Boothbay Harbor Research Articles

Bioextractive aquaculture as an alternative nutrient management strategy for water resource recovery facilities

Advanced nutrient removal in water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) can reduce coastal eutrophication, but can increase economic costs and indirect environmental impacts associated with energy and materials usage for WRRF construction and operation. A strategy of interest to reduce coastal eutrophication is the cultivation of seaweeds in proximity to WRRF discharge plumes to bioextract nutrients from coastal waters. We report economic and environmental trade-offs of this proposed strategy for a 1,170 m3·d−1 (0.31 mgd) WRRF in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, targeting a Water Environment Research Federation (WERF) level 2 effluent nitrogen goal of 3 mg-N·L−1. The scenarios investigated include WRRF upgrade and year-round nutrient bioextractive aquaculture (Saccharina latissima and Gracilaria tikvahiae cultivation) with end uses of bioenergy feedstock, fertilizer, or food. Based on biomass production characteristics and tissue nitrogen contents in Boothbay Harbor, an aquaculture site of 5.4 hectares would bioextract equivalent nitrogen mass as WRRF upgrade to meet level 2 nitrogen effluent goals. Using a techno-economic analysis, the cost of a WRRF upgrade was estimated to be $0.31 m−3 wastewater treated. The cost of bioextractive seaweed aquaculture depended on beneficial use of seaweed. If dried and sold as sea vegetables (for human consumption), a net revenue of $0.72 m−3 wastewater treated could be generated. If dried and sold as commercial fertilizer, the net cost of nutrient removal would be $0.26 m−3 wastewater treated, less than the WRRF upgrade. However, if anaerobically digested to produce biogas, the net cost of treatment was estimated to be $0.499 m−3 wastewater treated. WRRF upgrade and bioextractive aquaculture significantly reduced marine eutrophication. Bioextractive aquaculture with use as biofuel feedstock had the best performance on human carcinogenic toxicity, global warming, and fossil resource scarcity, marine ecotoxicity, and freshwater ecotoxicity. Use of seaweed product as sea vegetables was favorable considering human non-carcinogenic toxicity, marine eutrophication, freshwater eutrophication, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. The study results imply that nutrient bioextraction by seaweed aquaculture may be attractive as an alternative to advanced nutrient removal technologies in small coastal WRRFs, providing potential economic and environmental benefits for nutrient management.

Phenotypic variations and heritability of reblooming daylily (Hemerocallis spp.)

Reblooming daylily (Hemerocallis spp.), which blooms twice in a growing season, can significantly extend the florescence. However, the lack of genetic information about reblooming character resulted in the limitation for breeding. According to the North Carolina Design II (NC II), sixteen F1 populations were generated from the artificial pollination of eight reblooming parents. The results showed that foliage traits got more significant promotion than floral traits over both parents. H. ‘Early and Often’ (FM3) and H. ‘K2005001’ (M2) were considered as the ideal parents, based on the estimation of general combining ability (GCA). H. ‘Boothbay Harbor Gold’ × H. ‘Sagamore Bob Pelletier’ (FM1 × M1) had the largest special combining ability (SCA) value, becoming the greatest potential hybrid population. Leaf length and flower diameter had the largest broad-sense heritability (0.930) and narrow-sense heritability (0.763), respectively. Reblooming was significantly related to leaf number, making it possible to obtain rebloomers by selecting individuals with more leaves in the vegetative stage.

Decrease in size at maturity of female American lobsters Homarus americanus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Nephropidae) over a 50-year period in Maine, USA

