Bordeaux Region Research Articles

Mortality in Newly Admitted Nursing Home Older Adults with Dementia in France: A Post Hoc Analysis from an Observational Study in the Bordeaux Region.

A significant proportion of older adults with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders live in a long-term care facility. This study aimed to determine the time delay between admission and death for older adults with dementia. A post hoc analysis was conducted using data from a French observational cohort, identifying older adults with dementia who were admitted to nursing homes. This study assessed median survival times after admission to care facilities by using Kaplan-Meier models and evaluated factors potentially associated with the time until death by using Cox models. A total of 201 individuals were included. The median survival time from admission to a nursing home to death was 39 months. Being male, an older age, and having higher cognitive impairment and comorbidities were associated with decreased survival rates. This study provides survival results for institutionalised older adults with dementia in France and provides elements for the definition of future public policies.

Identifying the boundaries of the sensory space of red Bordeaux wines using an innovative machine learning approach. Application to the identification of new varieties adapted to climate change.

Climate change is likely to impact wine typicity across the globe, raising concerns in wine regions historically renowned for the quality of their terroir. Among potential changes, modifying plant material (i.e., clones, rootstocks and varieties) is considered to be one of the most promising potential levers for adaption to climate change. However, changing varieties raises the issue of how to protect the region’s wine typicity. In Bordeaux (France), extensive studies focus on the identification of varieties that would be more suitable for a warmer and drier climate, but less research has been done concerning their impacts on Bordeaux wine typicity. The present study, conducted on 26 red varieties - including traditional-Bordeaux varieties and non-Bordeaux varieties - over five vintages, aimed to characterise Bordeaux wine typicity and to identify non-Bordeaux varieties that could fit into this sensorial space. Through a random forest analysis of the results of a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) sensorial analysis and a typicity profiling with an exceptionally large panel of experts (approximately 40 judges), the typical red Bordeaux sensory space was clearly defined with consensus among the judges. Interestingly, one non-Bordeaux variety was found to produce wines with high Bordeaux typicity. Finally, via hierarchical clustering analyses based on multiple correspondence analysis, five non-Bordeaux varieties that produce wines with similar sensorial spaces to the traditional Bordeaux varieties were identified. These results indicate that these cultivars could be introduced to the Bordeaux grape-mix without profoundly altering Bordeaux wine typicity in a context of climate change, if found to be suitable for a warmer climate than the current climate of the Bordeaux region.

Vineyard age-specific cohorts display similar climate x esca relationships but suggest hidden drivers in younger vineyards

Esca is a grapevine disease with a unique visual impact. Plants exhibit leaf necrosis with a tiger-striped pattern, sometimes dramatically apoplectic. Together with the variability in leaf symptom expression from one season to the next, esca is conspicuously visible to vine growers, amplifying their perception of its propagation. A global increase in esca incidence has been observed in the first 10–15 years of this century, making esca one of the major causes of vine mortality and vineyard decline. Research has improved the understanding of this complex disease with symptoms caused by a combination of distinct pathogens in association or succession, as well as by structural and physiological changes. The multifactorial complexity of esca has made understanding the disease challenging. Among the factors environment plays a critical role. Climate change could be contributing to the observed growth in esca incidence, and if true, could continue to exacerbate the disease in the future. This study builds upon an extensive surveying effort carried out by annually monitoring ~57,000 vines across 12 estates in the Bordeaux region for 9 years. We integrated this extensive regional esca incidence database with localised daily weather data to quantify the impact of climatic and pedoclimatic factors on esca incidence. The study confirmed that factors previously explored such as the amount of precipitation early in the season and temperature dynamics later in the season have a clear relationship to disease incidence, but also highlights an important change in disease behaviour in plots planted in the last 10–15 years. Isolating the effect of age of the plots uncovered disease patterns that suggest hidden drivers unrelated to climate which could possibly include changes in propagated vines and/or management techniques.

