Borderline Situation Research Articles

End-of-life decision-making

The article begins with areflection on the intertwined nature of life and death; this reflection should also serve to sensitize us to the proactive and reactive expressions of aperson's life at the end of life. It will be shown that attachment to life can also manifest itself in the case of depression, fear and exhaustion: One must not lose sight of their potential existence. The existing commitment to life allows us to better understand why the remaining time of life may be perceived as something precious; this may be in contrast to statements made in the living will. Adistinction is made between subjectively, objectively and socially defined criteria for agood life in the borderline situation of aserious illness leading to death; their comparison is central to the end-of-life decision-making process. In addition to physical and neurocognitive illnesses, suicidality is at the centre of the article.

New Biomarkers to Define a Biological Borderline Situation for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Results of an Ancillary Study of the PANACHE01-PRODIGE48 Trial.

To investigate in patients treated for a resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA)], the prognostic value of baseline carbohydrate antigen 19.9 (CA19-9) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) for overall survival (OS), to improve death risk stratification, based on a planned ancillary study from PANACHE01-PRODIGE 48 trial. Biological borderline situation that was first used by the MD Anderson, became a standard practice following the international consensus conference in 2016 to manage PA. Regarding the risk of systemic disease, especially in the setting of "markedly elevated" CA19-9, neoadjuvant therapy is advised to avoid unnecessary surgery, with a risk of early recurrence. To best define biological borderline situations, new biomarkers are needed. Characteristics at diagnosis and OS were compared between patients with or without ctDNA status available. OS was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with a log-rank test. The restricted cubic spline approach was used to identify the optimal threshold for biological parameters for death risk stratification. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were estimated to assess the association of ctDNA status and other parameters with OS. Among the 132 patients from the primary population for analysis in the PANACHE01 -PRODIGE 48 trial, 92(71%) were available for ctDNA status at diagnosis. No selection bias was identified between patients with or without ctDNA status. Fourteen patients (15%) were ctDNA+ and exhibited a higher risk for death [ P = 0.0188; hazard ratio (95% CI): 2.28 (1.12-4.63)]. In the 92 patients with ctDNA status available among the other parameters analyzed, only CA19-9 was statically associated with OS in univariate analysis. Patients with a log of CA19-9 equal or superior to 4.4 that corresponds to a CA19-9 of 80 UI/mL were identified at higher risk for death [ P = 0.0143; hazard ratio (95% CI): 2.2 (1.15-4.19)]. In multivariate analysis, CA19-19 remained independently associated with OS ( P = 0.0323). When combining the 2 biomarkers, the median OS was 19.4 [IC 95%: 3.8-not reached (NR)] months, 30.2 (IC 95%: 17.1-NR) months and NR (IC 95%: 39.3-NR) for "CA19-9 high and ctDNA+ group," "CA19-9 high or ctDNA+ group," and "CA19-9 low and ctDNA- group," respectively (log-rank P = 0.0069). Progress in the management of potentially operable PA remains limited, relying solely on strategies to optimize the sequence of complete treatment, based on modern multidrug chemotherapy (FOLFIRINOX, GemNabPaclitaxel) and surgical resection. The identification of risk criteria, such as the existence of systemic disease, is an important issue, currently referred to as "biological borderline disease." Few data, particularly from prospective studies, allow us to identify biomarkers other than CA19-9. Combining ctDNA with CA19-9 could be of interest to best define biological borderline situations in PA.

ACTUALIZATION OF THE SHADOW ARCHETYPE IN A WAR SITUATION (FROM PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION TO THE PRACTICE OF SOCIAL WORK)

