalty (An Analytical Study on Borg El Arab International Airport)

Environmental impacts of industrial activities on floral coverage with special emphasis on detoxification enzyme activities in Cataglyphis savignyi as pollution biomarker

The present study investigates the environmental impact of industrial activities on floral coverage within the major industrial district of Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the detoxification enzymatic activity of Cataglyphis savignyi as a pollution biomarker. To achieve this objective, seasonal soil samples were collected from the studied sites to determine soil properties and heavy metal concentrations. Furthermore, a seasonal specimen of C. savignyi was collected to study the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Heavy metal contamination pollution indices were calculated, and fourteen plant species were identified at the investigated sites for four successive seasons from 2020 to 2021. The soil physicochemical parameters significantly varied in the industrial sites compared to the control site. The accumulation of heavy metal contamination in soil for investigated sites followed the order Ni > As > Pb > Hg. Calculated Cdeg and PLI for industrial 3 revealed a very high degree of contamination, attributed to increased industrial activity from the chemical and silicate factories that characterize this region. The current results highlight the inhibition of GST levels in C. savignyi at the industrial site compared to the control site. In contrast, AChE increases, which might be due to heavy metals enhancing acetylcholine activity at synapses. Consequently, the antioxidant enzymatic activities are useful as biomarkers for assessing and monitoring environmental contamination. In conclusion, this study underscores insects as potent biomarkers for heavy metal contamination, marking a significant advancement in environmental monitoring. These bioindicators offer crucial insights into the impacts of climate change and industrial pollution. The research reveals distinct plant diversity variations and higher heavy metal content in industrial sites, indicating pronounced contamination. Additionally, the study highlights altered enzyme activities in insects, emphasizing their utility as biomarkers for assessing environmental contamination. This work represents a substantial leap forward in comprehending the complex dynamics between contamination and ecological balance.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Achieving Airport Security at Tourist Destinations Case Study: Borg El Arab International Airport – Egypt

The Role of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Achieving Airport Security at Tourist Destinations Case Study: Borg El Arab International Airport – Egypt

Early energy assessment at the neighborhood level to promote greater energy efficiency. The case of Nabta Smart Town in Egypt

The potential for an early energy assessment to further improve neighborhood/precinct planning and promote greater energy efficiency is considerable, as confirmed by numerous studies around the world and corroborated by the authors’ experience. Egypt is certainly no exception and in recent years there is growing research evidence to this effect. However, more knowledge is needed on how to develop affordable and locally viable solutions that are integrated into the urban planning process from the outset. This article discusses the results of the “Energy Efficiency Feasibility Assessment of the Master Plan of Nabta Smart Town (NST)”, an “education town” under planning in New Borg el Arab City (NBC), close to Alexandria. The results show how an early energy assessment, carried out as early as the planning stage, which considers local regulations and specific conditions, can help achieve considerable energy efficiency in the future by identifying affordable, evidence-based, and locally feasible solutions that can be further optimized at the design stage. Therefore, the value of this study is not in proposing a new standard solution for everyone, but in showing through an application example how the potential of an early energy assessment at the neighborhood/precinct level can be realized in practice. The immediate benefit is in promoting greater energy efficiency through the design and optimization of renewable energies and passive solutions. This achievement can in turn be used to rethink the planning and decision-making process in the local context. The greatest impact is not only in the selected case study, but in its potential for replicability throughout the Global South.

Energy audit, techno-economic, and environmental assessment of integrating solar technologies for energy management in a university residential building: A case study