ABSTRACTThe size at which female American lobsters Homarus americanus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) reach maturity was determined for females collected from inshore (< 3 nautical miles, or 5.5 km) Boothbay Harbor (BBH), Maine, USA in 2018. A total of 272 females were collected during a three-week period in the spring and each female was assigned a maturity status (immature or mature) based on ovarian staging. These determinations were then compared to two similar female-maturity studies undertaken in BBH by the Maine Department of Marine Resources over the last 50 years. The comparison revealed that the length at which 50% of females reach maturity has decreased by 5 mm over the last 25 years and a significant difference between maturity ogives generated over time in BBH. Cement-gland stage was also recorded for all females and further analysis revealed no significant difference between maturity ogives generated using ovarian and cement-gland staging. Results indicate that cement-gland staging is an effective maturity assessment method in female lobsters from this region. Because there is a well-documented relationship between temperature and size at maturity in crustaceans, we also examined changes in sea-surface temperature during this period in BBH. We found that the region has warmed significantly over this period of time with extreme high temperatures occurring more frequently during the last 25 years. Our results can be used to update key parameters in the stock-assessment model related to growth and egg production in the Gulf of Maine/George’s Bank stock. These findings can also be used to inform future management decisions related to the carapace length of harvested lobsters and the preservation of mature females.

Genomic exploration of individual giant ocean viruses.

Viruses are major pathogens in all biological systems. Virus propagation and downstream analysis remains a challenge, particularly in the ocean where the majority of their microbial hosts remain recalcitrant to current culturing techniques. We used a cultivation-independent approach to isolate and sequence individual viruses. The protocol uses high-speed fluorescence-activated virus sorting flow cytometry, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), and downstream genomic sequencing. We focused on 'giant viruses' that are readily distinguishable by flow cytometry. From a single-milliliter sample of seawater collected from off the dock at Boothbay Harbor, ME, USA, we sorted almost 700 single virus particles, and subsequently focused on a detailed genome analysis of 12. A wide diversity of viruses was identified that included Iridoviridae, extended Mimiviridae and even a taxonomically novel (unresolved) giant virus. We discovered a viral metacaspase homolog in one of our sorted virus particles and discussed its implications in rewiring host metabolism to enhance infection. In addition, we demonstrated that viral metacaspases are widespread in the ocean. We also discovered a virus that contains both a reverse transcriptase and a transposase; although highly speculative, we suggest such a genetic complement would potentially allow this virus to exploit a latency propagation mechanism. Application of single virus genomics provides a powerful opportunity to circumvent cultivation of viruses, moving directly to genomic investigation of naturally occurring viruses, with the assurance that the sequence data is virus-specific, non-chimeric and contains no cellular contamination.

Atmospheric mesoscale conditions during the Boothbay meteotsunami: a numerical sensitivity study using a high-resolution mesoscale model

The article aims to test the sensitivity of high-resolution mesoscale atmospheric model to fairly reproduce atmospheric processes that were present during the Boothbay Harbor meteotsunami on 28 October 2008. The simulations were performed by the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model at 1-km horizontal grid spacing by varying initial conditions (ICs) and lateral boundary conditions (LBCs), nesting strategy, simulation lead time and microphysics and convective parameterizations. It seems that the simulations that used higher-resolution IC and LBC were more successful in reproduction of precipitation zone and surface pressure oscillations caused by internal gravity waves observed during the event. The results were very sensitive to the simulation lead time and to the choice of convective parameterization, while the choice of microphysics parameterization and the type of nesting strategy (one-way or two-way) was less important for reproducibility of the event. The success of the WRF model appears limited to very short-range forecasting, most advanced parameterizations, and very high-resolution grid spacing; therefore, the applicability of present atmospheric mesoscale models to future operational meteotsunami warning systems still has a lot of room for improvements.

Atmospheric processes responsible for generation of the 2008 Boothbay meteotsunami

We investigated the atmospheric processes and physics that were active during a tsunami-like event hitting Boothbay Harbor area (Maine, USA) on 28 October 2008. The data collected by tide gauges, ground and sounding stations and meteo–ocean buoys in the area were analyzed, together with satellite and radar images. The atmospheric processes were reproduced by the weather research and forecasting model, verified by in situ and remote sensing data. A cold front moved over the area at the time of the event, with embedded convective clouds detected by satellite and radar data and the internal gravity waves (IGWs) detected by radar and reproduced by the model at the rear of the frontal precipitation band. According to the model, the IGWs that passed over Boothbay Harbor generated strong ground air-pressure oscillations reaching 2.5 hPa/3 min. The IGWs were ducted towards the coast without significant dissipation, propagating in a stable near-surface layer capped by an instability at approximately 3.5 km height and satisfying all conditions for their maintenance over larger areas. The intensity, speed and direction of the IGWs were favourable for generation of a meteotsunami wave along the Gulf of Maine shelf. Operational observation systems were not capable of sufficiently capturing the ground disturbance due to a too coarse sampling rate, while the numerical model was found to be a useful tool in eventual future detection and warning systems.