A borderline situation, causing a person to realize the proximity of his death, actualizes the always potentially present threat of his own death. Currently, such a total borderline situation for the Ukrainian people is the war, the consequences of which are a huge number of personal and social problems that need to be solved. Awareness of their essence, in my opinion, is facilitated by a thorough acquaintance with the teaching of K. G. Jung about the archetypes of the collective unconscious. After all, the war situation into which Ukraine was plunged by the aggressive policy of the russian federation, being in its essence a destructive and dark force, is currently liberating, in other words, activating the archetype of the Shadow, the manifestations of which, on the one hand, deny the ontological perspectives of humanity in general, and on the other, cause spread of violent acts in the family, community, society, in particular. In view of the stated and outlined purpose of this study, which consists in elucidating the essence and manifestations of the archetype of the collective unconscious Shadow, the realization of which was caused by the border situation of the war. Achieving the set goal will contribute, on the one hand, to the expansion of the epistemological boundaries of consciousness, aimed, in particular, at elucidating the components of the unconscious, and on the other hand, to the application of psychoanalytical knowledge by social work specialists called to minimize the consequences of boundary situations for the individual/family in community (for example, it is about the implementation of measures to prevent violence in the family, etc.). During the study, the following important points were highlighted. First, the war caused the release of the dark forces of the self-personality of Ukrainians, the realization of which covers two opposite directions: 1) negative, carried out through projections as resistance to moral control (violence in the family); 2) positive due to the conscious use of dark aspects of the self (combat actions of Ukrainian soldiers). Secondly, the urgent problem of displacing the dark forces of the self-personality of Ukrainians actualized by the border situation of the war in conditions of peace is realized. Thirdly, the war, affecting the consciousness and self-awareness of Ukrainians, at the end predicts the possibility of a conscious return from Darkness to Light.

Gold in Chalcogenide Square Planar Complexes is Electron Richer than is Commonly Considered: Other Cases of Inverted Ligand Field

Electron distribution and bonding in extended structures based on square planar gold complexes, traditionally classified as gold (III), have been addressed through solid‐state DFT calculations. The band structure analysis, taken as a diagnostic tool, highlighted that, when the metal is associated with chalcogen atoms, the gold centers are more electron rich than the classic accepted description. This is in agreement with the Inverted Ligand Field (ILF) theory that predicts a metal center d10 configuration with two electrons vacancy on the orbital combinations of the ligands for sulfur, selenium and tellurium cases. A covalent bond is featured in oxygen compounds, a borderline situation between the ILF and the classical Ligand Field description. In conclusion, the gold atom in chalcogenide square planar complexes should be considered electron richer than commonly thought applying the traditional rules for calculating the oxidation state.

SEMANTICS OF SILENCE IN POETICS OF O. F. BERGHOLZ

The phenomenon of silence in the creative heritage of O. F. Bergholz has not been studied to date. The category of silence is considered in the article as a nonverbal communicative act, a nonverbal form of spiritual experience and a behavioral strategy. In the center of attention is the poem “Except” (“Reached mute despair…”), written by Bergholz after a trip to the construction site of the Volga-Don Canal. The text mentions the icon of the Savior “Good Silence,” thanks to which the category of silence acquires axiological characteristics: forced silence is a strategic means and is realized as salvation from lies (good silence). At the same time, the lexeme silence rhyming with despair in a socio-political context means that the cowardly silencing of the people’s suffering deserves censure. In the poem “Except” with an allusion to Tyutchev’s “Silentium!” and in direct reference to true knowledge (“He knew”), the limitations of the verbal capabilities of language are noted (“no consonance/what he saw cannot be conveyed”). In the poem “February Diary,” silence is actualized as “the identity of speaker, the listener and the topic,” the expressiveness of silence as highest point of communication is emphasized, its conventionality is noted. In the poem “No, not from our meager books…,” the semantics of silence goes back to the author’s religious memory: in the final scene, the chain of generations closes in Christian silence/reconciliation. Silence as a special communicative behavior acquires a ritual character in a number of other texts: the heroine’s meeting with her father in the story “Day Stars” (chapter “The Secret of the Earth”) is saturated with silentium vocabulary; the call to silence on the eve of mortal battles in the poem “The hand pulls to the heart of the Motherland…” determines the normative behavior of a person in a borderline situation. Silence as conscious and effective resistance to the actions of the authorities (an act of disagreement) is manifested in the diary discourse of the poetess and the late cycle “Anna Akhmatova.” An extensive semantic palette of silence is revealed on the basis of Bergholz’s poetic, prose and diary texts.

