Export Boom Research Articles

MEXICAN INTEROCEANIC CORRIDOR: TOWARD A LIKELY SOCIALLY INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE REGION IN SOUTHWESTERN MEXICO

Mexican Interoceanic Corridor or Tehuantepec's Transisthmian Corridor (along with the Mayan Train) represents one the two largest iconic and challenging Mega Projects implemented in Southwestern Mexico, funded by Mexican Government, in the same so-called “Macrosouth region” or just Macrosouth, here on, (integrated by three economic subregions, namely, South-Pacific, Southern and South-western regions). Despite both projects ultimately aim to foster economic growth in such a region, the former aims to stimulate growth through an increased tourism flow from the wealthy Mayan Riviera zone toward the Gulf of Mexico's long-lagged region by railroad through the Mayan Train recently inaugurated by President Lopez Obrador,vid AMLO(Dec 22, 2023).Although the main focus of our attention here, namely, the Interoceanic Corridor, given its geoeconomic and geo strategic relevance for the country since it is expected to skyrocket Mexican exports and commercial activity through this facility and thus fostering economic growth throughout the Corridor stripe and spread it out throughout its neighboring regions such as those above referred in the coming years given its previlegious geographic location under the global context in which Mexico is currently immersed. Accordingly, the article aims to assess and highlight the socio economic relevance of the Mexican Corridor megaproject and its likelihood to achieve by this means simultaneously economic growth and people's well-being in this region as an expected consequence of the intensive commercial thorugh its operation and industrial activity generated by the production of ten industrial parks to be implemented along the Corridor (backed by a host of full-fledged refurbished and renewed productive infrastructure around it) such as railway itself and road transport and port facilities along the end lines of the Corridor stripe (and the entire Macroregion) focused on supporting the expected massive commercial flow of merchandise and concomitant export boom back and forth through the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, shortly. Furthermore, all these significant public investments, unlike prior neoliberal investment priorities in the past, these new investments are nurtured upon a framework of a socially inclusive and sustainable strategy tailored by the Mexican government for the Corridor zone to promote simultaneously economic growth and people’s well-being in the Transismithian stripe in the years to come. However, the challenge for the Mexican state, through its policymakers, is to achieve such an equilibrium between economic growth and population well-being in this region under a sustainable environmental context. Accordingly, in short, the purpose of this article is to explore the likelihood of Mexico attaining the above-referred equilibrium and implementing a socially inclusive strategy within a long-time deprived and lagged region from the rest of the country such as the Transisthmian Corridor stripe and its neighboring regions, such as the South-Pacific and Gulf of Mexico, in the foreseeable future along with its likely perspectives and socioeconomic and environmental implications.

The patent and the freezer: putting agrarian facts in their place

ABSTRACT This paper is a reflection on the growth and decline of Paraguayan scientific institutions associated with the Green Revolution. Paraguay had almost no scientific infrastructure in 1943, when American investors and politicians began a massive program to generate national expertise to fuel an export boom. This would be mirrored in the 1990s by disinvestment, personified in this paper by the demise of a vital freezer that was storing corn samples at one of the country’s primary research centers. The paper follows this story by focusing on four of the key crops of Paraguayan agrarian research: cotton, maize, wheat, and soybeans. Each of these crops in their time articulated ambivalent interests between those of the Paraguayan nation, and the global ambitions of foreign Green Revolutionaries. By showing the way that the latter interests slowly took over from the former (culminating in the patent regimes around genetically modified soybeans), the paper also traces the rising importance of “facticity” in local agrarian science.

The politics of direct taxation in Chile, 1870s-1890s: ¿“será defecto de la raza”?