Investigation of Epizootic Shell Disease in American Lobsters (Homarus americanus) from Long Island Sound: II. Immune Parameters in Lobsters and Relationships to the Disease

Epizootic shell disease (ESD) affects lobsters (Homarus americanus) in eastern Long Island Sound (ELIS) and the near-shore waters of southern New England. Marring the shell of individuals, ESD decreases the economic value of infected lobsters and can lead to mortality in severely affected individuals. ESD tends to be most common in areas around Buzzards Bay, RI, and ELIS, and least prevalent in offshore canyons, off Maine's coast, and in western Long Island Sound (WLIS). To investigate the potential role of the immune system in determining an individual's or population's susceptibility to ESD, the immunocompetence and disease status of lobsters with and without signs of ESD from ELIS, WLIS, and Boothbay Harbor, ME, were assessed during late spring (June) 2007. We also measured internal defense parameters of ELIS lobsters during midsummer (August 2007), early fall (October 2007), and the following spring (June 2008) to assess how lobster immune systems respond temporarily. Despite high interindividual variability in defense-related factors, multivariate analyses showed that lobsters from ELIS presented significantly reduced immune responses relative to lobsters from either WLIS or Maine. Disease severity correlated negatively with several immune parameters, suggesting that the higher prevalence of ESD in ELIS may be related, at least in part, to reduced immunocompetency of ELIS lobsters.

A Note on the Long-Term Sea Surface Temperature Records at Boothbay Harbor, Maine

Sea surface temperature (SST) records have been collected at Boothbay Harbor, Maine, since 1905. A dramatic change in the structure of the monthly mean SST anomalies occurred around 1950. Prior to 1950, when observations were made with a bucket thermometer, there was a large range in the monthly mean temperature anomalies with warmer summers and cooler winters. After 1950, when a fixed thermistor was used, the difference between winter and summer anomalies were much reduced. We show that the primary cause of the change in the monthly anomaly patterns is related to the difference in the depth of the measurements from near surface (pre-1950) to 1.7 m below mean low water (post-1950) combined with the thermal stratification of Boothbay Harbor waters. The non-homogeneous nature of the surface temperature time series at Boothbay Harbor means that they should not be used for retrospective analyses that cover the entire period. Since 2000, the annual mean Boothbay Harbor temperatures have been much warmer than nearby sites, however the cause of this phenomenon is as yet unclear.

Coupled North Atlantic slope water forcing on Gulf of Maine temperatures over the past millennium

To investigate ocean variability during the last millennium in the Western Gulf of Maine (GOM), we collected a 142-year-old living bivalve (Arctica islandica L.) in 2004, and three fossil A. islandica shells (calibrated 14CAMS = 1030 ± 78 ad; 1320 ± 45 ad; 1357 ± 40 ad) for stable isotope and growth increment analysis. A statistically significant relationship exists between modern GOM temperature records [shell isotope-derived (30 m) (r = −0.79; P < 0.007), Prince 5 (50 m) (r = −0.72; P < 0.019), Boothbay Harbor SST (r = −0.76; P < 0.011)], and Labrador Current (LC) transport data from the Eastern Newfoundland Slope during 1993–2003. In all cases, as LC transport increased, GOM water temperatures decreased the following year. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) influence GOM water temperatures in the most recent period, with water temperatures decreasing during NAO and AMO negative modes most likely linked to LC transport and Gulf Stream interaction. Mean shell-derived isotopic changes (δ18Oc) during the last 1,000 years were +0.47‰ and likely reflect a 1–2°C cooling from 1000 ad to present. Based on these results, we suggest that observed cooling in the GOM during the last millennium was due to increased transport and/or cooling of the LC, and decreased Gulf Stream influence on the GOM.

