Bootstrap Probability Research Articles

Comparative genomics revealed new insights into the plastome evolution of Ludwigia (Onagraceae, Myrtales).

The primrose-willow (Ludwigia L.), a well-defined genus of the Onagraceae family, comprises 87 species widely distributed worldwide. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of three species in the genus, including Ludwigia adscendens, Ludwigia hyssopifolia, and Ludwigia prostrata. Three Ludwigia cp genomes ranged from 158,354 to 159,592 bp in size, and each contained 113 genes, including 79 unique protein-coding genes (PCGs), four rRNA genes, and 30 tRNA genes. A comparison of the Ludwigia cp genomes revealed that they were highly conserved in gene composition, gene orientation, and GC content. Moreover, we compared the structure of cp genomes and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships with related species in the Onagraceae family. Regarding contraction/expansion of inverted repeat (IR) region, two kinds of expansion IR region structures were found in Oenothera, Chamaenerion, and Epilobium genera, with primitive IR structures in Ludwigia and Circeae genera. The regions clpP, ycf2, and ycf1 genes possessed highly divergent nucleotides among all available cp genomes of the Onagraceae family. The phylogenetic reconstruction using 79 PCGs from 39 Onagraceae cp genomes inferred that Ludwigia (including L. adscendens, L. hyssopifolia, L. prostrata, and Ludwigia octovalvis) clade was monophyletic and well-supported by the bootstrap and posterior probability values. This study provides the reference cp genomes of three Ludwigia species, which can be used for species identification and phylogenetic reconstruction of Ludwigia and Onagraceae taxa.

Mapping the Universe with gamma-ray bursts

Abstract We explore large-scale cosmic structure using the spatial distribution of 542 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) having accurately-measured positions and spectroscopic redshifts. Prominent cosmological clusters are identified in both the northern and southern galactic hemispheres (avoiding extinction effects in the plane of the Milky Way) using the Bootstrap Point-Radius method. The Northern Galactic hemisphere contains a significant group of four GRBs in the redshift range 0.59 ≤ z ≤ 0.62 (with a Bootstrap probability of p = 0.012) along with the previously-identified Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (in the revised redshift range 0.9 ≤ z ≤ 2.1; p = 0.017). The Southern Galactic hemisphere contains the previously-identified Giant GRB Ring (p = 0.022) along with another possible cluster of 7 − 9 GRBs at 1.17 ≤ z ≤ 1.444 (p = 0.031). Additionally, both the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall and the Giant GRB Ring have become more prominent as the GRB sample size has grown. The approach used here underscores the potential value of GRB clustering as a probe of large-scale cosmic structure, complementary to galaxy and quasar clustering. Because of the vast scale on which GRB clustering provides valuable insights, it is important that optical GRB monitoring continue so that additional spectroscopic redshift measurements should be obtained.

Molecular phylogenetics of Oxalis subg. Thamnoxys (Oxalidaceae) reveals artificial arrangements of traditional sections

Abstract Oxalis subg. Thamnoxys is a mostly South American group of Oxalis encompassing almost 80 species from tropical habitats that are currently separated into nine sections based on morphology and geographic distributions. In this study, we investigated whether Oxalis subg. Thamnoxys and its sections are monophyletic. DNA sequences of the nrITS, trnL-trnL-trnF, and petA-psbJ from 92 specimens of Oxalis (55 from O. subg. Thamnoxys, 37 from O. subg. Oxalis, and five outgroup taxa) were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among its nine sections. Nuclear and plastid molecular markers were subjected to maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses individually and in a combined data matrix. Our phylogenetic trees recovered O. subg. Thamnoxys as monophyletic only if O. praetexta, previously included in O. sect. Robustae, is transferred to O. subg. Oxalis. The remaining samples of the subgenus emerged in a clade with full bootstrap and posterior probability support. Within it, O. sect. Holophyllum was the only section that was recovered as monophyletic, whereas the remaining sections were not, either because of sampling a single species of each (O. sect. Foliosae, Hedysaroideae, and Phyllodoxys), to the unexpected placement of O. goyazensis (O. sect. Robustae) in O. sect. Psoraleoideae, or to the sister relationship between O. densifolia (O. sect. Foliosae) with O. pyrenea var. macrochaeta (O. sect. Thamnoxys), suggesting the need of revaluating some specific affinities and updating sectional circumscriptions. This phylogenetic study with an improved sampling of O. subg. Thamnoxys is the first step towards an updated classification of the subgenus and for interpreting both its morphological diversification and biogeographic history in South America.