Рождение апокалиптического смысла из духа коммуникации: предпосылки формирования эсхатологического сознания в спиритуалистическом движении

Two ideas haunt the eschatological consciousness of modernity: antifinalism, signifying the infinity of spiritual evolution of man and the cosmos; anthropological agency, postulating the important role of man in the development of the eschatological process. The article focuses on the modern spiritualist movement, whose participants anticipated the imminent beginning of a new stage of human evolution. The study suggests that the genesis of the eschatological consciousness of the movement’s participants was conditioned by the specifics of their communication with the spiritual world. Firstly, the condition for the genesis of eschatological consciousness was the loss of a significant person and the psychological experience of nostalgia. Thus, the eschatological verificationism of spiritualists is defined as the projection of their traumatic experience onto the world around them. Secondly, automatic writing practice played a crucial role in the emergence of eschatological consciousness, it determined the spiritualists’ treatment of the medium as a special anthropological type. Thirdly, the features of the séance that may have shaped eschatological consciousness are revealed, while the movement itself is categorized as a millenial cult. The spiritualist interpretation of spiritual communication as an act of transcending “earthly” language into the realm of the “language of thought” is eschatological, because it affirms un unambiguous vision of reality, which is unmediated by any “natural” symbolic system. The borderline situation of eschatological expectation was the key reason for the formation of eschatological consciousness.

The presentation of the concept of existential despair in Lermontov's poem “Demon”

The author of the article believes that the main character in Mikhail Lermontov's poem “Demon” strives to become a part of earthly life, but he understands the objective impossibility of realizing this desire. The contradiction generated by this realization turns into tragic despair, which the founder of existentialism, Soren Kierkegaard, defined as “a disease to death”. As if extrapolating the thought of the founder of existentialism, Lermontov gives the immanence of despair to the main character of his famous poem. The demon wants to reunite with both earth and heaven, hoping to be reborn through love. However, the determinism of his demonic essence prevents the main character of the poem from realizing this aspiration. The rebellious spirit of the Demon, which cannot belong to any of the worlds, reflects the Russian intelligentsia of that period in general and Lermontov himself in particular. However, in this identification, the Demon's rebellion is much closer to the poet's own rebellion, given Lermontov's criticism of his contemporaries, whom the Russian classic describes as prisoners desperate in the face of power in his famous poem “Thought”. The author of the article argues that in identifying the Demon with Lermontov, the rejection of God and the Divine world order comes to the fore. That is why Lermontov's characters are sometimes considered as harbingers of Nietzscheanism. The Demon, paradoxically, begins his path of striving for good from evil, killing Tamara's fiancé. Thus, it is in the poem “Demon” that the existential and psychological foundations of the criminal behavior of artistic characters in borderline situations are laid. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that it is impossible for the Demon to make an existential choice, he is doomed to forever arrive in the borderline situation described in Karl Jaspers' existential theories, without the possibility of its resolution, which results in an irresistible despair, from which even the path of faith proposed by Kierkegaard cannot be saved.

LITERARY REPRESENTATION OF THE MEMORY OF WAR IN THE SHORT PROSE BY OLES HONCHAR

The paper examines the specifics of the literary expression of war memories in small epic forms by O. Honchar. The literary representation of the wartime past determines the actualization of autobiographical factors and deepens the psychologization of the image. It also shapes the peculiarities of the time-space and narrative organization of the works.
 Referring to the past causes modifications of the chronotope: the war is integrated into the present of the author and his interlocutors. It appears through the prism of the perception of participants and eyewitnesses, seemingly relived here and now. The representation of the past in new temporal coordinates determines its understanding from the distance of time and reinterpretation of the experience on the worldview and philosophical plane. The traumatic impact of war in the stories of O. Honchar is most often revealed through moral and ethical issues, such as the behavior and choice of a person in a borderline situation. Therefore, in the space of memories of the war, which are always alive and relevant for the author and his heroes, the theme “man and war” plays a key role. The problem of preserving moral and ethical values in the extreme conditions of war (“From Those Nights,” “March Mud,” “Always Soldiers”) is closely related to issues of individual self-realization, choice, and sacrifice (“Ode to the House in the Snow,” “Woman in Gray,” “Bondarivna”). In the stories by O. Honchar, the memory of the war is represented in various forms of the heroes’ reminiscences of their experiences, embodied in specific, generalized images (breadcrumbs, March mud, place of arms).
 The individual and collective memories of the war take shape as heroes verbalize their wartime past. This process helps them to overcome the trauma. As the heroes-narrators of Honchar’s stories return through memories to the space-time of the war, they relive the traumas of the past, consciously or subconsciously attempting to release and, consequently, overcome them.