Interview with a Quality Leader: Ira Moscovice on Quality in Rural Healthcare Settings

1Sue Boisvert, MHSA RN, is vice president of quality at St. Andrews Hospital and Healthcare Center in Boothbay Harbor, ME. She is a member of JHQ's review panel.

Burnt Island Lighthouse, Boothbay Harbor, Maine

Photographer: Steve Mulliken, JD, LLM, Colorado Springs, Colo. This photograph of the Burnt Island Lighthouse in Boothbay Harbor, Me, was taken on a trip with friends in August 2004. The lighthouse, only seen by boat or air, was built in 1821, automated in 1989, and is still operational today.

Interview with a Quality Leader: Robert McArtor on MaineHealth and the Maine Quality Forum Initiative

1Susan C. Boisvert, MHSA BSN, is vice president of quality at St. Andrews Hospital and Healthcare Center in Boothbay Harbor, ME. She is a member of JHQ's review panel.

Bridging the Two Cultures: History, Big History, and Science

May/June 2005 Historically Speaking 21 HlSTORICIZING NATURE OR "SCIENTIZING" History?: A Forum THE HISTORICITATION OF NATURE HAS BEEN UNDER WAY ever since the emergence ofhistorical consciousness in the 16th and 1 7th centuries, but like so many other things it is accelerating today. The most striking example ofthis process is the recent emergence of thefield of "big history, " the attempt to offer a grand universal history from the Big Bang to the present. This ambitious effort to place human history in the largest ofcontexts results in something akin to a modern scientific creation myth. A parallel development—what could inelegantly be called the "scientizing" ofhistory—is also occurring. Historians increasingly borrow scientific notions (from environmental science, climatology, evolutionary biology, etc.) and appropriate science metaphors (especiallyfrom thefield ofcomplexity theory). At the 2004 Historical Society conference in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, three sessions dealt with these matters. Two were devoted to big history with several ofthefield's leading scholars participating. In a third session historians discussedthe applicability ofchaos theory to historical inquiry. We publish revised versions ofsix ofthese papers below along with solicited responses from two senior scholars, William H. McNeill and Bruce Mazlish. The forum received generous support from the John Templeton Foundation. Bridging the Two Cultures: History, Big History, and Science David Christian Big history tries to place human history in context, by seeing it as part of an even larger story that includes the past of the Earth and the entire universe.1 It therefore provides a natural bridge between history and sciences such as biology, geology, and astronomy. So teaching and writing about big history forces us to revisit the ancient issue of whether history can be regarded as a science; or, to put it more cautiously, it forces us to consider whether there is an epistemological continuum between the sciences and the humanities. Now is a good time to reopen this debate because changes in the nature of both history and the sciences suggest new ways of resolving this ancient conundrum. In the 17th century science distinguished itself from other forms of knowledge by its practical success in manipulating the material world. Its success rested on two major shifts in approaches to knowledge. First, science handled its raw data with exceptional skepticism . It introduced stringent truth tests, and ruthlessly discarded information and hypotheses that failed. Galileo's experiments with telescopes and falling objects provide the textbook model of this aspect of science. Second, scientists discovered that from this purified body of information they could construct laws that provided powerful new ways of understanding the material world. Most striking of all, they found that some of these large ideas survived the most important truth test of all: they worked. Eventually, they would enable humans to extract energy and resources on an unprecedented scale, to fly, to communicate instantaneously across the world, to determine the age of the universe. They transformed the human relationship to the material world and held out the promise of rapid progress toward accurate and verifiable forms of knowledge that could be used to create a better world. Newton provided the most influential example of such laws by constructing a single set of rules to explain motion in both the earthly and heavenly realms. Since the Enlightenment the rising prestige of science has encouraged practitioners in other fields ofstudy to emulate its methods in the hope of matching its achievements. In this spirit, historians began to construct a "scientific" account of human history.2 This was characterized, first, by a scientific concern for the accuracy, precision, and objectivity of the data from which historians constructed their accounts ofthe past. Historians developed strict rules for the use ofdocumentary evidence and new testing grounds for ideas such as historical journals and university seminars. Second, historians began to seek out large, general laws of human history, analogous to those ofNewtonian physics. The search for general laws of history was pursued most optimistically in the 18th century but eventually a certain pessimism set in. Attempts to discover such laws persisted for much of the 19th century, particularly within Marxist historiography and Comtean sociology. But by the early 20th century, most professional historians had abandoned the search, preferring, instead, to...

