Bonners Ferry Research Articles

River Discharge and Bathymetry Estimation from Inversion of Surface Currents and Water Surface Elevation Observations

AbstractWe developed an approach for estimating river discharge and water depth from measurements of surface velocity and water surface elevation, based on analytical velocity–depth and velocity–slope relationships derived from the steady gravity–friction momentum balance and mass conservation. A key component in this approach is specifying the influence of bottom friction on the modeled depth-averaged flow. Accordingly, we considered two commonly used bottom friction parameterizations—a depth-independent Darcy friction coefficient and a depth-dependent friction coefficient based on the Manning’s roughness parameter. Assuming that the bottom friction coefficient is known, the unknown discharge was determined by minimizing the difference between the measured total head profile and the one determined from the velocity–slope relationship. The model performance and its sensitivity to key assumptions were evaluated using existing bathymetry data, and surface velocity and elevation observations obtained during field experiments on the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, and the Hanford reach of the Columbia River. We found that the Manning’s friction parameterization provided superior depth and discharge estimates, compared to the Darcy friction law. For both steady and moderately unsteady flow, inversions based on the Manning’s friction provided discharge and thalweg depth estimates with relative errors not exceeding 5% and 12%, respectively.

Pathogenicity and Aggressiveness of Three Alternaria spp. on Potato Foliage in the U.S. Northwest.

Alternaria spp. were collected from potato foliage showing symptoms of early blight and brown spot in the Columbia Basin, WA and Bonners Ferry and Rupert, ID between 2009 and 2011. The aggressiveness of three Alternaria spp. on potato was quantified on nonwounded and wounded detached leaves of 'Russet Norkotah' potato; wounded detached leaves of 'Alturas', 'Ranger Russet', 'Russet Burbank', and 'Umatilla Russet'; and whole plants of Russet Norkotah. Mean infection frequencies (MIF) and area under the lesion expansion curve (AULEC) were significantly greater for Alternaria solani (P = 0.0072 and 0.0002, respectively) than for A. arborescens or A. arbusti on nonwounded leaves. Wounding of tissue significantly increased MIF and AULEC for A. arbusti (P = 0.008 and 0.0047, respectively) and AULEC for A. arborescens (P = 0.01) relative to nonwounded tissue. AULEC did not differ significantly among the three Alternaria spp. when inoculated onto wounded foliage of whole plants (P = 0.34); the AULEC of whole plants was positively and significantly correlated with AULEC on detached leaves (P = 0.03). Umatilla Russet was the most susceptible and Russet Burbank was the least susceptible based on MIF and AULEC for all three pathogen species. Results indicate that A. solani was the more aggressive pathogen of potato in the Columbia Basin, because both A. arborescens and A. arbusti require wounds and A. arbusti lesions do not expand significantly in comparison with A. solani or A. arborescens following inoculation.

First Report of Boscalid and Penthiopyrad-Resistant Isolates of Alternaria solani Causing Early Blight of Potato in Michigan.

Early blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) is caused by Alternaria solani and occurs annually in Michigan. If left uncontrolled, it can result in yield losses exceeding 20% and impact stored potatoes. The disease is commonly managed using succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides (1). Unfortunately, recent studies have shown that SDHI resistance has increased dramatically over the past 2 years in A. solani populations (1,2). To investigate the occurrence of SDHI resistance in Michigan, potato leaves with early blight symptoms were collected from fields in Montcalm and Ionia counties, MI, in 2012. To obtain A. solani isolates from leaves, small pieces of leaf tissue (5 × 5 mm) were excised from the center of lesions and transferred on to water agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C overnight to allow conidia to germinate. Single germinated A. solani conidia were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. The identity of cultures was confirmed by colony and conidial morphology (3). Nineteen A. solani isolates were obtained and each was screened for sensitivity to the SDHI fungicides boscalid, penthiopyrad, and fluopyram, using a 50 ppm discriminatory dose based on EC50 values previously determined (2). Mycelial plugs (~5.5 mm) were transferred to amended and non-amended PDA plates that were incubated at 25°C for 7 days. An isolate was considered highly resistant if fungal growth relative to control plates exceeded 50%, moderately resistant if it was between 35 and 50%, and sensitive if it was less than 35% (2). A sensitive A. solani isolate (AS11) from Bonners Ferry, ID, was used as a control in these experiments. Of all isolates tested, 11% were highly resistant to both boscalid and penthiopyrad and 5% were moderately resistant to both fungicides, 21% were moderately resistant to penthiopyrad alone, and the remaining isolates (84 and 68% respectively) were sensitive to the two fungicides. None of the isolates tested were resistant to fluopyram. Recently, two major mutations, H227R in SdhB and H133R in SdhD, have been identified in highly resistant A. solani isolates in Idaho (2). Because the majority of the identified mutations occur near the 3' end of each subunit, this region was amplified and sequenced using the following primer sets: SdhB (5'-TACTGGTGGAACCAGGAGGAGTA-3' and 5'-CATACCACTCTAGGTGAAG-3'), SdhC (5'-CCAAATCACCTGGTACGCCTCG-3' and 5'-TCATCCGAGGAAGGTGTAGTAAAGGCTG-3'), and SdhD (5'-CCGACTCTATTCTCTGCGCCCT-3' and 5'-CTCGAAAGAGTAGAGGGCAAGACCCA-3'). In this study, all of the isolates that were highly resistant to both boscalid and penthiopyrad were found to contain the H133R mutation in SdhD, which correlated with the strongest resistance phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report of resistance to SDHI fungicides in populations of A. solani on potato in Michigan. These data are concerning as they indicate that the highly resistant isolates have already developed cross-resistance between boscalid and penthiopyrad, despite penthiopyrad not yet having regular use in Michigan. Although all of the isolates tested were sensitive to fluopyram, the discovery of isolates resistant to boscalid and penthiopyrad suggests that all SDHI fungicides should be considered at high risk of resistance development in Michigan.