Bioetika i geopolitika - rat u Ukrajini kao povod

The article mainly relies on original scientific papers, and reviews of a large number of bioethical works published from the end of the last century to the present day, but it primarily leans on the reviews, critical reflections and comments of the renowned Croatian philosopher Rade Kalanj. He rightfully warned some thirty years ago that biological and genetic research had reached a level ("a borderline situation"/Jaspers) where the question of the relationship between science and ethics is raised anew, but now in a much sharper and more radical form. Today, in light of the war in Ukraine, we would add: the relationship between bioethics and geopolitics. One of the severe consequences of the tragic events in Ukraine is the danger of exacerbating the already significant global hunger, in which, ultimately, it becomes less important whether food is natural/organic or GMO, but rather whether there is any food at all, primarily the grains. Or, on the contrary, there is an abundance of food, but only for those who have money to buy it, and their numbers are decreasing, so it remains to give them food. But in that case, the profits of global capitalism would be missing, which would certainly be unacceptable for the world's transnational elites and practically endanger the foundations of capitalism, marking the end of the global capitalist system/order. So, a major humanitarian catastrophe is looming, supplemented by millions of refugees, not only from Ukraine but also from around the world. This situation will be exacerbated by poor economic consequences, primarily for the EU and then for the whole world, all of which includes the UN and its specialised agencies, primarily UNHCR and UNESCO, in solving serious international problems, which certainly includes the issue of (un)acceptability of bioethical axioms for all civilisations and cultures. Among other things, the question arises as to who will be responsible/blamed for the global humanitarian catastrophe regarding the war in Ukraine: whether, as before, only Russia, or whether the list of accused will be expanded to include "Third World" countries, primarily China and Iran? Ahead of us lies a spectrum of bioethical questions, moral dilemmas, and temptations, especially when the existence of experimental biomedical laboratories on the territory of western Ukraine is revealed, reminiscent of the horrors of Nazi biomedical experiments in World War II.

J.BAUDRILLARD ABOUT THE PHENOMENON OF CHAOS: TO THE QUESTION OF THE SPECIFICS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORK

The modern realities of life in Ukraine, plunged into war by the Russian Federation, as well as those countries that are in a state of ontological threat, with new force actualize the problem unfolding in the social plane (we are talking about the antinomy of “chaos – stability”). In other words, modern social cataclysms – COVID-19 and war – have disrupted the stability of everyday life. The presence of the threat of nuclear escalation of the international conflict expands the metaphysical horizons of thanatological and suicidal problems, the aggravation of which can destroy the established order of the civilized world, which has found itself in a borderline situation. In view of the above, the purpose of this study is to clarify the essence of the phenomenon of chaos and social processes derived from it – the end, catastrophe, according to the philosophical views of the French thinker J.Baudrillard. Achieving the specified goal will contribute to the development of modern methods and technologies of social work in the community to minimize/overcome difficult life circumstances determined by the war situation. J.Baudrillard was deeply convinced that chaos is not completely opposed to rationality. The thinker believed that the dominance of rationality over reality is limited, because in reality it is not the subject who dominates the objective world, but the competition between the subject and the object. This study is focused on the actual existential problem of a person being in a borderline situation of chaos, determined by the reality of a thanatological situation, which enables the perspective of an ontological threat of a planetary scale, the origins of which are contained in the obsessive idea of total control, the realization of which leads to the disappearance of the social and the replacement of reality with an illusion, including even the illusion of security as a fundamental basis of the rescue economy, which is clearly observed in the ideology of the russian federation, which is based on the consumption of disaster in everyday life. The social work specialist’s awareness that chaos is not the end of everything (it is better to define this phenomenon as the end of the old order transformed into disorder, an example of which can be anomie), but the beginning of a new order, will directly contribute to the achievement of effective results in his professional activities in the community, in particular, in the direction of minimizing/overcoming the consequences of anomie as a type of chaos.