Notes on the Boothbay Harbor Conference

September/October 2004 · Historically Speaking39 Notes on the Boothbay Harbor Conference George Huppert The 2004 conference of our Society took place in an unusual setting. We met in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, from June 3-6. Our host was the Spruce Point Inn, an exquisite seaside resort hidden amid woods and surrounded by the ocean. Some of our participants may have harbored doubts about setting out to meet in this distant rendezvous , but their doubts were dispelled on arrival. Others signed up for the conference, coming from as far away as Berkeley or London , precisely because ofthe setting's powerful appeal. For three days we were able to talk to each other under ideal circumstances, mostly outdoors. The weather was perfect. Our plenary sessions were held in the beautiful conference center finished only hours before our arrival. We broke with tradition by avoiding corporate hotels in big cities. We also departed from conventional ways by having papers precirculated and asking presenters to speak informally instead ofreading prepared texts. These measures went a long way toward erasing the distinction between panel and audience . In most sessions this resulted in lively and fruitful exchanges among all those present . We continued our discussions under the tent adjacent to the conference center, where breakfast and lunch buffets were served by the inn's fine staff. Some ofus still had enough energy in reserve to go on talking into the night. Some of us brought our children who could be heard squealing and splashing in the swimming pool while the imposing figure of Donald Yerxa floated past them. Meanwhile state of the American historical profession serious workwas going Gn in the conference in an atmosphere of rising hilarity, beginrooms where we found ourselves adventur- ning with Kuklick's dissection ofthe foibles ing way beyond the confines ofour fields of of our profession and rising to storms of expertise. It is not often that specialists in laughter in response to Ribuffo's practiced Renaissance studies or labor historyjoin dis- comedy routines. As is to be expected, much of importance happened outside of the formal sessions. The relaxed setting —more like a retreat than a business meeting—allowed us to avoid the usual distractions . Communication with the outside world was severed . No cell phones ringing, no e-mail. The sense of having happily stepped out of our ordinary activities permeated the entire meeting. Instead of arranging job interviews, we arranged a concert offered to us by Deborah Coclanis and her friends. Our experiment with new ways ofinteracting is likely to influence our next meeting . We may want to pre-circulate papers again—we may even go so far as to read them carefully before the meeting—and we may try to retain the informality we achieved in Boothbay at our next meeting, in 2006, when we will descend on the Chapel Hill campus at the invitation of our president, Peter Coclanis. For three days we were able to talk to each other under ideal circumstances , mostly outdoors. . . . The sense ofhaving happily stepped out ofour ordinary activities permeated the entire meeting. eussions of South Indian historiography, Russian church history,Jeffersonian democracy , or Holocaust memoirs. We did not wander too far from the theme of the conference, which was defined as a reflection on the current state of the discipline . Roundtables on world history and global identity were among the broadest topics addressed. Elsewhere we discussed the state ofthe art in Renaissance, Enlightenment , and Latin American historiography , as well as new developments in the study of medieval Poland, modern Islam, and Black nationalism. Among the sessions that provoked a good deal ofargument were the Christopher Lasch Lecture delivered by Sean Wilentz and Sanjay Subrahmanyam's discussion ofworld history. Bruce Kuklick, Leo Ribuffo, and Marc Trachtenberg offered their critical summary ofthe current George Huppert, pastpresident ofthe Historical Society, is the author ofseveral books and articles on early modern European history. In 1989 he was decorated as Chevalier de l'Ordre des PalmesAcade?niques by the French government. ...

