Border Of China Research Articles

Nepal-India Relations: Exploring the Dichotomy between 'Big Brother' and 'Brotherhood'

The historical relationship between Nepal and India is deeply rooted in their geographic proximity and shared elements such as religion, culture, language, and socio-economic interests. While Nepal borders both China and India, its closeness with India is accentuated by these shared attributes and mutual opportunities. The two countries share an open border of around 1,780 kilometers along Nepal's eastern, western, and southern regions. Despite India's larger size, population, and more advanced economic development, Nepal maintains its sovereignty and equal status as an independent nation. However, India's role is often perceived as that of a "big brother" to Nepal, reflecting the disparity in size and influence. Nonetheless, all sovereign nations, regardless of their geographic or economic differences, are regarded as equals in status. In an era defined by globalization, scientific advancements, and technological progress, Nepal aspires to build a strong relationship with India based on mutual friendship and economic cooperation, particularly through foreign investment and the exchange of technology. While occasional tensions arise, usually from the Indian side, they have not escalated into major conflicts and are unlikely to do so. It is widely understood that while friendships may fluctuate, the bond between neighbors remains constant. This article examines the various aspects and dynamics of Nepal-India relations within this context.

Fostering Tourism Through Regional Culture in the Russian–Chinese Borderland: A Case Study of Zabaykalsky Krai and Northeast China

The article focuses on the cultural and civilisational potential of Russian eastern borders and China border regions. The issues raised in this article seem to be topical in the context of two circumstances: first, tourist contacts have undergone significant transformations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and second, the aggravating situation with the emergence of barriers to entry into the European tourism space makes China one of the most attractive regions for tourism development. The concept of ‘border’ appears as a unique sociocultural space where regional culture functioning is mediated by the influence of three cultural dimensions (national, local and foreign). In the era of digitalisation, online platforms act as a modern space for the concentration and accumulation of tourist content. Updating the work on online platforms can become one of the ways of solving the identified problems in the border tourism sector. The article gives a possible solution to the above issues based on the original model of ‘regional cultures dialogueness in the borderland’, its integration into the concept of tourism development in the border areas. The authors suggest recommendations on the vector of modern state policy regarding the development of tourism initiatives in the Russian–Chinese border area.

Entangled in Regional Geopolitics - Tibetans in the Special Frontier Force of India

The Special Frontier Force (S.F.F.) was raised by the Intelligence Bureau of India in the immediate aftermath of the Indo China war of 1962. Initially composed of Tibetan youths, it was known as the Establishment 22. Records indicate that it was raised by India in coordination with US intelligence Agency, the C.I.A. and with full endorsement of Washington. The force was trained by C.I.A., among other things to collect intelligence from across India’s China border with the help of electronic devices. The C.I.A. patronage was gradually withdrawn after 1964. In India, the force was commissioned to action in Chittagong Hill tracts in 1971, on the eve of Indo Pakistan War over Bangladesh issue. Later they took part in Operation Bluestar in Punjab and fought in the war of Kargil in 1999. Their activities and operations had so far been kept under total secret. Recently they were employed by the Government of India in the border faceoff with China in Ladakh in August 2020. The death of Nyima Tenzin of S.S.F. turned the spotlight on them and their sacrifice was highlighted. The importance of the S.F.F. in India’s security set up has to be understood in the context of the regional geopolitics and India’s Tibet policy. The force was raised in the era of Cold war when the C.I.A. was helping the Tibetan resistant warriors, the Chushi Gandruk, fighting from Mustang in Nepal. India, too was ready to help them even if covertly, to get back Tibet’s political status. Raising of the force gave not only a job opportunity to the Tibetan refugee youths but served their nationalist aspirations and suited India’s need of a trained mountain force post 1962 to combat China in the Himalayan region. But following the withdrawal of the C.I.A., Sino US rapprochement in the 1970s and the subsequent end of the Cold War, the priorities changed in the US and India’s policy towards China also went through several phases. The recent deterioration of relations with China has once again brought Tibetan issue to the limelight. India’s recognition of the S.F.F. actions in the war indicates how India, in order to put pressure on China is giving space to the Tibetan CTA (The Government in Exile, in India) and the Tibetans in S.F.F. The Tibetans have not been able to achieve independence but they are now being used in the political rivalry of the two regional powers.