Part 1. Evaluation of the overall performance of winegrowing systems in the Bordeaux region and of agroecological transition scenarios (Background and Methodology)

The agroecological transition is an essential issue for vineyards, given the high pressure surrounding the use of pesticides to protect the crop. Major changes are required in winegrowing systems in order to achieve sharp reductions in the use of these inputs. With the aim of providing technical and practical benchmarks on the performance of agroecological systems, we have built and evaluated scenarios using multiple-criteria decision analysis.

Part 2. Evaluation of the overall performance of winegrowing systems in the Bordeaux region and of agroecological transition scenarios (Results and Discussion)

The agroecological transition is an essential issue for vineyards, given the high pressure surrounding the use of pesticides to protect the crop. Major changes are required in winegrowing systems in order to achieve sharp reductions in the use of these inputs. With the aim of providing technical and practical benchmarks on the performance of agroecological systems, we have built and evaluated scenarios using multiple-criteria decision analysis.The background to the study and methodology are described in Part 1 (Macary and Aoudi, 2024).

Safety climate scale for vineyards: an external validity study.

Agriculture entered the discussions about safety climates late, despite being one of the most hazardous industries. We recently developed a safety climate scale in Bordeaux vineyards, for which we provided good evidence of reliability and construct validity (Grimbuhler and Viel 2019). In this study, we aimed to establish the external validity of this safety climate scale with the help of an independent national sample of vineyard professionals. We approached vineyard managers and operators during compulsory training and certification procedures for pesticide-related activities. Trainees giving informed consent for participation in the study were asked to complete a safety climate questionnaire at the start and end of a training session. In total, 406 vineyard managers or operators completed the questionnaire at the start of the study, 37 of whom declined to complete the questionnaire at the end of the training session, leaving 369 subjects available for pretraining/post-training comparisons. Statistical comparisons were based on t-tests and mixed models for repeated measures. A mean safety climate score of 82.91 (SD: 9.06) was obtained in the initial survey in the Bordeaux region, whereas the safety climate score was estimated at 83.78 (SD 10.39) in this nationwide survey (P = 0.23). A significant increase was observed after the training course, for the safety climate score (7.5%, P < 10-15) and for each of its 7 dimensions (P < 10-4 or less), in both univariate and multivariate analyses. However, the magnitude of these increases varied with dimension, ranging from 2.4% for rules and best practices to 15.5% for communication and feedback. External validity was demonstrated by transferability and sensitivity to intervention. This safety climate scale can now be considered to provide a good inference of the safety culture, with a meaning generalizable across vineyards.

Predicting Bordeaux red wine origins and vintages from raw gas chromatograms

Connecting chemical properties to various wine characteristics is of great interest to the science of olfaction as well as the wine industry. We explored whether Bordeaux wine chemical identities and vintages (harvest year) can be inferred from a common and affordable chemical analysis, namely, a combination of gas chromatography (GC) and electron ionization mass spectrometry. Using 12 vintages (within the 1990–2007 range) from 7 estates of the Bordeaux region, we report that, remarkably, nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques applied to raw gas chromatograms recover the geography of the Bordeaux region. Using machine learning, we found that we can not only recover the estate perfectly from gas chromatograms, but also the vintage with up to 50% accuracy. Interestingly, we observed that the entire chromatogram is informative with respect to geographic location and age, thus suggesting that the chemical identity of a wine is not defined by just a few molecules but is distributed over a large chemical spectrum. This study demonstrates the remarkable potential of GC analysis to explore fundamental questions about the origin and age of wine.

Temperature variation linked to trellis height: an opportunity for adaptation to climate change?

Temperature is a key factor in vine growth and grape composition (Jones, 2006). Climate change is already having an impact on these parameters in many wine regions, and it is becoming necessary to adapt in order to continue producing quality wines, without strongly altering their typical character (van Leeuwen et al., 2019). One way to adapt could be to modify the vine’s training system. A study of temperature at different heights was carried out in the Bordeaux region to assess whether increasing trunk height could modify the microclimate in the bunch zone (de Rességuier et al., 2023).