This study presents the results of an energy audit and management performed on a university residential building in Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. The building’s energy consumption, areas of energy wastage, and energy-saving opportunities were investigated, and the corresponding energy metrics were quantified accordingly. Firstly, an energy consumption is estimated based on the building's electricity bills, meter measurements, and survey. Then, the energy consumption is analyzed and evaluated. Subsequently, the feasibility of integrating solar technologies (i.e., photovoltaics and domestic water heating) into buildings is appraised from techno-economic and environmental perspectives. The study employs ASHRAE Level 1 and 2 guidelines for conducting energy audits. The results show that electricity consumption is highest in air conditioning units (which consume ∼62%), followed by socket loads (∼25%), and lastly, lights (∼13%). Detailed analysis of the energy-use characteristics of the building revealed the mismanagement of electricity. Through light retrofits such as replacing the incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs, adopting sensory lights, and delamping, the building would save 4,432.6 kWh annually. Additionally, changing the AC unit type from non-inverter to inverter type would save approximately 61,194 kWh/year, representing 22.96% energy savings, with a payback period of 8.6 years. Overall, the proposed energy conservation measures will mitigate 30.8 tons of CO2 per year. Furthermore, incorporating PV and SWH systems will lead to annual energy contributions of 79,820 kWh and 38,048 kWh, with payback periods of 3.77 years and 2.49 years, respectively. Notably, the solar technologies will altogether abate approximately 91.5 tons of CO2 and provide a carbon credit gain of $1,830 annually.

Assessment of standalone streetlighting energy storage systems based on hydrogen of hybrid PV/electrolyzer/fuel cell/ desalination and PV/batteries

Expanding the scope of renewable energy consumption is essential to achieve the aim of a sustainable and carbon neutrality society. Hydrogen could be considered the future form of the leading energy system for multipurpose applications. In the current study, the performance of a standalone streetlighting photovoltaic hydrogen storage system (PV/H2) via hybrid polymer electrolyte membrane/fuel cell/single effect desalination system (PV/PEM/FC/SED) is investigated and compared with the traditional (PV/Battery) system. A complete mathematical model of the two systems is constructed. A MATLAB/Simulink code is developed to simulate both systems under the actual climatic conditions of New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. The results indicate that the yearly load is 19,745 kWh, which can be fulfilled with 160 m2 of PV panels in the case of PV/H2 and 40 m2 for the PV/Battery system. In addition, the overall system efficiency is 8.5 % and 17.8 % for the hydrogen and battery system, respectively. Although the battery system is more efficient than the hydrogen system, the latter is more economical. The Levelized cost of electricity for the PV/H2 is 1.06 $/kWh with a payback period of 6.44 years compared with 2.8 $/kWh and 11.7 years for PV/Battery systems. Therefore, the hydrogen system is recommended for supplying electricity demand. The system reduces CO2 emissions by up to 25.6 Tons per year with up to 1024$ annual gain.

Groundwater Investigation Using Electrical Resistivity Method at New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt

New Borg El-Arab is a city located on the northwestern coast of Egypt, where the increasing anthropogenic activities have led to an increase in water demand. Groundwater is the main source of water in this area, but it is seriously affected by the Mediterranean saltwater intrusion. This causes a substantial impact on the water quality of the coastal aquifer. In this study, the electrical resistivity method was applied to delineate the shallow groundwater aquifer and its quality. Twenty vertical electrical soundings (VES) distributed along 6 profiles were measured. To observe the seasonal groundwater variations, 14 VES points were measured at the end of the rainy season, while the measurements of 6 VES points were repeated at the end of the dry season. The results revealed 4 geoelectrical layers; the first layer is a surface dry zone with variable resistivity values, followed by a water-bearing layer; while the third is a limestone layer, followed by a clay deposits zone. In comparison to the winter season, the water-bearing layer records lower resistivity values at the end of summer. Optimal locations to drill new groundwater wells have also been determined with a depth varying from 1.8 m north to about 30 m south.

Energy audit and management of an industrial site based on energy efficiency, economic, and environmental analysis