Investigation of the 2011 Yingjiang, Yunnan, China Ms. 5.8 Earthquake Sequence: Seismic Migration, Seismogenic Mechanism, and Hazard Implication

On March 10, 2011, an Ms. 5.8 earthquake struck Yingjiang City, western Yunnan, China, causing destructive damage. Due to the very sparse distribution of seismic stations on the southwestern border of China, its seismogenic structure and mechanism remain controversial. In this study, with the aid of machine-learning-based detection and location workflow and template matching technique, we detect 10,356 events ranging from December 1, 2010, to April 30, 2011. The high-precision earthquake catalog shows that the foreshocks initiated in the extensional stepover connecting the northeast and middle segments of the Dayingjiang fault and then bilaterally extended northeast and southwest, with migration fronts that can be simulated by fluid diffusion model with diffusivities of 0.8 m2/s and 0.19 m2/s, respectively. The mainshock occurred at the southwest end of the foreshock sequence and then probably activated the northwest-trending blind fault. In addition, we determine the full moment tensor solutions for the mainshock, six large foreshocks, and one aftershock, with magnitudes ranging from 3.03 to 5.80, in which the mainshock was characterized by an obvious negative isotropic (ISO) component. The static Coulomb failure stress change caused by five Mw ≥ 4.0 foreshocks on the mainshock fault plane is ∼24 kPa, reaching the typical static triggering threshold. Therefore, we suggest that both the fluid diffusion and stress perturbation contribute to triggering the mainshock. This study advances our understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution, seismogenic mechanism, and hazard implication for the Yingjiang Ms. 5.8 earthquake and provides additional evidence of natural fluid-triggered seismicity in western Yunnan.

PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA WILAYAH BAGI KEDAULATAN TERITORIAL INDIA ATAS KLAIM SEPIHAK OLEH TIONGKOK

This research discusses the territorial dispute between China and India, which is caused by China's unilateral claim to territory that is considered part of India. This research uses the literature review method to understand why the Chinese government claims the territory and how the dispute can be resolved. It also discusses the difference between legal and political disputes, and how the China and India border dispute can be categorised as an ongoing territorial dispute over the sovereignty of two territories.

Does the Small-Scale Trade in Border Areas Contribute to Poverty Reduction?

With the vigorous development of strategies such as the "Belt and Road" Initiative, the Border Areas and Minorities Development Program, and the Western Development Program, China's border trade has flourished. Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China and the People's Government, China's poverty alleviation efforts have achieved remarkable results that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully eradicating the absolute poverty that has plagued the Chinese nation for many years. In this context, to investigate the impact of border trade on multidimensional poverty in border areas, this paper constructs a multidimensional poverty index from five dimensions: economy, healthcare, employment, education, and living conditions. A fixed-effects model is employed to empirically examine the impact of border trade on multidimensional poverty in border areas and its underlying mechanisms. The research findings are as follows: (1) Border trade significantly reduces the level of multidimensional poverty in border areas. This conclusion remains valid after conducting a series of robustness tests and using lagged variables as instrumental variables to address endogeneity issues. (2) Mechanism analysis reveals that border trade primarily improves multidimensional poverty through employment promotion effects, infrastructure effects, and fiscal expenditure effects. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the poverty reduction effect of border trade is more pronounced in areas with lower population densities, lower urbanization rates, and in the southwestern and northwestern regions. This paper provides a new perspective for building common prosperity in the new era and offers academic support and policy guidance for further promoting border trade and strengthening friendly regional exchanges.