Taxonomic classification on phylogenic information appears a debatable approach: Lessons from the order Cypriniformes

Genes are often selected for molecular taxonomy citing their agreement to taxonomically derived species trees. These results are then used to define and edit existing taxonomic hierarchies of species. We counter the validity of this practice experimentally using mitochondrial genes routinely employed for the purpose. We constructed trees from complete mitochondrial DNA sequence (except D-loop) and its thirteen protein-coding genes namely ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5, ND6, ATP6, ATP8, COI, COII, COIII, and CYTB of 255 species of Cypriniformes fish using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. While ND4, ND5, COI, COII, COIII, and CYTB formed trees at par with the species tree, no gene produced complete concurrence. Similarly, while few genes formed similar branching patterns at family (COI and COIII) or broad group (ND1, ND2, and ND3; ND5 and COII) levels, no two gene trees fully agreed with each other. Tajima's D estimates of all studied genes indicated non-random evolution, violating the basic assumption of molecular phylogenetics. Bootstrap or Posterior probability values were also poor for several taxa indicating low robustness. Our findings reiterate that tree concurrence noted in studies involving smaller sample sizes is not a reflection of the evolutionary signature of the species.

Bootstrap Probability Errors of the Whittle MLE for Linear Regression Processes with Strongly Dependent Disturbances

This paper determines bounds on the asymptotic orders of the coverage probability errors of parametric bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) and tests for the covariance parameters of a time series generated by a regression model with Gaussian, stationary, and strongly dependent errors. The CIs and tests are based on the plug-in Whittle maximum
 likelihood (PWML) estimators. It is shown that, under some sets of conditions on the regression coefficients, the spectral density function, and the parameter values, the bounds on the coverage probability errors of symmetric two-sided and one-sided parametric bootstrap confidence intervals on the plug-in Whittle log-likelihood function are shown to be O(n^{-3/2}\ln{n}) and O(n^{-1}\ln{n}), respectively. Apart from the \ln{n} term, the magnitudes of the coverage probability errors of the one-sided bootstrap confidence intervals for our model is shown to be essentially the same as that of the independent and identically distributed (iid) data. The error for the two-sided confidence intervals is not as small as the error O(n^{-2}) that has been established for many confidence intervals in the literature, see Hall (1992), pp 102-108.

دمج البوتستراب الاحتمالي الموزون مع طريقة لارس الحصينة لاختيار المُتغيّرات في أنموذج الانحدار الخطّي بوجود مشكلتي الأبعاد العالية والقيم الشاذّة.

In this research, a new algorithm was proposed to select the important variables in the regression model with the presence of two problems of high dimensions and outliers by employing and integrating the weighted bootstrap probability - Robust Least Angle Regression Selecting (WBP-LARS) and comparing it with another selection method. It is a method of impregnable Lars based on the regular bootstrap method, known as (B-LARS), empirically simulated and applied, based on real data related to the market value of some private banks in the stock market for the period 2010-2017. The comparison in the simulation included two cases for the required number of explanatory variables Choosing (K = 5, K = 7) as well as two cases when (n>P) (n<P) and sample sizes (50, 70, 20, 26) with a correlation value of 0.95 and with different contamination rates α = (0.05, 0.10, 0.15) The research concluded with conclusions, the most important of which is determining the number of important variables between the numbers 7-10, the preference of the (WBP-LARS) method over the (B-LARS) method when (n>P), while a slight preference for the (B-LARS) method appeared over the proposed method when ( n<P) and the sample size is far from the total number of variables in the model, but the efficiency converges whenever the sample size is very close to the number of variables and can be relied upon in the selection process for the variables in this case

A Bootstrap-Based Tooth Surface Errors Statistics Methodology for Batch Hypoid Gears after Heat Treatment