This study presents an energy audit and management for an industrial site in Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. Notably, the investigated industrial site falls in the category of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are characterized by a high share of final energy use and possess a significant untapped energy-efficiency potential. In this work, potential sources of energy wastage in the facility have been investigated following a unique energy audit and analysis road map. Furthermore, tailored energy efficiency recommendations and effective energy management practices have been proffered for the various industrial equipment available for the first time. Besides, the proposed action plans are economically evaluated using the payback method and their environmental benefits are assessed accordingly. The results show that a proposed expansion of the PV system would produce 676.62 MWh/year and satisfy about 50.95 % of the factory’s annual electricity consumption. The renewable energy system presents an investment cost of $124,115 with an attractive payback period of about 3 years alongside curbing 293 tons of CO2 emissions annually. In addition, the installation of variable speed drives in the motor systems would save about 48.477 MWh/year with a payback period of 1.73 years and mitigate about 21 t of CO2 annually. Nevertheless, thermal insulation of the mold assembly using thermal boards and incorporating an air gap in the mold assembly design results in energy savings of about 319 MWh per year. The energy management of fans, compressors, and lights demonstrates annual energy savings of 121.461 MWh, 14.88 MWh, and 32.154 MWh, respectively. Notwithstanding, replacing fossil fuel-based forklifts with electric forklifts leads to an investment cost of $32,220 with an associated payback period of 5.74 years. Noteworthy, the energy audit and management herein present energy savings and CO2 emissions mitigations of 535.971 MWh and 232 t annually, respectively. Evidently, the energy audit and management performed will act as a guide for relevant decision-makers towards energy efficiency improvements, consequently achieving economic savings and limiting the carbon footprint.

Diseases problems in cluttered sea bass Dicentrarchus Labrax reared in cages from Fingerlings until marketing size in Mariout Valley at King Mariout in Alexandria province

This study aimed to determine and identify the common bacterial infection in different stages of cultured sea bass during the different season. In addition Eexperimentally infected the sea bass with the Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahemolyticus. The aquarium trial was carried out with European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in private fish farm at Borg El-Arab, Alexandria governorate Egypt. At total 50 of seabass was used during the study. The study lasted 10 weeks, starting with 50 ± 5 gram /fish. Prior to the start of the trial, the fish were fed with a commercial diet (45 percent CP, crude protein). Water quality parameters were monitored during fish acclimatization and throughout the trial. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen remained within acceptable ranges for marine production during the trial. Our study concluded that, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahemolyticus causes a great losses in cluttered sea bass Dicentrarchus Labrax reared in cages The presence of histopathological lesions in the internal organs clearly explained the septicemic nature of Vibrio infection. Altogether, the full confirmation of Vibrio infection ought to incorporate, examination of fishes for the visible clinical signs, postmortem examination, isolation of the causative agent using specific media and biochemical tests, and histopathological examination of the internal organs as a proof of septicemic nature of the Vibrio infection. The sensitivity test revealed sensitive to ciprofloxacin (Cipro 5μg), novobiocine (NV 30 μg), intermediate sensitivity was found to Oxytetracycline (OT 30 μg) while, the resistance was observed to amoxicillin (Aml 10 μg) and colisitine sulphate (CT 10 μg)

Streptococcosis in Sea Bream Sparus auratus with Special Reference to its Control by A Medicinal Plant

Isolation and identification of S. agalactiae from cultured sea bream by different microbiological methods, mortality rate, clinical signs, and postmortem lesions in sea bream in naturally and experimentally inoculated with a field sample of S. agalactiae. The aquarium trial was carried out with sea bream (Sparus auratus) in private fish farm at Borg El-Arab, Alexandria governorate Egypt. At total 50 of sea bream (Sparus auratus) was used during the study. The study lasted 10 weeks, starting with 50 ± 5 gram /fish. Prior to the start of the trial, the fish were fed with a commercial diet (45 percent CP, crude protein). Water quality parameters were monitored during fish acclimatization and throughout the trial. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen remained within acceptable ranges for marine production during the trial. Our results concluded that, Streptococcus spp. (specifically S. agalactiae) is very pathogenic as they can affect sea bream which become a perfect host for Streptococcus infection. In addition, water quality parameter plays an important role in sea bream farming. In more specific, an optimum water quality parameter should be maintained to prevent “stress’’ in fish that can lead to outbreaks of disease. It can be concluded that the medicinal plant can help in prevention and control of bacterial infection in cultured fish, and because of their high resistance, to most antibiotics utilization in the prophylaxis or treatment of S. agalactiae infection should be avoided. The farmers must be used such approach to applied in the protocol of prevention of such infection in stead of chemotherapy.