Traditional medicinal knowledge of Sherpa people: Assessment in Xizang, China

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe people of the Pan-Himalayan region are among the most isolated and economically disadvantaged populations worldwide. The Sherpa people, located along the China and Nepal border, rely largely on the natural environment to access essential healthcare services. The region's ongoing economic and social developments threaten indigenous medicinal practices and biodiversity. However, there has been limited comprehensive investigation and documentation of traditional medicine and its associated knowledge in this region. Aim of the studyThe aims are to document the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Sherpa community, assess the conservation status of medicinal plants, and explore the historical factors that have influenced their traditional medicine practices. Material and methodsSemi-structured interviews with 78 Sherpa people were conducted in Chenthang Town, Xizang, China. Use reports (URs) was used to determine the most frequently mentioned medicinal plants or a specific ailment or disease category. The International Classification of Primary Care-2nd edition (ICPC-2) was used to transform the original records into an internationally unified classification. ResultsA total of 51 plant species, one fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H.Sung, J.M.Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora), two lichens (Flavopunctelia soredica (Nyl.) Hale and Parmotrema cetratum (Ach.) Hale), and four minerals were documented, resulting in 824 URs. Ranunculaceae had the most species (5 spp.). The most commonly used method for preparing medicinal substances was decoction (23 species, 40%). Oral application was the preferred route of administration for 81% (41 medicinal substances). Forty-four ailments across 14 ICPC-2 disease categories were documented. Respiratory (320 URs) and digestive (122 URs) categories are among the most common diseases. The top-five ailments were influenza (18 substances; URs = 227), injury blood/lymph/spleen other (11 substances; URs = 66), cough (10 substances; URs = 62), headache (7 substances; URs = 63), and abdominal pain/cramps general (6 substances; URs = 37). The most frequently reported medicinal substances were Panax pseudoginseng Wall. (URs = 128) and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D. Y. Hong (URs = 79). Two special therapies (hot spring therapy and dietary therapy) were described. In-depth ethnographic information on the livelihood and exchange history of Sherpa people were documented. A total of 25 species were sold, of which four species were listed as VU in the IUCN Red List (2023–1), six species were listed as VU, four species were NT, and one species was EN in the China Biodiversity Red list 2021. ConclusionThis study provides the first comprehensive documentation of the 58 traditional medicine substances and two special therapies (hot spring therapy and dietary therapy) used by the Sherpa people in Chenthang. Sherpa's medicinal knowledge has been shaped by historical interactions and contemporary trade practices. To better protect the biocultural diversity of the Himalayan region, priority should be given to the rapid assessment of medicinal plants, knowledge, and use status in this area.

Minorities in the Police Academy: Career Expectations of Female Police Cadets

This study investigates the career expectations of female police cadets within the specific framework of the Chinese police academy system. Focused on their self-perceptions, this research aims to fill a gap in the literature concerning the experiences of female cadets during their training phase. Employing a qualitative approach, the study conducted focus group discussions with 56 female police cadets from diverse specializations and geographic regions. The findings indicate that, despite being a minority within the police academy, female cadets generally respond positively to the training and management strategies. The study reveals a notable shift in identity, with female cadets prioritizing their “police” identity over gender considerations. Additionally, concerns about career placement, competition, and societal expectations emerged, influencing their outlooks on future employment. This research contributes valuable insights into the complex interplay of gender dynamics and career expectations within the police academy context. The methodology and findings offer a foundation for further exploration of gender-related issues in law enforcement education, with implications extending beyond the borders of China.

Modelling COVID-19 transmission dynamics in Laos under non-pharmaceutical interventions, vaccination, and replacement of SARS-CoV-2 variants

BackgroundUnderstanding how the COVID-19 pandemic evolved under control measures is crucial to tackle the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread. Laos, a country bordering China but with late occurrence and low burden of COVID-19 compared to its neighbouring countries, was used for a case study.MethodsA transmission model with disease reporting was proposed to investigate the impact of control measures on the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread in Laos from April 2021 to May 2022. It was assumed that the transmission rate changed with people’s behaviours, control measures and emerging variants; susceptibility decreased with vaccination and infection. Bayesian inference was used for model calibration to data of confirmed cases, deaths, and recoveries, and the deviance information criterion was used to select the best model variant.ResultsOur model including Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), behaviour change, vaccination, and changing variants well explained the three waves in Laos. The Alpha variant was estimated to have a basic reproduction number of 1.55 (95% CrI: 1.47–1.64) and was replaced by the Delta variant from September 2021 which was 1.88 (95% CrI: 1.77–2.01) times more transmissible; the Delta variant was replaced by Omicron variant from March 2022 which was 3.33 (95% CrI: 2.84–3.74) times more transmissible. The Delta variant was the most severe with a case fatality rate of 1.05% (95% CrI: 0.96–1.15%) while the Alpha variant and Omicron variant were much milder. The ascertainment rate was low and variable: first decreasing from 13.2 to 1.8% by 23 May 2021, and then increasing to 23.4% by 15 March 2022. Counterfactual simulations indicated that vaccination played strong roles in reducing infections even under the emergence of immune escape variants while behaviour change delayed but might not flatten the peak of outbreaks.ConclusionsThe three waves of Laos’ epidemics were due to the invasion of more transmissible and immune escape variants that affected the herd immunity built via vaccination and infection. Even with immunity waning and the escape of new variants, vaccination was still the major contributor to control COVID-19 and combining behaviour changes and vaccination would best suppress future outbreaks of COVID-19.