In the manufacturing and production of hypoid gears, it is a necessary key problem to improve the tooth surface heat treatment precision and production efficiency of the hypoid gears. How to use advanced statistical theory and methods to evaluate the whole batch machining quality of the tooth surface after heat treatment is particularly urgent. In this connection, for the same batch of hypoid gears with the same gear material, numerical control gear milling method, and heat treatment specifications, a bootstrap-based statistics scheme of tooth surface errors after heat treatment is proposed in this paper. The bootstrap statistics model of the tooth surface errors for the batch hypoid gears is established. The bootstrap probability eigenvalues and confidence intervals of the measurement sequence points on the tooth surface errors are solved, and the optimizing selection of the single sampling numbers and the repeated sampling times is completed. On this basis, by applying the cubic NURBS surface fitting method, the mean value difference surface of the batch tooth surface errors data is constructed, the statistics laws of the whole batch tooth surface errors after heat treatment is determined, and the effective evaluation of the whole batch tooth surface accuracy is realized. Finally, the feasibility and correctness of the bootstrap-based statistics scheme are verified by the tooth surface errors bootstrap statistics application experiment of one kind of hypoid gear. The results show that with the help of the bootstrap statistics method proposed in this paper, it is not necessary to accurately measure the tooth surface errors of the whole batch of hypoid gears one by one. Only by randomly selecting 10 tooth surface samples and repeatedly sampling 2000 times, the original sample characteristic values of the whole batch tooth surface errors can be accurately estimated, and the heat treatment deformation statistics laws of the whole patch tooth surfaces can be also counted.

Molecular species identification of Rockskipper (Pisces: Blenniidae) from Porok Beach (Yogyakarta, Indonesia) based on 16S rRNA and COI genes

Rockskipper belongs to the species-rich family of Blenniidae (Combtooth blenny) and is known for its cryptic and species complexes presence. Identifying cryptic species based solely on morphological features is challenging due to their similar morphological characteristics. As a result, molecular genetic techniques based on two partial mtDNA genes, COI and 16S rRNA, were employed to identify fish accurately. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of COI and 16S rRNA gene for the identification of Rockskipper fish and investigate the genetic relationship between species of Rockskipper from Porok Beach. The result revealed that the thirteen Rockskipper samples from Porok Beach that belong to six species (E. vermiculatus, E. striatus, I. lineatus, I. dussumieri, I. edentulus, and B. caudolineata) with more than 99% similarity. In contrast, the 16S analysis identified five species. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree demonstrated that six species of Rockskipper from Porok Beach are genetically distinct and separated into two clusters. We also found that two samples (RS-9 and RS-10) form a monophyletic group with B. caudolineata with maximum bootstrap (NJ and ML: 100%) and posterior probability (1.00). We hypothesized that B. caudolineata is a species complex with at least two lineages: one was genetically closer to RS-8, and another was more closely related to RS-9 and RS-10. Both the COI and 16S rRNA genes were found to be capable of delineating species and revealing genetic variation among Rockskipper samples in this study. However, our findings demonstrated that the COI gene is a more accurate and reliable marker for identifying Rockskipper species from Porok Beach, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Paracapoeta, a new genus of the Cyprinidae from Mesopotamia, Cilicia and Levant (Teleostei, Cypriniformes)

The molecular and morphological studies carried out within the scope of this study revealed that the scrapers, known as the Mesopotamian group, belong to a different genus. The Paracapoetagen. nov., from the Mesopotomia and Levant, is distinguished from Capoeta and Luciobarbus species by the presence of a strong ligament between the base of the last simple and the first branched rays of the dorsal-fin (vs. no or a very weak ligament). The Paracapoeta further differs from Capoeta by the last simple dorsal-fin ray strongly ossified in adult specimens (more than 75%, vs. less than 75%). The Paracapoeta further differs from Luciobarbus by the lower lip with horny layer (vs. fleshy lips). The molecular phylogeny based on the combined dataset (COI + Cytb, 1312 bp.) showed that the genus Paracapoeta was recovered from the other groups in the subfamily Barbinae with high bootstrap and posterior probability values (BP: 94%, PP: 0.96). Also, Paracapoeta and Capoeta are well differentiated by an average genetic distance of 8.02±0.78%. The morphological and molecular findings have largely overlapped each other. Besides, Capoeta turani is treated as a synonym of Capoeta erhani.