AbstractThis article deals with a fiscal reform implemented in Chile during the late 1870s, when the country was suffering a severe economic and fiscal crisis, on the eve of the War of the Pacific. In 1879, the Chilean government introduced a new set of direct levies, taxing inheritance, income and wealth, despite the historic resistance of most of the economic elites to direct taxation in a highly unequal society. The process also shows that not all the economic elite avoided direct taxation. Despite other challenges faced by any developing country in extracting taxes from its population (e.g. lack of both proper information and human capital), during c.1879-1884 collection of these new direct taxes was successful, mainly on account of the improved extractive capacity built up during the preceding decades. Yet, by the mid-1890s all direct taxes (new and old) had been either derogated or transferred to local government (in some cases after being modified). Once again, Chilean central government depended entirely on indirect taxes, with export duties on nitrate being the most important. Nitrate provides a good example of an export boom shaping taxation for the worse; rather than increasing and diversifying the sources of revenue, a dominant sector of the Chilean economic elite decided to stop paying direct taxes and to make the state entirely dependent on the cycles of the international economy. However, some members of the economic elite, although defeated in their purpose, were aware of the wide range of benefits of keeping direct taxation: social justice, financial health and less vulnerability to trade cycles. Unfortunately, the balance of power favoured elite groups with enough power to hinder direct taxation.

For Amber waves of grain: Commodity booms and structural transformation in 19th century America

AbstractThis paper examines the effect that the export boom in wheat had on US counties from 1870 to 1900. I find that increased exports in wheat, exogenously driven by declines in British wheat production, led to an unequal effect on wheat production across counties. Specifically, counties that were less well‐suited to wheat production increased their wheat output relative to more productive counties. These low‐yield counties also reduced their urban population share and increased the amount of agricultural activity occurring within their borders. Taken together, my results suggest that the wheat boom in 19th century America led to more wheat production in counties which were less well‐suited for growing it, which slowed these counties' transition from rural to urban.

From export boom to private debt bubble: a macroeconomic policy regime assessment of Canada’s shifting growth regime

This paper examines the emergence of private debt-led growth in Canada since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) by means of a growth regime and macroeconomic policy regime assessment. Examining each of the four business cycles in the 1983–2020 period, roughly encompassing the entirety of the neoliberal period, results demonstrate the emergence of a ‘rising’ weakly export-led growth regime in the early 1990s, a shift to a ‘falling’ weakly export-led regime by 2001, and a turn to a debt-led private demand regime since the GFC. The macroeconomic policy regime then identifies the structural changes and policy factors that have contributed to Canada’s shifting growth regime. While price competitiveness played an important role in the first three cycles, it failed to re-establish an export-led regime in the post-GFC period due to decreased non-price competitiveness. Instead, the post-GFC combination of low real interest rates, which encouraged the accumulation of private debt and fiscal policy, which ex post did not address the negative financial balances of the household sector, supported the turn to private debt-led growth.

Reining in Rebellion: The Decline of Political Violence in South America, 1830–1929

Abstract During the nineteenth century, South America was plagued by internal rebellions that destabilized the region's economies and political systems. At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, levels of political violence throughout the region declined dramatically. Existing scholarship has paid surprisingly little attention to this historic transformation, in part because comprehensive data on revolts have been lacking. Historical narratives and an analysis of a comprehensive new dataset on all revolts in South America from 1830 to 1929 show that the decline in revolts stemmed in large part from the expansion and professionalization of the region's militaries, which were driven by the export boom and the threat of interstate conflict. Nevertheless, not all types of rebellions declined precipitously during this period, as an original typology of revolts shows. Although the strengthening of the region's armed forces discouraged revolts by non-state actors, it did not significantly reduce rebellions from within the state apparatus, such as military coups.

Exposure or pandemic effect: Export boom in instant noodles from South Korea during COVID-19.

Amid the pandemic, it is crucial to comprehend both people's preferred food choices and the factors influencing food consumption. This understanding not only guarantees a stable food supply but also plays a pivotal role in economic recovery during times of recession. In 2020, South Korean instant noodles experienced an unprecedented surge in exports, catapulting the nation to the forefront of the global instant noodle market. The surge in the popularity of instant noodles during the pandemic can be partly attributed to their unique characteristics. However, the South Korean film Parasite, which garnered global acclaim around the same time, prominently featured instant noodle products. This exposure led to an extraordinary increase in internet searches for Korean-brand instant noodles. Therefore, this study utilized an interrupted time series model to investigate whether the surge in South Korean instant noodle exports was primarily a result of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic or the influence of the film. Our estimations indicate that the film's exposure effect predominantly explains the export boom of South Korean instant noodles.