A new multivariate index for ecological security assessment in the China-Myanmar border region

The coordination of development efforts and ecological conservation in China's border regions is a significant challenge due to the overlap of biodiversity hotspots, ecologically fragile zones, and impoverished areas. Achieving the harmonious integration of ecological preservation and economic development relies on the fundamental assessment of ecological security (ES). However, comprehensive assessments of ES in border regions remain limited. This study introduces a new index, the multivariate ecological security index (MESI), which integrates ecosystem vigor, organization, elasticity, services and risk. Here, the MESI was utilized to assess the temporal and spatial changes in ES and its associated impact factors in the China-Myanmar border region (CMBR) from 2000 to 2020. The MESI provides a clear representation of the actual ES status in the CMBR, exhibiting a significant correlation with the eco-environmental quality index (EEQI; p < 0.01). The ES status exhibited notable spatial heterogeneity in the CMBR, consisting primarily of both relatively safe and safe levels, which accounted for approximately 85% of the total area. From 2000 to 2020, the CMBR experienced a gradual improvement in ES status, with the area experiencing an increase in the ES level accounting for 23.41% of the total area, which exceeded the proportion of the area experiencing a decrease in the ES level (4.71%). The combined impact of multiple factors exerted a greater influence on ES than did individual factors alone. Notably, human factors increasingly influenced the ES status during the study period. The results of this study provide valuable insights for ecological preservation and sustainable management in the CMBR, and the MESI can be extended to assess the ES of other regions.

High mortality in free-ranging wild boars associated with African swine fever virus in India.

The present study focuses on the pathological and molecular characterization of African swine fever virus (ASFV) associated with an outbreak in wild boars in two national parks in southern India in 2022-2023. Significant mortality was observed among free-ranging wild boars at Bandipur National Park, Karnataka, and Mudumalai National Park, Tamil Nadu. Extensive combing operations were undertaken in both national parks, spanning an area of around 100 km2, originating from the reported epicenter, to estimate the mortality rate. Recovered carcasses were pathologically examined, and ASFV isolates was genetically characterized. Our findings suggested spillover infection of ASFV from nearby domestic pigs, and the virus was equally pathogenic in wild boars and domestic pigs. ASFV intrusion was reported in the Northeastern region of the country, which borders China and Myanmar, whereas the current outbreak is very distantly located, in southern India. Molecular data will help in tracing the spread of the virus in the country.

Modern Technology in Rural Policing: Qualitative Analysis of Police Officers in Rural China☆

AbstractThis study delves into the utilization of modern technology in rural policing, offering insights from front‐line police officers operating in the Chinese context. As rural areas globally grapple with unique policing challenges, the significance of this research extends beyond the borders of China. Findings indicate that technology, particularly video surveillance and communication platforms such as WeChat, has enhanced the responsiveness and overall capabilities of rural policing. The study sheds light on the dual nature of this technological adoption, highlighting its positive impact on policing practices while unraveling challenges, such as burnout and sustainability concerns. Notably, the study reveals that despite financial constraints hindering equipment maintenance and technological development in rural police departments, collaborations with commercial entities provide a viable avenue to alleviate such constraints. The global resonance of these findings underscores the broader implications for rural policing practices worldwide, emphasizing the need for strategic technological interventions to address challenges and optimize policing effectiveness in rural areas.