Probability density forecasts for natural gas demand in China: Do mixed-frequency dynamic factors matter?

Due to the expensive infrastructures and the difficulties in storage, the supply and demand for natural gas in China has experienced periodic fluctuations and geographical imbalance. The primary purpose of this study is to provide satisfying probability density forecasts using mixed-frequency dynamic factors to alleviate the imbalance risks between the supply and the demand. To this end, this paper develops a novel hybrid model named EEMD-MIDAS-SVR, based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) procedure, mixed data sampling (MIDAS) framework and support vector machine regression (SVR). The empirical results reveal that the mixed-frequency dynamic factors could provide powerful predictive information for natural gas demand. By the model confidence set (MCS) test, we identify the most predictive dynamic factors: gas industry index, electricity industry index, Daqing crude oil prices, Qinhuangdao steam coal prices, West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices, and Australia steam coal prices. They could improve forecasting accuracy by about 70% than benchmark models, particularly considering the nonlinearity of natural gas demand contributes to 21% roughly. Based on the MCS test, we provide the non-parametric bootstrap probability density forecasts for natural gas demand, which performs well in capturing the uncertainty of natural gas demand. These findings have several policy implications and practical value for natural gas pricing and carbon neutrality achieving in emerging markets.

Simulation methods for squared Euclidean and Mahalanobis type distances for multivariate data and their application in assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering

This paper extends the Suzuki and Shimodora method [Suzuki R, Shimodora H. Pvclust: an R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering. Bioinformatics. 2006;22:1540–1542] for assessing uncertainty in hierarchical cluster analysis to multivariate datasets and examines the reliability of the simulated cluster probabilities in relation to the simulation method adopted. The extension is applied to squared Euclidean and Mahalanobis-type distances and employs three simulation methods, the Monte-Carlo and bootstrap methods, and a new proposed method, the distance distribution. The distance distribution method is very fast and gives satisfactory predictions for the distance, its standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. The performance of the Monte-Carlo method is equally satisfactory, whereas the bootstrap method usually gives acceptable predictions only for the distance. The distance distribution and Monte-Carlo methods give similar cluster probabilities. The bootstrap probabilities are not very different; thus this method can be used in datasets of unknown distance distribution.

Snow mold fungus Racodium therryanum is phylogenetically Herpotrichia juniperi.

Racodium therryanum is a snow mold causing snow blight and seed rot in conifers. The sexual stage of R. therryanum has not been found, however, it has been speculated that Herpotrichia juniperi, which causes brown felt blight, is the sexual stage of R. therryanum. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic analysis using 28S large subunit (LSU) rDNA, 18S small subunit (SSU) rDNA, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2). Four isolates were identified as R. therryanum based on their morphological characteristics; together with two strains of H. juniperi, they composed a clade supported by high bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probability values. Therefore, we conclude that the snow mold previously described as R. therryanum is phylogenetically H. juniperi.

Study on the Cluster Selection Method of Echelon Utilization Power Battery Based on Confidence Interval Estimation

In order to improve the screening accuracy of decommissioned power batteries and reduce the regulation errors of batteries in the process of echelon utilization, a cascade batteries selection method based on confidence interval probability prediction is proposed. Firstly, according to the internal and external characteristic parameters, residual capacity, state of health (SOH) and other historical parameters, K-means clustering is used to divide static clusters of retired power batteries with similar parameters. Secondly, the bootstrap probability method is used to analyze the deviation subset of SOH estimation in echelon utilization process, and the probability interval density function of SOH subset is established. Finally, further optimization grouping is carried out according to the predicted SOH characteristics. By comparative analysis, the influence of confidence interval estimation on the screening accuracy is determined, and the effectiveness of the proposed screening method is determined. The consistency of dynamic characteristics is improved while the static parameters are similar in the screening process, which lays a foundation for accurate regulation of retired power battery echelon utilization.