Air transportation between climate change and carbon emissions (Case study: Borg El Arab airport, Egypt)

Air transportation between climate change and carbon emissions (Case study: Borg El Arab airport, Egypt)

MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF TRICHODERMA ISOLATES FROM EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE WASTES-RICH SOIL

Twenty isolates of Trichoderma were recovered from lignocellulosic agriculture wastes-rich soil collected from different Egyptian cities (Sadat, Tala, Abo Hamad, Belbeis, Zagazig, Mansoura, Belqas, Kafer-Elshikh, Bella, Tanta, Borg El Arab, Banha, Kafr Shoker, Qalyoub, Shebien Elqanater, Damanhur, Abu al-Matamir, Damietta, Kafr al-Battikh, and Kafr Saad). The Trichoderma isolates were first identified morphologically using conidiophore branching type and conidium morphology. Furthermore, molecular identification based on the ITS (internal transcribed spacers) barcode differentiated between Trichoderma isolates having 98.6% to 100% identity with two Trichoderma species: T. asperellum and T. longibrachiatum. Qualitative and quantitative tests were used for screening the cellulolytic activity of these isolates. The isolates were screened for cellulase production based on the clearing zone diameters and calorimetrically tested on minimal media supplemented with sugar cane bagasse and rice straw as sole carbon sources. The isolates TM41 (T. longibrachiatum) and TM35 (T. asperellum) exhibited the highest diameters of clear zones and showed higher Fpase and CMCase activities. Moreover, the isolate TM18 of T. asperellum displayed the highest diameters of clear zones and showed higher Fpase and Xylanase activities.

PVA/CMC/Attapulgite Clay Composite Hydrogel Membranes for Biomedical Applications: Factors Affecting Hydrogel Membranes Crosslinking and Bio-evaluation Tests

Herein, polyvinyl alcohol-carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA-CMC) composite hydrogel membranes were prepared using solution-casting method, where citric acid (CA) was added as crosslinker in different ratios of (7, 10 and12 wt%). Attapulgite clay extracted from Northwestern Desert of Borg El-Arab, Egypt; was incorporated as nanofiller (1, 2, 4, and 5 wt%) into membranes for improving their mechanical/ thermal stability. Results revealed that, physicochemical properties of membranes e.g. swelling%, tensile strength and morphology of membranes affected significantly by different clay concentrations and citric acid crosslinker. Also, attapulgite clay with concentration 1 (wt%) enhanced mechanical strength of composite membranes, compared to other clay concentrations. Furthermore, protein adsorption %, hydrolytic degradation, hemolysis (%) and antimicrobial activity significantly affected by clay contents and CA concentrations. Four bacterial pathogens e.g. Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus were used for testing antimicrobial activity of prepared membranes. Results referred to increasing of clay contents led to a high hemolysis %; however, increasing CA concentration significantly reduced hemolysis %. Meanwhile, membranes with low clay contents offered the most effective resistance against tested microbes. These findings are referring to the ability of using PVA-CMC-attapulgite composite membranes crosslinked by CA as good candidate of biomaterials for dermal wound dressings.

The role of six sigma implementation in the Egyptian travel and tourism industry. case study: Borg El Arab Airport in Alexandria, Egypt

The role of six sigma implementation in the Egyptian travel and tourism industry. case study: Borg El Arab Airport in Alexandria, Egypt

Towards Resilience: Energy Efficiency in Urban Communities - Case study of New Borg El Arab City in Alexandria, Egypt

Energy demands is one of the most important challenges for the future of urban communities and its built environment. Hence, the resilience of energy in urban communities is one of the effective concepts used to face the energy crisis fact due to the intensive consumption of energy. In this context, the paper is concerned with reviewing the previous literature for urban energy. resilience principles and energy-built environment frameworks by specialized international organizations and also studying the experiences of two top ranked international resilient cities. This paper proposes an energy resilient built environment conceptual framework in order to better recognize and examine the complicated problems of resilient and energy efficient urban communities. An analytical approach was applied for the current situation of New Borg El Arab City in Alexandria, Egypt using the proposed framework for measuring the resiliency level in the built environment, then applying an AHP method for determining the priorities of its built environment components, which need to be developed in order to achieve a resilient city. Thus, the overall goal is to provide a model to city planners and decision-makers that could enable them to plan for adaptable urban communities to be more resilient towards energy vulnerability.