Study on the Impact of Agricultural Supply Chain Finance on Poverty Reduction: An Empirical Analysis Based on Nine Provinces in China's Border Region

This paper employs panel data from nine provinces and regions in China's border areas from 2011 to 2021 to empirically test the impact of agricultural supply chain finance in China's border areas on poverty reduction. The intermediary mechanism test model is used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The findings of this research indicate that the development of agricultural supply chain finance has a significant effect on improving per capita disposable income in rural areas. There is, however, heterogeneity in the impact of this development across different border provinces and regions. The Southwest Border Region has the most pronounced effect in improving per capita disposable income in rural areas through agricultural supply chain finance. This research result provides strong theoretical support for the development of agricultural supply chain finance in China's border areas and also provides important reference basis for relevant policy formulation. As further research is conducted, it is anticipated that more results will emerge, which will facilitate the advancement of economic development and poverty reduction initiatives in China's border regions.

The Imagined Geography of Mount Everest

The Imagined Geography of Mount Everest

The Politics of Land and Belonging in North Pakistan

Pakistan’s mountainous north borders China. Deepening bilateral ties, together with increasing investments from within Pakistan, have amplified local anxiety over loss of control over resources. A complicated history left the area with multiple land tenure systems. Much of this region, today known as Gilgit-Baltistan, is disputed with India. Consequently, it has a constitutionally liminal status and its people do not enjoy equal citizenship rights. With the construction of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, a major part of the global Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese influence has been entangled in local histories and political economies.

Corridors, chokepoints and the contradictions of the Belt and Road Initiative

ABSTRACT In popular, scholarly, business and governmental conceptualisations, ‘corridors’ are identified as fundamental components of connectivity and central to the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). However, given how the BRI has challenged socio-spatial relations among participant states, elevating the corridor as the dominant mechanism framing the BRI is incomplete and misleading. Paradoxically, while some evidence on the ground supports the existence of functioning corridors, the BRI is equally characterised by chokepoints – processes that restrict the flow of goods, resources, services and information. Although BRI programmes are widely rendered as networks of connectivity via corridors, the analytics of chokepoints, and the frictions they generate, have not been critically applied to research on the BRI. Identifying and responding to the importance of this gap, we propose a ‘corridor-chokepoint dialectic’ to critically evaluate the operations of BRI development and apply this dialectical concept to multiple BRI-affiliated countries bordering China, including Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Nepal and Myanmar. Each of these countries play host to major corridors projected within widespread BRI agendas and lend both discursive and material support for ‘new Silk Road’ connectivity. However, contrary to state rhetoric and popular media depictions, an array of corridors in conjunction with chokepoints more accurately defines the operational realities and challenges of BRI progress across Asia.

Environmental surveillance reveals co-circulation of distinctive lineages of enteroviruses in southwest China's border cities, 2020-2022.

Enteroviruses are significant human pathogens associated with a range of mild to severe diseases. This study aims to understand the diversity and genetic characterization of enteroviruses circulated in southwest China's border cities by using environmental surveillance. A total of 96 sewage samples were collected in three border cities and a port located in Yunnan Province, China from July 2020 to June 2022. After cell culture and VP1 sequencing, a total of 590 enterovirus isolates were identified, belonging to 21 types. All PV strains were Sabin-like with≤6 nucleotide mutations in the VP1 coding region. Echovirus 6, echovirus 21 (a rare serotype in previous studies), and coxsackievirus B5 were the predominant serotypes, which accounted for 21.19%, 18.31%, and 13.39% of the total isolates, respectively. The prevalence of the common serotypes varied across different border cities and periods. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of multiple evolutionary lineages for E21, E6, and E30, some of which formed distinct branches. High diversity of enteroviruses and distinct lineages of predominant serotypes circulated in southwest China's border cities.