Phylogenetic study of endophytic bacterial strains using gyrB, rpoD, FEN and nifH genes

Tomato is one of the most important commercial crops in the world especially Iran. The use of entophytic bacteria is one of the new ways to manage this disease. In this study, eight tomato endophytic bacteria namely Pseudomonas fluorescens NZ105, Bacillus pumilus strains NZ103 and 106, Bacillus subtilis NZ104, Bacillus safensis NZ107, Enterobacter ludwigii NZ108, Serratia marcescens NZ102 and Pseudomonas baetica NZ101were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. These were further examined for conserved genes of gyrB and rpoD, two functional antibiotic-producing FEN and nitrogen-stabilizing nifH genes. Among these, only P. fluorescens NZ105 have gyrB and rpoD genes and B. safensis and S. marcescens have antibiotic-producing FEN gene. None of the eight isolates harbouring nitrogen-fixing nifH gene compared to the positive control Azotobacter chroococum. The phylogeny of eight endophytic bacteria formed tight monophyletic branches supported by high bootstrap probabilities. The high sequence similarity revealed a close phylogenetic relationship between B. safensis and B. albus.

Phylogenetic observation in Ariidae, Bagridae and Plotosidae catfishes by COI gene sequence analysis

To understand the phylogenetic status of Ariidae, Bagridae and Plotosidae catfishes, this study was planned using the barcode gene, cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Totally 71 species were used in phylogenetic reconstructions under maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference criteria. The one-way ANOVA showed that the three catfish families are significantly different (F= 19.79, d.f. = 3; 116, P< 0.0001 (Plotosidae); F= 44.21, d.f.= 3; 986, P< 0.0001 (Ariidae); F= 24.83, d.f.= 3; 1322, P< 0.0001 (Bagridae). In MP, ML and BI based phylogenetic tree of Ariidae, Plicofollis genus displayed as a monophyletic group with higher bootstrap and posterior probability values for all the species except two species of Neoarius, which intervened separating P. polystaphylodon. In the phylogenetic tree of Plotoside, Plotosus genus displayed as monophyletic group with higher bootstrap and posterior probability values for all the eight species. In the case of Bagridae phylogeentic tree, Mystus genus displayed as a monophyletic group with higher bootstrap and posterior probability values for all the species except Mystus montanus forming a distant and distinct clade whereas Mystus tengara collides into monophyletic clade when Neotropius genuswas removed. By this study we could establish a phylogenetic hypothesis for all the 36 catfish families and examine the monophyly status of the subfamilies and genera.

Comprehensive phylogeny of Myrmecocystus honey ants highlights cryptic diversity and infers evolution during aridification of the American Southwest

The New World ant genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael, 1838 (Formicidae: Formicinae: Lasiini) is endemic to arid and semi-arid habitats of the western United States and Mexico. Several intriguing life history traits have been described for the genus, the best-known of which are replete workers, that store liquified food in their largely expanded crops and are colloquially referred to as “honeypots”. Despite their interesting biology and ecological importance for arid ecosystems, the evolutionary history of Myrmecocystus ants is largely unknown and the current taxonomy presents an unsatisfactory systematic framework. We use ultraconserved elements to infer the evolutionary history of Myrmecocystus ants and provide a comprehensive, dated phylogenetic framework that clarifies the molecular systematics within the genus with high statistical support, reveals cryptic diversity, and reconstructs ancestral foraging activity. Using maximum likelihood, Bayesian and species tree approaches on a data set of 134 ingroup specimens (including samples from natural history collections and type material), we recover largely identical topologies that leave the position of only few clades uncertain and cover the intra- and interspecific variation of 28 of the 29 described and six undescribed species. In addition to traditional support values, such as bootstrap and posterior probability, we quantify genealogical concordance to estimate the effects of conflicting evolutionary histories on phylogenetic inference. Our analyses reveal that the current taxonomic classification of the genus is inconsistent with the molecular phylogenetic inference, and we identify cryptic diversity in seven species. Divergence dating suggests that the split between Myrmecocystus and its sister taxon Lasius occurred in the early Miocene. Crown group Myrmecocystus started diversifying about 14.08 Ma ago when the gradual aridification of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico led to formation of the American deserts and to adaptive radiations of many desert taxa.