An innovative interactive mapping tool to present research results: example of a terroir study in the context of climate change

Over the past decade, Story Map applications have been developed throughout the world under the impetus of software developers in the fields of visualization (Google Earth, Neatline, TripLine) and geographic information systems (ESRI, Knight Lab). These Story Map web applications allow information to be presented, shared and distributed in the form of interactive maps combined with images, text and audiovisual content. Using these tools to transfer the results of research projects is an innovative approach that can be highly effective, with their ease of access and user-friendly interface encouraging users to explore the data. Such a tool has been used to supplement scientific papers reporting the results of a research project on terroir and climate change in the Bordeaux region. The link to access it is https://www-iuem.univ-brest.fr/wapps/letg/adviclim/BDX/#.

Recovery after curettage of grapevines with esca leaf symptoms

Grapevine curettage was re-introduced in France in the early 2000s, and is important for facilitating recovery of plants from esca disease. This surgical practice involves removal of deadwood of vines with leaf symptoms, focusing on white rot generally observed at the centres of grapevine trunks. Assessment of the efficacy of this practice was initiated in the Bordeaux region in 2014. One ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ vineyard severely affected by esca was initially surveyed in the summer of 2014, to identify and treat vines with esca foliar symptoms. Annually thereafter, from 2014 to 2018, selected vine stocks were curetted. Two other ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ vineyards also displaying high levels of esca damage were added to the study in 2015 and 2016. Curettage treatments ceased in 2018, resulting in 11 trials (vineyard × year combinations). In total, 856 vines (422 curetted and 434 control vines) were then surveyed annually up to 2021, for assessments and comparisons of esca development. At each site, plants with esca symptoms recovered well after curettage: on average 85% of all curetted vines became asymptomatic the year immediately after the treatment. Six years after treatment, for curettage campaigns carried out in 2014 and 2015, more than half of the curetted vines were symptom-free, whereas &lt;12% of the control vines were asymptomatic, and gradual loss of efficacy was observed at each site. The mean annual proportion of efficacy erosion was approx. 8% per year. This study highlights the possible short- and mid-term benefits of trunk surgery to enable recovery of esca-affected vines, and for them to recover and remain leaf-asymptomatic for several years.

Long-Term Esca Monitoring Reveals Disease Impacts on Fruit Yield and Wine Quality.

Esca is a widespread grapevine trunk disease, and a global increase in esca incidence has been observed in recent decades. Estimates attribute considerable economic losses to esca, and the disease is considered one of the major causes of vine mortality and vineyard dieback. However, accurate quantification of esca incidence is difficult due to symptom inconsistency, and there are very few studies precisely quantifying yield losses and impacts on fruit composition and wine quality. This study carried out an extensive esca surveying program; annually monitoring approximately 57,000 vines across 12 estates in the Bordeaux region for 9 years. In conjunction with this surveying program, we quantified the yield losses of vines with known esca symptom histories and assessed their fruit composition and resulting wine quality. The study revealed that, because of year-to-year variation in symptom expression, accurate rates of esca can only be obtained through monitoring over many years. We found that yield losses in individual vines exhibiting esca can reach up to 50% but they are rarely unproductive, and when scaled to the parcel scale yield losses are low, never exceeding 1 hl/ha. In addition, the quality of the grapes produced is similar to that obtained from vines without symptoms. Finally, the majority of mortality observed in vineyards was not due to esca, with only 40% of dead vines exhibiting an esca history. These results suggest that the impact of esca is likely overestimated and that it is necessary to more broadly investigate other factors contributing to vine mortality and vineyard dieback.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

Consistent response of weeds according to Grime's CSR strategies along disturbance and resource gradients in Bordeaux vineyards