Beyond Double Identity, beyond Periphery: Chinese Ethnic Korean Poetry as Borderland Literature

Abstract In East Asia, Chinese ethnic Korean literature has drawn scholarly attention from Chinese, South Korean, and Japanese scholars. They mostly situate the literature within a “double identity” (ijung chŏngch’esŏng 이중정체성) that is both Korean and Chinese and examine how the literature sheds light on the relations and tensions between the two sides of the identity. This article explores the critical potential of the literature beyond the limits of a double identity and within a borderland milieu. The Yanbian Ethnic Korean Autonomous Prefecture is located along the northeast border of China and is adjacent to the Korean Peninsula, Russia, and Japan. Through a close reading of the early postwar poetry produced in the region by the representative Chinese ethnic Korean poet Ri Uk, the article examines how Chinese ethnic Korean literature may serve as a nexus of connection and negotiation among multiple cultures. Those who are familiar with the region know that these cultures have been deeply alienated from each other during multiple rounds of imperialization by regional and global powers. A close examination of the multilateral connection of a borderland ethnic literature with regional power holders offers insights into the ways cultures connect despite historical conflicts and ideological opposition.

Carboniferous bimodal volcanic sequences along the Northeastern Pamir: Evidence for back-arc extension due to northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys

The Pamir plateau lies at the western end of the Tethys domain recording the entire evolution from the opening of the Proto-Tethys to the final closure of the Neo-Tethys. During this long-term evolution, the details of the initial subduction of the Paleo-Tethys and the final amalgamation of the main terranes in the Pamir are still controversial. The Carboniferous bimodal volcanic sequences along the Northern Pamir may supply the key evidence to reveal the subduction process of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. This study presents the detailed stratigraphic architecture, petrography, geochronological and geochemical data of the Carboniferous−Permian volcanic rocks along the Northern Pamir in western China bordering Tajikistan. Zircons from two plagioclase phenocryst-rich basalts, and an andesite, volcanic agglomerate, and granitic sill emplaced in the basalts yield concordant ages of 319.5 ± 2 Ma, 322.7 ± 1.6 Ma, 288.7 ± 2.5 Ma, 301.6 ± 4.2 Ma, and 300.4 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively. The basalts show mid-oceanic-ridge basalt−like geochemical features with flat to depleted light rare earth element trends [(La/Yb)N = 0.68−1.82], depleted whole-rock εNd(t) (6.44−7.85), and zircon εHf(t) (6.3−10.1) values, suggesting they are primitive magmas derived from a depleted mantle source metasomatized by earlier subduction in line with their low Nb/La ratios (0.30−0.64). As for the intermediate-acid volcanic rocks (andesite and dacite), they show enrichment of large ionic lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, and Sr) and depletion of high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) as well as negative εNd(t) values ranging from −0.97 to −0.75, demonstrating that they are primitive magmas derived from partial melting of the metasomatized lithospheric mantle source, followed by crystal fraction of hornblende, plagioclase, and minor quartz. Taking together the stratigraphic features, rock associations, and geochemical signatures, the Carboniferous basalts share most features with the Okinawa and the Mariana back-arc basalts. Integrating the new data with the previous studies, we construct a detailed evolution process of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean at the Pamir, i.e., extension of the filled residual Proto-Tethys Ocean between the Tarim and the Northern Pamir induced by the northward Paleo-Tethys subduction in the early Carboniferous, gradually waning of the back-arc basin from the late Carboniferous to the Early Permian, and finally, the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean led to the amalgamation of the Northern, the Central, and the Southern Pamir, resulting in the initial architecture of the Pamir.

The Eastern Sector Border in Relations Between India and China in the 21st century: An Analysis

This Paper basically aims to discuss about the contemporary discourse of the India-China border dispute in the eastern sector in the beginning of the 21st century. It includes the study of changing patterns of India- China border dispute in the eastern sector and about the official attempts to settle border dispute, particularly in the eastern sector. Because, in the last century, both India and China had taken considerable measures for settlement of boundary question in several times. Also, both the country had agreed and forwarded their will to boundary settlement, ensuring peace and tranquilities across the border areas. It was extended in the beginning of the 21st century for resolving boundary dispute with a permanent solution between India and China. But, after all these significant events, the world’s longest and most complex boundary dispute had not been resolved till today. Rather, China has increased their aggressive territorial claim over Indian jurisdictions. As such, this environment directly affects in the both countries’ relationship that has been challenged the stabilities and peace across the Asian theatre. Thus, it provides tremendous scope to study the political geography of the India- China border dispute in the eastern sector as the Chinese has started claiming their territorial rights aggressively in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, in the eastern sector borderland.