The Existential Illusory Nature of Arbenin's Image as a Condemnation of the Ideological Perversion of the Ideals of Romantic Culture in M. Lermontov's drama "Masquerade"

In the article, through the prism of the existential philosophy of S. Kierkegaard, K. Jaspers, G.-G. Gadamer and J.-P. Sartre, as well as the theory of ideology of K. Manheim, the personality of the main character of M. Y. Lermontov's drama "Masquerade" – Arbenin is analyzed. The author of the article claims that Arbenin is in a state of existential despair and finds himself in a borderline situation. At the same time, in the drama "Masquerade", the ideals of Romanticism are reduced to a post-Romantic ideology. Lermontov does this intentionally in order to condemn the ideological perversion of the ideals of romantic culture. The drama also focuses on the general cultural border situation: how to protect yourself from the temptations of ideology at a time when existing ideals and values are disappearing. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that in "Masquerade" Lermontov praises the romantic ideals of rebellious spirit and will, transcendent love and insight, even when he shows the dangers of turning these ideals into ideology. But "Masquerade" is not a romantic drama. This is a drama about romanticism, that is, about how the ideals of romantic culture can be perverted into an ideology that deceives and destroys people, destroying their unique existence, instead of elevating them. "Masquerade" is a variant of Lermontov's reaction to the difficulties that arose in his post–romantic, transitional time. Conveying his admiration for the ideals of romantic culture, Lermontov embodies one of the types of reaction to the realization of the decline of these ideals – the stereotypical reduction of the romantic worldview and values to a set of ideological concepts. But by portraying Arbenin, Lermontov hints at the possibility of recognizing that the worldview and values of Romanticism are losing their authority and integrity and that turning them into an ideology does not compensate for this loss. We need to find a new worldview, new values, new ideals.

The Reverberations of War: Ukrainian and Polish Academics Write a Collective Autoethnography of Experiencing War in Ukraine

The article presents a form of collective autoethnography generated by members of an informal group of academics called The Autonomous Autoethnographic Collective. The leading idea we relate to is “reverberations” of multidimensional experiences of war in Ukraine that started on February 24, 2022. The aim of the text is to show the multiple perceptual views experienced by people situated in a borderline situation. Uncertainty of tomorrow, prolonged fear for one’s own life and that of his or her loved ones, and an attempt to survive in an environment exposed to a “constant fire” are aspects of both wartime feelings and—indicated by them—reflexive thinking. Adopting a dual perspective of the immersion in experience as lived and then analyzing it in the process of collectively shared knowledge is treated as method of inquiry. Life in the shadow of war leads to a variant of autoethnography that is subject to the principle of “reversed order,” and as such it manifests itself in the creation of “dispersed” composition. Based on the dialogic tradition (Bakhtin’s polyphonic voices), “reverberations” of war are expressed in an experimental mode of editing, which is intended not only to strengthen the message, but also to remain as close as possible to the source nature of the presented experiences—Discontinuities, imbalances, and disturbances of time and space are its visible signs.

Przestrzenie życia i śmierci. O Pismach czasu wojny (1939–1942) Janusza Korczaka

The article presents volume 15 of Janusz Korczak’s collected works entitled Wartime Writings (1939–1942) (published in 2021). This collection volume is a unique historical publication containing 86 texts written by the famous educator and writer during his stay in a ‘closed district’, also referred to as ‘death territory’ of the Warsaw Ghetto. The book is a dramatic testimony of Korczak’s heroic and determined struggle for the right of a child to live, even in a borderline situation. It is also a memoir of Korczak’s own search for answers to the question about the meaning of the human world during the Holocaust.