Preliminary 2004 THS Conference Schedule: June 3-6, 2004 at the Spruce Point Inn near Boothbay Harbor, Maine "Reflections on the Current State of Historical Inquiry"

38Historically Speaking · November 2003 Preliminary 2004 THS Conference Schedule June 3-6, 2004 at the Spruce Point Inn near Boothbay Harbor, Maine "Reflections on the Current State of Historical Inquiry" Program Directors: Peter Coclanis, University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill George Huppert, University ofIllinois at Chicago Ann Moyer, University ofPennsylvania James Tracy, University ofMinnesota WE ENVISION THIS CONFERENCE as a conversation about what makes history a discipline. Since historians cannot rely on a single method tofit all situations, we expat to take a close look at different approaches to thepast. We are interestedas well in the challenges createdby the nature ofavailablesources, andby the issues thatarise when one borrows theoretical approachesfrom other disciplines. In an age thatsees itselfas moving beyondmodernity, thegroundhas shiftedunder the various grandnarratives ofits European origins. Hence we hope to cast a critical eye on traditional chapters in that narrative, such as the Middle Ages, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution. At the same time, we hope topromote ongoing efforts to frame thehistories ofAfrica, Asia, andthe Islamicworldin terms ofcategories notshaped by European narratives. Weexpect that historians working with many different kinds of sources andrepresenting allfields andperspectives will beparty to these discussions. We hope that thisfourth national meeting willserve as apoint ofdeparturefora clear-sightedanalysis ofthe likelyfuture ofhistoricalstudies in the new century. For program updates please visit www.bu.edu/historic/conference04.html THURSDAY, JUNE 3, 2004 2:15-3:45 PM Session IA Ireland and America Moderator: Joseph Morrison Skelly, College of Mount Saint Vincent David Noel Doyle, University College, Dublin "A Creative Irritant: IrishAmerica and the TransAtlantic Dimisión ofLiberal Democracy, 1820-1880" Joseph Morrison Skelly, College ofMount Saint Vincent "A European Exception, a Trans-Atlantic Phenomenon : The Resiliency ofLiberal Democracy in Independent Ireland, 1922-2002" Session IB Historical Inquiry in the Federal Government Moderator: Edward Keefer, General Editor, Foreign Relations of the U.S. Series; Office of the Historian, Department of State Michael Warner, CIA History Staff "Kafka as Translated by Lewis Carroll: Pitfalls and Rewards of Intelligence History in the Federal Government " Erin Mahan, Department of State "Tapes, Documents, and the Foreign Relations of the United States Series" James Siekmeir, Department of State "The Chile Declassification Project" Matthew Festa, Judicial Law Clerk, US District Court, Eastern Kentucky "The Application ofa Usable Past: Toward Reconciling the Professional Standards ofHistory and Law" Patricia MacCaughan, University ofMinnesota "Caught between History and Law: An Historiographical Question ofOrigin" Session H) Science andReligion in America Moderator: Darryl G. Hart, Intercollegiate Studies Institute Jon H. Roberts, Boston University "Science, Liberal Protestantism, and Philosophical Idealism in America" Ronald L. Numbers, University ofWisconsin, Madison "Science and Secularization in America" Session IE Digital Media and Libraries: The Searchfor Sources? Moderator: David Moltke-Hansen, Historical Society of Pennsylvania Cristel de Rouvray, London School ofEconomics "The Implications ofDigital Media for the Historical Profession" Kenneth Carpenter, Harvard University Library, retired "The Historical Contingency ofLibrary Collecting" Tiago Mata, London School ofEconomics "The Implications ofDigital Media for the Historical Profession" 4:00-5:30 PM Session HA Conservative History: Where We Have Been and Where We Are Going Moderator and Commentator: George H. Nash, Independent Scholar Gregory L. Schneider, Emporia State University "The Protean Character ofModem American Conservatism " Donald T. Critchlow, Saint Louis University "What Grassroots Conservatism Tells Us: Reconsidering the New Revisionist History ofConservatism" Session HB The (Non) Bombing ofAuschwitz: CounterfactualHistory in a Film Documentary Presentation: Paul B. Miller, McDaniel College Film: They Looked Away (narrated by Mike Wallace) Session HC American Religious History Moderator: Donald A. Yerxa, Eastern Nazarene College Thomas Kidd , Baylor University "Expansion and Globalization in American Religion , 1492-1865" Kurt Peterson , North Park University "Expansion and Globalization in American Religion , 1865-2004" Session IC Law and History Moderator: Martin Burke, Lehman College, CUNY Commentator: Wilfred McClay, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga November 2003 · Historically Speaking39 Session HD Revisionist Approaches to American Historiography Moderator: Pete Banner-Haley, Colgate University FrederickAdams, Drake University "We Took the Most Traveled Path: A Reconsideration ofthe Revisionist Interpretation ofU.S. Foreign Policy" Jean Paul Benowitz, Temple University "The Challenges ofDefining the Realm ofModern American History" Kenneth Barkin, University ofCalifornia, Riverside "W.E.B. DuBois's Love Affair with Germany" Session HE Redefining Early Modem History Moderator: Joseph Amato, Southwest State University Philip M. Soergel, Arizona...