AbstractVineyards are an appropriate model for testing the filtering effect of management practices on weed communities, as a wide range of practices (tillage, herbicides and mowing) is implemented. The aim of this study is to highlight which trait values are selected by each practice in different environmental conditions, with special references to Grime's CSR strategies. A combination of a multivariate analysis (RLQ) and the fourth‐corner analysis was used to analyse 400 floristic samples belonging to 100 vineyards in the wine‐growing region of Bordeaux (France). The main structure of vineyard weed communities was shaped by the opposition between mowing, favouring hemicryptophytes with a competitive strategy, and soil tillage, favouring therophytes and nutrient‐demanding species with a ruderal strategy. Secondly, the vineyard weed communities differed according to the trophic status of the soil. Vineyards on acidic, sandy soils with low organic matter were characterised by small‐seeded annuals with a stress‐tolerant strategy whereas vineyards with clayey, calcareous soils rich in organic matter, harboured larger perennial nitrophilous species with large seeds and a competitive strategy. Our study is the first to show that weed species responded consistently to two independent gradients with specific traits associated with disturbance (life cycle and SLA) and soil resources (plant height and seed mass) gradients. Based on knowledge of the soil characteristics, it becomes possible to predict which type of weeds will develop according to the combination of practices applied on the vineyard rows and inter‐rows.

Burden of infectious diseases among undocumented migrants in France: Results of the Premiers Pas survey.

IntroductionAn increase in migration rates to the European Union has been observed over the last few years. Part of these migrants is undocumented. This work aimed to describe the reported frequency of infectious diseases and their associated factors among unselected samples of undocumented migrants in France.MethodologyThe Premier Pas survey is a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of a random sample (two-stage sample design) conducted among undocumented migrants recruited in Paris and the Bordeaux region, in places and facilities likely to be frequented by undocumented migrants. The percentages were weighted. The analysis was performed using Stata 15.1 software.ResultsA total of 1,223 undocumented migrants were recruited from 63 places and facilities, with a participation rate of 50%. Most of them were between 30 and 40 years of age (36%), 69% were men, aged mainly 30–40 (36%) years old, from sub-Saharan Africa (60%) or North Africa (25%), and 60% had arrived <3 years earlier. Among the participants, 24.8% declared a poor perceived health status and 33.5% a chronic health condition. Dental infections concerned 43.2% of the participants. Apart from dental issues, 12.9% reported suffering from at least one infectious disease: HIV infection (3.5%), chronic hepatitis B virus infection (3.1%), upper respiratory tract infection (1.7%), skin mycosis (1.2%), skin and soft tissue infection (0.8%), chronic hepatitis C infection (0.8%), urinary tract infection (0.7%), lower respiratory tract infection (0.7%), scabies (0.3%), tuberculosis disease (0.2%), vaginal mycosis (0.6%), and herpes (0.1%). Regarding HIV, HBV, and HCV infections, 56, 71, and 89%, respectively, were diagnosed after their arrival. Chronic viral infections were more often reported by undocumented migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. In multivariate analysis, a higher risk of reporting chronic viral infection was observed among people food insecure.ConclusionThis original study on a large random sample confirms the frequency of infectious diseases among undocumented migrants in France and the importance of integrating their screening during a health Rendezvous and their management into early access to care and inclusive medico-psycho-social management.

Local influence of climate on grapevine: an analytical process involving a functional and Bayesian exploration of farm data time series synchronised with an eGDD thermal index