Profits and inequality during an export boom. Evidence from tax records in Lima, Peru

ABSTRACT Some studies have shown that inequality increased in pre-1930 Latin America as the economy and foreign trade grew. Others have shown that there was no clear relationship between economic growth and inequality. The information on nineteenth-century Peru is useful to estimate income inequality during a period of rapid economic growth. This article estimates the distribution of profits in Lima between 1838 and 1859 using information from tax reports. Mobility across social classes was possible for some guild members. However, financiers and large merchants experienced higher growth in profits than artisans and small traders. In addition, a comparison of profits and wages shows that the richest entrepreneurs experienced a rapid increase in profits during a period of declining real wages. Thus, the income gap between the richest and poorest residents of Lima widened during this period.

Neglected negative consequences of using exports to earn foreign exchange

The rapid growth of international trade has promoted equally rapid economic development and globalization. It has also brought some problems. To earn foreign exchange from other countries, some countries have adopted export tax rebate policies and other subsidies to enhance the international competitiveness of their products. However, earning foreign exchange from exports to other countries has also caused harms that have been neglected by many economists. To describe these harms, we studied the impact of transitioning from a completely export-oriented trade strategy to a strategy that mitigates trade’s negative impacts by considering the environmental damage associated with huge export profits. Behind the booming export earnings lies a continuous loss of real domestic wealth. Importing raw materials and exporting processed products also creates large amounts of pollution and wastes, and contributes to continuous degradation of the exporter country’s environment. It also widens the development gaps between and within countries. The core goal of socioeconomic development is to improve the livelihood of the people, not to hoard other countries' currencies. Balancing international trade therefore represents a necessary foundation for sustainable international trade, and this goal is jeopardized by excessive exports that unbalance a country’s international trade. Currency can become an invisible tax imposed on its users through depreciation caused by excessive issuance of the currency. The greater a country’s foreign exchange reserves, the greater the loss of real wealth. Therefore, to promote socioeconomic development and mitigate the problems caused by an excessive emphasis on exports, we should protect and enhance the vitality of markets (e.g., by eliminating export subsidies wherever possible) to balance exports and imports.

Income Elasticity of Imports and External Constraint in Periods of Commodity Export Boom: Evidence for the Brazilian Economy

The work proposal includes verifying: i) whether the increase in the income elasticity of demand for imports (IEDI) in Brazil (between 1997q1 and 2018q4 ) can be explained by the increase in exports; ii) whether this could have occurred as a result of the increase in commodity exports; iii) the mechanisms by which the increase in IEDI occurred, whether through final consumption goods or through intermediate goods; iv) whether this should be considered in models that explain economic growth through the performance of the balance of payments (Thirlwall's Law). Then, to test this, we propose estimates a modified version of the multi-sectoral Thirlwall Law (MSTL). The vector autoregressive (VAR) methodology and the vector error correction model (VECM) were used in the estimations. The results showed that the growth of commodity exports has a significant impact on the increase in the IEDI in the analyzed period, which limits the possibilities for the Brazilian economy to reach a balanced growth trajectory with a higher growth rate in the long term.

Break the ICE: What Happens to Traditional Cars When EVs Rule the Road?

The UK is banning the sale of new internal combustion engine (ICE) cars from 2030. As the deadline approaches, there are several factors that could come into play which will affect the ICE market. The ideal scenario, is that EVs will reach price parity with today's ICE cars, making the transition straightforward, but it is possible that EVs remain unaffordable for most people. However this transition turns out, what will happen to all those older ICE cars? The article looks into the most likely scenarios, from retrofitting them with EV batteries, to a boom in exports of old ICE cars or it might be an opportunity for the classic car market.

Hungry for Revolution: The Politics of Food and the Making of Modern Chile

Hungry for Revolution: The Politics of Food and the Making of Modern Chile

Colonial Roads and Regional Inequality

This paper examines the effect of road-building on local economic development and regional inequality by studying the effort in the early 20th century to connect all cities and towns in Puerto Rico with roads. Using newly digitized maps, I show that expanding the transport network failed to reduce regional disparities and that areas near old Spanish roads became relatively more prosperous during the export boom that followed annexation by the United States. Instrumental variable and spatial first differences strategies indicate that early access to roads promoted local economic development. Areas that already had access to roads before US-led road-building became more densely populated, specialized more in the production of export crops, and eventually led the transition away from agricultural employment. Those areas are still more prosperous, suggesting that early access to the transport network gave rise to path dependence in the location of economic activity. However, geographical factors and earlier economic development—also likely a product of geography—played a larger role in shaping the spatial pattern of development.