The Historical Society Book/Article/Dissertation Prizes: Prize winners will be announced at the Historical Society's national meeting in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, June 3-6, 2004

The Historical Society Book/Article/Dissertation Prizes: Prize winners will be announced at the Historical Society's national meeting in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, June 3-6, 2004

Preliminary 2004 THS Conference Schedule: June 3-6, 2004 at the Spruce Point Inn near Boothbay Harbor, Maine "Reflections on the Current State of Historical Inquiry"

Preliminary 2004 THS Conference Schedule: June 3-6, 2004 at the Spruce Point Inn near Boothbay Harbor, Maine "Reflections on the Current State of Historical Inquiry"

Fisheries in a Changing Climate. Based on a symposium held in Phoenix, Arizona, 20–21 August 2001. American Fisheries Society Symposium, Volume 32. Edited by Nature A McGinn. Bethesda (Maryland): American Fisheries Society. $60.00 (paper). xxii + 295 p; ill.; no index. ISBN: 1–888569–40–9. 2002.

Previous articleNext article No AccessAquatic SciencesFisheries in a Changing Climate. Based on a symposium held in Phoenix, Arizona, 20–21 August 2001. American Fisheries Society Symposium, Volume 32. Edited by Nature A McGinn. Bethesda (Maryland): American Fisheries Society. $60.00 (paper). xxii + 295 p; ill.; no index. ISBN: 1–888569–40–9. 2002.Richard A Wahle Richard A WahleBigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine Search for more articles by this author Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, MainePDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 78, Number 2June 2003 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/377999 Views: 6Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