Etiology of Halo Blight in Michigan Hopyards.

Michigan's hop acreage ranks fourth nationally, but the state's growers contend with unique disease challenges resulting from frequent rainfall and high humidity. In August 2018, a Michigan hop grower reported necrosis and blighting of foliage and shattering of cones resulting in yield loss. Irregular-shaped lesions developed on leaves, surrounded by a halo of chlorotic tissue, and cone bracts became brown. Pycnidia were observed in symptomatic tissue. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize the causal agent of symptoms in leaf and cone tissue. In symptomatic leaves, 15 of 19 isolates recovered had 96.4% internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITSrDNA) homology with Diaporthe nomurai. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were performed on a subset of isolates using ITSrDNA, histone H3, beta-tubulin, and elongation factor 1 alpha. Bootstrap and posterior probabilities supported a unique cluster of Diaporthe sp. 1-MI isolates most closely related to the Diaporthe arecae species complex, Diaporthe hongkongensis, and Diaporthe multigutullata. Diaporthe sp. 1-MI was pathogenic in detached leaf and whole plant assays. Single-spore isolates from pycnidia originating from cones and leaves shared 100% ITSrDNA homology with Diaporthe sp. 1-MI obtained from the lesion margins of leaves collected in 2018. The distribution of Diaporthe sp. 1-MI was widespread among 347 cones collected from 15 Michigan hop yards and accounted for >38% of fungi recovered from cones in three hop yards. Diaporthe sp. 1-MI causing halo and cone blight presents a new disease management challenge for Michigan hop growers.

Trichoderma from Brazilian garlic and onion crop soils and description of two new species: Trichoderma azevedoi and Trichoderma peberdyi.

Fifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS region, tef1-α, cal, act and rpb2 sequences. The genetic variability of the recovered Trichoderma species was analysed by AFLP and their phenotypic variability determined using MALDI-TOF. The strain clusters from both typing techniques coincided with the taxonomic determinations made from phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma lentiforme, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma erinaceum, in the soil samples. We also identified and describe two new Trichoderma species, both in the harzianum clade of section Pachybasium, which we have named Trichoderma azevedoi sp. nov. and Trichoderma peberdyi sp. nov. The examined strains of both T. azevedoi (three strains) and T. peberdyi (12 strains) display significant genotypic and phenotypic variability, but form monophyletic clades with strong bootstrap and posterior probability support and are morphologically distinct from their respective most closely related species.

The Reproducibility of an Inferred Tree and the Diploidization of Gene Segregation after Genome Duplication.

We previously introduced a numerical quantity called the stability (Ps) of an inferred tree and showed that for the tree to be reliable this stability as well as the reliability of the tree, which is usually computed as the bootstrap probability (Pb), must be high. However, if genome duplication occurs in a species, a gene family of the genome also duplicates, and for this reason alone some Ps values can be high in a tree of the duplicated gene families. In addition, the topology of the duplicated gene family can be similar to that of the original gene family if such gene families are identifiable. After genome duplication, however, the gene families are often partially deleted or partially duplicated, and the duplicated gene family may not show the same topology as that of the original family. It is therefore necessary to compute the similarity of the topologies of the duplicated and the original gene families. In this paper, we introduce another quantity called the reproducibility (Pr) for measuring the similarity of the two gene families. To show how to compute the Pr values, we first compute the Pb and Ps values for each of the MHC class II α and β chain gene families, which were apparently generated by genome duplication. We then compute the Pr values for the MHC class II α and β chain gene families. The Pr values for the α and β chain gene families are now low, and this suggests that the diploidization of gene segregation has occurred after the genome duplication. Currently higher animals, defined as animals with complex phenotypic characters, generally have a higher genome size, and this increase in genome size appears to have been caused by genome duplication and diploidization of gene segregation after genome duplication.

The zebrafish NLRP3 inflammasome has functional roles in ASC-dependent interleukin-1β maturation and gasdermin E–mediated pyroptosis

The zebrafish NLRP3 inflammasome has functional roles in ASC-dependent interleukin-1β maturation and gasdermin E–mediated pyroptosis