The role of public–private coordination: the case of sweet cherries in Argentina 2000–2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the sustained growth of sweet cherry exports in recent years in Argentina and to what extent the coordination mechanisms between public and private institutions can explain the growth.Design/methodology/approachThe research method used in the paper is descriptive and based on in-depth interviews with producers, agencies and institutions from the cherry industry. Qualitative results are complemented with analysis of key market data.FindingsThe sweet cherry industry in Argentina underwent a shake up with entry of new vertically integrated players and the technological upgrade of traditional producers that resulted in an export boom. The transformation of the industry was induced by the global market conditions and, more importantly, the promotion and complementarities achieved through a strong public–private partnership. Despite the constant increase in global demand for counter-season cherries, exports from Argentina are currently struggling to sustain growth. Among various bottlenecks, the authors find the instability of government policies (e.g. labor law, tax system, economic and trade policies) as the main cause for the slowdown in investment and expansion of the planted area.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper highlights the importance of understanding the growth process of an industry and the different ways in which public and private sectors can enhance export performance. The relationship between the success of private–public partnerships and the particular configuration and characteristics of the industry deserve further study. The usual limitations from single-case studies apply.Originality/valueThe study has two contributions. First, the study uncovers the economics underlying the development and configuration of the sweet cherry industry in Argentina. Second, the study documents a successful case of private–public partnership to boost exports and reach new markets.

Credence attributes and opportunities: a cautionary tale of yerba mate in Paraguay

PurposeThis study explores the determinants of growth of credence-based exports of yerba mate from Paraguay, potential for increased export growth, and the fragility of the credence-based export model. Much of the growth in value of yerba mate exports from Paraguay is due to positioning of the good within the universe of products where consumption is driven by perceptions of sustainable production and health benefits to consumers. Credence claims for yerba mate—benefits to indigenous producing communities, environmental sustainability under certain production processes, healthful alternatives to energy drinks—are now widely known, but the growth of this awareness came via a new entrepreneurial strategy of a single firm.Design/methodology/approachPrimary information was collected through interviews of actors in the Paraguayan yerba mate value chain during spring/summer 2020. These included representatives from three exporting companies, processors, public institutions and indigenous producers.FindingsThe Paraguayan yerba mate export boom was stimulated through the careful cultivation of an image of healthful consumption and sustainable production processes. The cost of this cultivation was borne mainly by a single firm. Findings suggest that future marketing efforts will need to reinforce credence claims, highlighting the benefits to indigenous producers.Research limitations/implicationsThis case study explores the determinants of growth of credence-based exports of yerba mate from Paraguay, potential for increased growth, and the fragility of the credence-based model.Originality/valueFindings are supported by field interviews with value chain participants and detailed analysis of extant data. The paper is the first to discuss the fragility of relying on credence attributes for long-term demand growth.

Formacion economica y social de un territorio costero chileno durante el siglo XIX: la propiedad en San Antonio y su hinterland

Through the theme and concept of economic and social formation, this article studies the evolution during the 19th century of an important coastal territory of central Chile, relatively abandoned by historiography: the port of San Antonio and its immediate territory. The current relevance of this port with respect to the economy of the entire country has quite recent origins, and it is only from the first years of the 20th century, in a slow process, that this territory begins to develop strongly, acquiring its preponderance current. However, this development is determined by a previous period, an export boom based on cereal production, which characterized the transformation of this territory and its ports during the second half of the nineteenth century, especially in the last third of that century. century.The formation and slow transformation of this territory will be reconstructed from the analysis in two senses. At first, from a general observation point, through the reconstruction of the evolution of the property structure, in the territory that surrounded the modest port complex, through the analysis of census and agricultural data. Secondly, we will go into the information that gives an account of the export boom, which energized all this territory around 1870, especially considering the development of the "New Port" in connection with the establishment of a modern commercial society, which brought together important merchants and landowners.