President's Corner

Historically Speaking September 2002 PRESIDENTS CORNER George Huppert t I ? he recent conference we sponsored in Atlanta was successful in a number 1 ofways. Those who were there will remember the pleasant setting and some of the more striking presentations, including those ofDavid Landes and SeymourDrescher, which provoked longbouts ofdebate. Natalie Davis's paperwas another high point Eachofus, no doubt, came awaywithnew ideas, but what I found particularly memorablewas the congenial and stimulatingmood that reigned throughout those three days, when we had so many opportunities for getting to know each other between formal sessions. This mood is something worth maintaining at our next national conference . There is, elsewhere in this issue, a formal Call for Papers for the 2004 conference. This may seem far away, but proposals are actually due pretty soon, with a final deadline in December. You will note thatthe ground rules are different this time. Ourpastconferences have been focused, more or less successfully, on a single theme. Even so, most ofus have hardly been jolted out ofour routine, basicallydoingwhatwe have done at other meetings, thatis, presenting the results ofour own research in company with two or three others on the panels, whose interests are compatiblewith ourown. The resultwaspredictable : a handful ofmedievalists, forinstance, or specialists in Mesopotamian archaeology, attended their own sessions, while others plunged into equallyexclusive sessions. However interesting the presentations were, one could hardly argue that there was much ofa Why not venture into controversial or unexaminedquestions and ask whether historical research can he useful to governmentpolicy makers, especially at thisjuncture, when the West is the targetfor such concentrated rage? meeting ofminds across the thin walls separating mese sessions. Several ofmy colleagues commented on this fact. Meanwhile, atameetinginChicago, the three historians to whom I entrusted the direction ofthe 2004 conference had already expressed their desire to overcome the kind ofcompartmentalizationthatplaguesourprofession . What we hope to see happen when we nextmeet in Boothbay Harbor is a newkind ofconference at which we all learn from each other. We would like to see, for instance, specialists in U.S. colonial history meet withcolleagueswho studyothercolonial histories. Another way of shaking loose the rigid boundaries to which we are accustomed would be to devote a general discussion to the conceptoftheMiddle Ages, for instance, or to examine the nature ofWestern Civilization courses. Could we have economic historians, regardless oftheirregional or chronological territory, take a look atAfrica since independence ? Whynotventure into controversial orunexamined questions and askwhether historical research can be useful to government policy makers, especially at this juncture , whentheWestis the targetforsuchconcentrated rage? L· there anythingwrongwith selecting topics for research thatare directly related to current preoccupations? Lucien Febvre, the fiery editor ofAnnales, did not thinkso. He spoke ofa managed history, "une histoire dirigée," and went about commissioning a series ofarticles that tried to provide answers to the perplexities ofhis day— September 2002 » Historically Speaking own expertise with broader issues. We are not justcallingfor comparative history. We would like to take stock, to ask where our discipline is heading, bypromptinga number ofreports from the field. What is going on in your own field, as you see it? You will have noticed the emphasis on "conversation" and "discussions" in the wording ofthe Call for Papers. We mean that. We are movingawayfrom the established model of presentation (three 20-minute papers, a commentator , and very little time for meaningful discussion). Instead, we ask for your text in advance, and expectonlya briefinformal summary before a general discussion begins. A word about the setting of this conference . The inn is not a convention hotel, even though it provides excellent meeting rooms, accommodations, and meals. No need forsuits and ties. High heels would be positively life threatening on the lawns, decks, and rocks. The informal nature ofthis conference will allow participants a great deal oflatitude. We will entertain full-scale presentations in a 300seatauditorium , aswell as briefreports, which will also have their place in the published program . And there is nothing wrongwith coming to the conference without putting yourself formally on the program. Join the conversation. I hope to see you all there. GeorgeHuppertispresidentofThe Historical Societyandprofessorofhistoryat the University ofIllinoisat Chicago. Hismostrecentbook¿The Style ofParis: Renaissance Origins ofthe French Enlightenment (Indiana University Press, 1999). THE HISTORICAL O OCIETY 656 Beacon...

Detecting and quantifying male sea urchin spawning with time-integrated fertilization assays

There has been much modeling and experimentation on factors affecting fertilization success in free-spawning marine invertebrates, but for many species spawning has rarely been observed in nature, if at all, and then mostly qualitatively. Understanding the dynamics of spawning and fertilization is especially important for species, such as the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotusdroebachiensis (O.F. Muller), that have been widely depleted by harvesting. Time-integrated fertilization assays provide measures of sperm-availability adjacent to spawning populations for extended periods and with unprecedented temporal resolution. In such assays unfertilized eggs are held in baskets permeable to sperm and suspended in the water column as long as the eggs remain viable. In a consecutive series of 24- to 72-h assays the time course and spatial extent of sperm availability were measured near an aggregation of 250 sea urchins suspended in a cage at a field site in West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, USA. The assays were conducted in March and April, 2000, the spawning season of the green sea urchin. The distribution of embryonic stages within the assays revealed fine-scale temporal information on the timing of fertilization. The time series of multiple assays indicated that over a substantial portion of the spawning season there was an almost continuous low level of male spawning, a pattern consistent with a slow decline in gonad index observed in both male and female urchins. Fertilization rates averaged only 17% for the eggs in the basket nearest the spawning urchins (20 cm away), and the rates declined sharply over a distance of <1 m. Thus, despite the potential benefits of long egg life in integrating sperm supply over several days, the spatial effects on fertilization success were marked. Owing to the urchins' captivity and the lack of site replication, the generality of the observed spawning pattern must be confirmed. Nonetheless, the method lends itself to wider application among natural populations.