VALERII SHEVCHUK’S STORY “CONFESSION” THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF EXISTENTIALISM

The paper analyzes V. Shevchuk’s story “Confession”, in particular tracing the peculiarities of literary representation of ideas and motives of existentialism on the substantive and figurative levels. The focus is on the relationship between the philosophical, mythological, Christian, and neo-baroque plot/content and idea/image contexts of the work. The image of a werewolf in the creative interpretation of V. Shevchuk combined demonological and philosophical content, embodied the idea of the mystery and ambivalence of human nature, the tragedy of existence in the world, and also became an original illustration of the path from absurd existence to a true one. The existential context of the story is highlighted by the analysis of the feelings and states experienced by the heroes: despair, longing, metaphysical horror, alienation, etc. The way taken by both heroes runs through suffering, self-discovery, remorse, and redemption. It is their way to themselves and a way out of the one-dimensional plane of absurd existence, a process of creating the meaning of their own existence. An important stage on this path is the choice, which acquires the significance of a special borderline situation, in which the theme of the tragedy of human existence is actualized and the essence of man, the strength and weakness of his spirit, the desire for freedom are being most fully revealed. The original plot, compositional, narrative, and figurative structure of the story contributes to the unfolding of different time layers, furthers in-depth reflection of the inner world of the heroes and their moods, which create the context for the themes of human knowledge of oneself, the others, the world, and the truth. The historical, mythological, and philosophical story “Confession” testifies to V. Shevchuk’s desire not only to know a person and the complex dialectics of a personal inner world but also to affirm the uniqueness and value of human existence; like in his other works, the writer tries to understand and therefore to justify a person.

Homo Barbaricus in the “Imaginary Frontier” between Barbarity and Civilization

The article considers the peculiarities of the ethno-social model of human behavior in the historical context of transition from one state to another. Based on the Greek and Roman and early medieval narrative tradition, the frontier is interpreted as a mental phenomenon, as a boundary of the exit from the state of barbarism. It is shown how homo barbaricus, being in a borderline situation, in frontier conditions, marks the limit of barbarism and the beginning of civilization. It is noted that the barbaric existence of man is in the state between paradoxical and contradictory. The article presents the dynamics of transformation of barbaric “frontier status” of Alarich and Stilicho in their struggle for recognition and claim to significance in the civilized Greek and Roman Mediterranean world.

Карл Ясперс и Поль Рикёр: работа памяти как работа самосознания

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the problem of memory in the philosophy of Karl Jaspers and Paul Ricœur. The author’s thesis is the existen­tial philosophy of Jaspers was of decisive importance for the formation of Ricœur’s memory discourse. The paper discusses the main dimensions of the problem of memory and guilt in Jaspers’ philosophy, its central concepts in con­nection with the theme of guilt and self-consciousness, the early works of Ricœur, which directly refer to the existential project of the German philo­sopher, while attention is paid to the communicative history of philosophy and the doctrine of truth. Based on the results of a comparative study, it is con­cluded that an important metaphor for Ricœur’s philosophy (as well as for Jaspers) is the metaphor of constant movement and path in communication, which turns into a discourse of memory as an emphasis on the need to under­standing work with the past, without which impossible the philosophical con­sciousness. Ricœur’s memory discourse studies focus on the dialectic of memory and self-consciousness in situations of guilt and forgiveness. It is noted that Ricœur problematizes guilt in relation to the past in an existential sense as a borderline situation. For him, this is the problem of a person’s treatment of himself, the constitution of his identity, his living as a person who can and wants something. The work of memory as the work of self-consciousness and the overcoming of guilt becomes the path to a moral society, as for Jaspers, it acts as the basis for communication and life in truth, communication of “care” for oneself and others.