DETERMINATION OF QUINO SEED SAMPLES

Quinoa is a promising crop due to its use in the food industry for the development of functional products. But there arevery few recommendations in the world literature and almost no practical experience in the storage and processing of quinoa seeds.The study of quinoa and its properties in Western countries, as well as the development of modern methods of organic production inSouth America have led to the fact that quinoa is rapidly gaining popularity as a healthy and healthy product rich in vitamins andminerals and gluten-free. This has caused a boom in production and exports in Latin America, which continues to this day.In Ukraine, quinoa has gained popularity in recent years, many Ukrainian cereal producers now include quinoa in theirrange. But so far, raw materials have been purchased abroad, primarily in Latin America.Grain quality is a set of properties and characteristics (organoleptic, biological, physicochemical, technological, consumer)that determine the suitability of grain for its intended use. The main indicators of quinoa grain quality of different types: white,red and black are determined in the work. The quality of the studied samples was determined by organoleptic, chemical and microbiologicalindicators.The results of the sensory analysis confirm the high results and the display of the grain of the cinoa by species.The acidity of the grain of kinoa is determined, and it is set according to the indicators of acidity, until the acidity of thegrain of kinoa is brought to good grain.The results of microbiological studies show that the highest content of bacteria was found in samples of red quinoa seeds.The analysis of the obtained results showed that the predominant component of the bacterial microflora of quinoa grain is the nonspore-forming bacillus Erwinia herbicola. Molds of the genus Aspergillus and Muccor were found in samples of white quinoa seeds,fungi of the genus Penicillium in samples of red quinoa seeds, and no molds were found in samples of red quinoa seeds. Microbiologicalstudy showed that all samples were free of both pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens.Organoleptic, chemical and microbiological indicators confirm the satisfactory quality of the studied quinoa grain samples

How export shocks corrupt: Theory and evidence

Corruption is an important topic for governments and economics. A widely held belief is that exposure to international trade helps reducing corruption. In this article we show through theory and evidence that the relationship between trade and corruption is more nuanced. We show that firm level corruption actually increases when exports experience booms or busts. The reason is that export booms result in stronger incentives to favor production rather than corruption in low export settings, and vice versa in high export settings. Consequently, export busts when exports are very low, and export booms when exports are high, lead both to higher corruption. We corroborate these findings with an extensive database of some 45,000 firms from 72 developing and transition economies, surveyed over 2006–2017. We also confirm the corruption-deterrent effect of institutional quality.

Digitalisasi Industri Perfilman Korea Selatan Melalui Netflix Sebagai Alternatif Pasar Ekspor Film

The global pandemic COVID-19 threatens both global health and the global economy, including the film industry. Throughout 2020, the international movie industry experienced a significant market decline due to various social distancing measurements. South Korea, enjoying its cultural export boom (e.g., Korean drama, Korean film), is not an exception. South Korean film industry experienced a sharp decline in their sales and revenue. The challenges from COVID-19 to the global film industry led to a market transformation, especially regarding global film distributions. Netflix, an online streaming platform, becomes one of the key players within this phenomenon. This paper employs a qualitative method to analyze the South Korean film industry's export strategy transformation through Netflix. [AE1] The paper found that South Korean film industries experienced a 13,3 % increase in exports in 2020, with 975 movies. There is increasing consumer interest in South Korean culture, actors, and stories as more Korean movies are accessible through Netflix.

Lessons from Fire: The Displaced Radiata Pine on Mapuche Homelands and the California Roots of Chile’s Climate Crisis

Over the past century, vast swathes of Chile’s biologically diverse temperate rainforest have been replaced with radiata pine monoculture as a direct result of exchanges with California that began during the mid-1800s, when Chile experienced a boom in wheat exports to meet the demand of California gold rush populations. Chile’s “green rush” of radiata pine has hastened the displacement of people and plants and has created a flammable landscape that acts synergistically with climate change to create larger wildfires and longer fire seasons. The work presented here is premised on the understanding that land is a living, storied site that reveals lessons for correcting our behavior. I draw on theoretical contributions from Native American and Indigenous studies to understand the lessons from fire and the importance of traditional ecological knowledges from Mapuche and California Native homelands in response to climate change.