Climate influence on grapevine physiology is prevalent and this influence is expected to increase with climate change. Climate influence on grapevine physiology can vary depending on the terroir. A better understanding of these local terroir variations is likely to be achieved with analyses that use local data; i.e., farm/vineyard data. Thus, the challenge lies in exploiting farm data to enable grape growers to understand their own terroir and consequently adapt their practices to the local conditions. In such a context, this article proposes an analytical process to site-specifically study climate influence on grapevine physiology by focusing on time series of the weather data often contained in farm data sets. This article focuses on temperature and precipitation influence on yield in the form of a case study. The analytical process includes the Extended Growing Degree Days (eGDD) and the Bayesian functional Linear regression with Sparse Steps functions (BLiSS) methods in order to detect site-specific periods of strong climate influence on grapevine yield. It uses data from three commercial vineyards situated in the Bordeaux region (France), California (USA) and Israel. In general, the periods of climate influence on grapevine yield detected for the three vineyards identified the same stages of yield development, which have already been studied in the scientific literature. However, some vineyard differences were observed, including: i) different periods of influence associated with a given stage of yield development between the vineyards, ii) different influential weather variables between the three vineyards for a given period, and iii) differing duration of the period of influence associated with a given stage of yield development between the vineyards. These results show the potential of the proposed analytical process for analysing the time series of farm weather data in order to extract site-specific climate indicators of grapevine yield.

Broca’s legacy: fame not shame

I read the article ‘Paul Broca: from fame to shame?’ with great interest.1 Its balanced presentation compels the readership to weigh in on one view or the other—especially since the title ends in a question mark! Broca, born and raised in the Bordeaux region of France, was unquestionably one of the great clinical neuroanatomists of the 19th century. This recognition led to naming a neuroscience building at the University of Bordeaux after him; this decision is now questioned because of his beliefs in physical anthropology.1 The Broca example is more useful to study if we begin by placing his ideas into the context of his time. Before race became ‘a baseless social construct,’1 intellectual elite and religious scholars had already been discussing the origin of ‘mankind’ (note, the use of the currently preferred term ‘humankind’ would be anachronistic) for centuries. Charles Darwin’s Origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life was published in 1859 and his second major work on evolution, The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex, was published in 1871. These works, and their spirited discussion among religious and secular scholars, quickly and radically changed thoughts about mankind’s origin. These discussions in Paris were further complicated by an ongoing battle between secular savants and the Roman Catholic Church; as the 19th century progressed, French society became progressively more secular.2,3 Contemporary scholars, who were not strictly wedded to a literal interpretation of creationism, were split between two opposing, but not directly testable, theories: monogenism (humanity had a single origin) and polygenism (human races are of different origins). Monogenism was compatible with scientific variations on creationism that were proliferating; polygenism was incompatible and almost uniformly embraced by secular French scholars by the 1820s. Atheist members of the lay public favoured polygenism because it contradicted the biblical account of human creation and because it appeared more scientific. It should be remembered that Broca had founded a society of ‘freethinkers’ (at the time, essentially a synonym for atheists) in Paris in 1848 and the Société d’anthropologie de Paris in 1859, the year Darwin published Origin of species.2,3

First occurrence of &lt;i&gt;Halyomorpha halys&lt;/i&gt; in Bordeaux vineyards

Here we report the first detection of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) in Bordeaux vineyards. The species is native to Eastern Asia and was introduced to France in 2012. Halyomorpha halys is highly polyphagous and causes significant damage to various crops, including grapevines. From 2018 to 2020, Pentatomidae species were collected in vineyards in the Bordeaux region. In 2020, the first nymphs and adults of H. halys were identified in the plot centres. The study emphasizes the need for field population monitoring in risk assessment and, consequently, risk management.

Les anaphylaxies aux piqûres de frelons asiatiques (Vespa velutina) : cas déclarés au Réseau d’Allergo-Vigilance® (RAV) de 2011 à 2021 et conduite à tenir

First identified in France in 2004 in the Bordeaux region, the Asian hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax has since colonized all France; in the north, it has reached Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Great Britain, and in the south mainly Spain. This very fast expansion is explained by several factors, including a favorable climate, a great faculty of adaptation, and abundant food: the Asian hornet is unfortunately a great consumer of bees. Since 2011, 15 cases of Asian hornet anaphylaxis have been reported to the Allergo-Vigilance® network, mainly severe cases (Müller grade 3 and 4). The major allergen, Vesp v 5, is very similar to the corresponding Vespula allergen, Ves v 5, and venom immunotherapy with Vespula extracts seems effective.