The existential paradigm of F. Tyutchev's creativity in the context of philosophical and aesthetic research of the first half of the XIX century

The article examines the work of F. Tyutchev in the light of aesthetic phenomena of Russian literature of the XIX century. A comparison of the works of Tyutchev and lyubomudrov is made. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the generation of creators to which Tyutchev and Lyubomudry belonged has developed a kind of type of Russian philosophy, whose specificity consists in the fact that it is expressed through art, and primarily through literature. Tyutchev's poetry reveals a number of unique existential-philosophical concepts: the prerequisites of the borderline situation described in the existential theories of K. Jaspers in the twentieth century, as well as analogies with reflections on the death of the founder of the religious trend of existentialism – S. Kierkegaard. The author of the article concludes that Russian philosophical thought tends to be expressed through the language of art, in particular, the language of poetry. Tyutchev and the Moscow idealists create a new type of hero – thinker. He is faced with such existential problems as the place of man in the universe, the meaning of human life, understanding of the psyche and human feelings. He asks questions about the higher powers that rule the world. He faces "damned problems" that will worry Russian writers of the second half of the XIX century. It was poetic thought that contributed to the development of such a great psychologism in the second half of the XIX century.

PSYCHOLOGISM OF THE «NEW DRAMA» OF H. IBSEN’S «A DOLL’S HOUSE» AND V. VYNNYCHENKO’S «THE LIE»: COMPARATIVE ASPECT

The paper deals with the psychic states of the main characters in H. Ibsen’s play «A Doll’s House» and V. Vynnychenko’s play «The Lie» as the key source of creating the psychologism in the «new drama». In these works, writers focus on emotions, which they gradually develop, in particular there is a flow of one emotion into another, leading to a main emotion that eventually begins to dominate, finding a response in the reader/spectator who receives aesthetic pleasure. This is achieved by building the internal conflict of moral and ethical nature, the experience of which leads to certain psychological states, the description of which originates psychologism, and their changes generate the drama. The author fully analyzes the dominant psychological states of Nora, a main character of «A Doll's House», such as irresponsibility and security, anxiety, fear, despair, numbness, and determination. The psychological states of Natalia Pavlivna, a main character of «The Lie», such as joy, indignation, despair, hopelessness, and doom, are examined in detail. The threat of exposing lies, which is the basis of family relations in both the family of Torvald («A Doll’s House») and the family of Andrii Karpovych («The Lie»), is becoming a moral and ethical problem and a borderline situation for both Nora and Natalia Pavlivna. For Ibsen’s heroine, exposing a lie led to self-esteem, then for Vynnychenko’s protagonist, keeping a secret was worth self-sacrifice. The transition from one state to another develops not only the plot line and conflict, but makes the reader feel empathy, which is the great goal for theatrical art. Interpretations of literary works from a psychological perspective open new horizons for literary studies, because immersion in the psychology of the character makes it possible to comprehend the truth in the work, which usually remains on the subtextual level.

Agresywne zachowania językowe w sytuacji granicznej

The subject of the analysis are aggressive linguistic behaviours constituting a part of the pandemic discourse. We are interested in verbal aggression in a borderline situation, for which we consider the COVID-19 disease as the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The research material comes from the discussion forums of the Czech internet portal Novinky.cz. It was collected in the period from July 2021 to August 2022. The researched comments are an example of so-called written conversation, because they reflect the nature of spontaneous communication, the texts are unprepared, created with the usage of the language of everyday communication (běžná mluva), colloquialisms, slangisms, the obecná čeština, with a clear presence of expressive vocabulary. The article discusses manifestations of verbal aggression in a lexical-pragmatic perspective, while verbal aggression is understood as any deliberate linguistic behavior that causes harm to another person, inflicts psychological discomfort, presents them in a bad light, depreciates, mocks or ridicules them. The analysis focuses on such aggressive linguistic behaviour as threats, curses, insults, ridicule, accusations.

O NADZIEI. Z DZIENNIKÓW PISARZY PIERWSZEJ FALI EMIGRACJI ROSYJSKIEJ

This paper analyzes the diaristic notes of two prominent representatives of the Russian diaspora in Paris, Ivan Bunin and Zinaida Gippius, in search of an answer to the question of what gave hope to them during World War II. An analysis of the diaries shows that hope became a value that allowed its authors to survive the spiritual crisis. In the subsequent periods of the war, the main source of hope for them was the process of writing and creativity, which they saw as a weapon in the fight against transience, the sense of meaninglessness and loneliness. Bunin and Gippius wanted to leave themselves in the word, believing it to be eternal. In a borderline situation, the act of writing became, for them, the main form of confirming the continuum of their self and sometimes the only form of creative expression.