Grapevine decline is associated with difference in soil microbial composition and activity

Grapevine decline is a top concern in viticulture worldwide and is often associated with many biotic and abiotic factors. Grape trunk diseases and viruses are some of the most frequently identified causes of vine dieback. However, a decline is sometimes observed when no mineral deficiency or excess, or pathogenic causes can be identified. Soil enzymatic and microbial activities are relevant bio-indicators since they are known to influence vine health. Grapevine associated microbiota, linked to vine fitness, is known to be influenced by soil microbiota coming from the microbial pool inhabiting the vineyard. This work describes the microbial diversity and activity of four different vineyard plots of the Bordeaux region, selected due to the presence of localised declining areas unexplained yet by disease symptoms. Soils were sampled in declining areas and areas within the same plot showing no decline symptoms, during autumn and spring periods. Significant differences in enzymatic activities, microbial biomass and activity were found among soils even if those soils presented quite similar physicochemical characteristics that could not explain these observed declines. The results of enzymatic assays distinguished patterns in autumn and spring periods with an overall greater enzymatic activity in soils from non-declining areas. This work suggests that soils displaying decline symptoms present a dysbiosis in functionality and diversity which is linked to vine health.

Sap Flow Disruption in Grapevine Is the Early Signal Predicting the Structural, Functional, and Genetic Responses to Esca Disease.

Fungal species involved in Esca cause the formation of grapevine wood necroses. It results in the deterioration of vascular network transport capacity and the disturbance of the physiological processes, leading to gradual or sudden grapevine death. Herein, for two consecutive growing seasons, a detailed analysis of the structural (wood necrosis and leaf discoloration) and physiological parameters related to the water use of healthy and esca-symptomatic grapevines was conducted. Measurements were carried out on 17-year-old grapevines that expressed, or not, Esca-leaf symptoms in a vineyard of the Bordeaux region (France). Whole-plant transpiration was recorded continuously from pre-veraison to harvest, using noninvasive sap flow sensors. Whole-plant transpiration was systematically about 40–50% lower in Esca-diseased grapevines compared with controls, and this difference can be observed around 2 weeks before the first Esca-foliar symptoms appeared in the vineyard. Unlike grapevine sap flow disruption, structural (e.g., leaf discolorations), functional (e.g., stomatal conductance, photosynthetic activity, phenolic compounds), and genetic (e.g., expression of leaf-targeted genes) plant responses were only significantly impacted by Esca at the onset and during leaf symptoms development. We conclude that sap flow dynamic, which was related to a high level of a white-rot necrosis, provides a useful tool to predict plant disorders due to Esca-grapevine disease.

A Study on Determinants of French Wine Demand for French Wine Consumers

Purpose - This study attempts to estimate influencing factors through the establishment of a demand model for wine selection attributes centering on the French region of Bordeaux, which has high growth potential in the future. This analysis, can be used to select a marketing strategy by presenting the direction of development of the French wine market through the analysis of factors that determine the demand for wine in Bordeaux, France. Design/Methodology/Approach - This study was conducted for two months using survey data collected from the Bordeaux region, targeting French with experience drinking wine mainly in the Bordeaux region of France. To examine the influence on the French wine selection attributes and usage patterns, influencing factors were estimated through factor analysis and the establishment of a Truncated Poisson (TP) model. Findings - As a result of estimation by applying the wine TP model in Bordeaux, France, it was found that variables related to socioeconomic characteristics had a positive effect on occupation. The wine selection attribute factor was found to have a positive effect on grape variety, quality grade, and inner characteristics. In addition, it was found that this had a positive effect on the consumption of red wine and the consumption of white wine in one occurance. Research Implications - Considering the limitations of the lack of empirical approaches to the marketing strategy of the wine market in Bordeaux, France, through the estimated results of this analysis, an attempt was made to enter the French wine market with a substantial wine consumption promotion and sales strategy in the French wine market. This can help to provide a clues for suggesting marketing plans for the Korean wine industry.