Calibrating discharge, bed friction, and datum bias in hydraulic models using water level and surface current observations

[1] We show that observations of water surface elevation, surface velocity, and bathymetry can be used to calibrate multiple reach-scale parameters such as the discharge, the overall bed friction, and a water surface datum bias in a hydraulic model (FaSTMECH) for the depth-averaged flow in the braided reach of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, ID. Remotely sensed surface velocity data acquired during a 2010 field experiment are converted to depth-averaged velocity using a uniform ratio of 0.79 computed from concurrent in situ observation of vertical profiles of velocity. The in situ measured discharge of the Kootenai River was approximately 220 m3/s. For given discharge forcing and downstream boundary condition provided by the measured water surface elevation, the FaSTMECH model was used to predict the horizontal variation of the depth-averaged velocity and the water surface elevation over the braided reach. The calibration considered here consists of varying the discharge, the bed friction coefficient and the water surface datum offset to find the combination that minimizes error metrics based on the streamwise profiles of the measured water level and maximum depth-averaged velocity. Composite error metrics that combine water level and velocity measurements are found to be more sensitive with respect to variation of the datum bias and the bed friction. We find that a composite error based on the total head is minimized for a discharge of 220 m3/s, friction coefficient of 0.005, and a datum offset of 40 cm.

A Synthesis of Kootenai River Burbot Stock History and Future Management Goals

AbstractIn Idaho, Burbot Lota lota are endemic only to the Kootenai River, where they once provided an important winter fishery to the indigenous people and European settlers. This fishery and that of Kootenay Lake in British Columbia may have been the most robust Burbot fisheries in North America. However, the fishery in Idaho rapidly declined after the construction of Libby Dam by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1972, and it closed in 1992. Concomitant to the collapse in Idaho was the collapse of the Burbot fishery in Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay River. The operation of Libby Dam for hydroelectric power generation and flood control created major changes in the river's nutrient concentration, temperature, and seasonal discharge, particularly during the winter when Burbot spawn. Libby Dam operations were implicated as the major limiting factor to Burbot recruitment, giving rise to higher winter temperatures and widely fluctuating flows. Because the Burbot in the Kootenai River are at risk of demographic extinction, a conservation strategy was prepared to outline the measures necessary to rehabilitate the Burbot population to a self‐sustaining level. The strategy indicated that operational discharge changes at Libby Dam are required during winter to provide suitable temperature and discharge conditions for Burbot migration and spawning. Studies recommend that the discharge at Bonners Ferry average 176 m3/s for a minimum of 90 d (mid‐November through mid‐February). Furthermore, preferred Burbot water temperatures of about 6°C are necessary for migration and cooler temperatures of 1–4°C for spawning. With each passing year, Burbot stock limitations increasingly constrain rehabilitation. Thus, coordination of intensive culture, extensive rearing, and pen rearing among the Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, the University of Idaho's Aquatic Research Institute, and the Idaho Department of Fish and Game is important for restoration.

First Report of Blackleg Caused by Leptosphaeria maculans on Canola in Idaho.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is produced in the dryland agriculture areas of eastern Washington State and northern Idaho, often in rotation with cereal cropping systems. Canola is also used as a rotation crop in irrigated circles in the Columbia Basin of Washington and southern Idaho, where potato is the main cash crop. In 2011, 7,700 ha of canola were harvested in Idaho and 4,200 ha in Washington. One of the major diseases of canola around the world is blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (aggressive) and L. biglobosa (non-aggressive). Both Washington and Idaho have been considered blackleg-free, and production of canola in Idaho is subject to government regulations. Canola seed originating from outside of Washington and Idaho should have a phytosanitary certificate. This disease is widespread in Canada and the U.S. Northern Plains, Midwest, and South, and is the major disease of canola in these areas. In August 2011, a sample from a canola field in Bonners Ferry, Idaho, was brought for diagnosis to Washington State University. The canola stems showed the typical gray to dark grey lesions with black pycnidia. The pycnidia and conidia were examined microscopically, and found to be similar to descriptions of Phoma lingam, the anamorph of L. maculans (2). Samples were sent to the University of Manitoba for confirmation with PCR. The pathogen was cultured out of stems on V8 juice agar amended with streptomycin and 22 single pynidiospore isolates were made from the cultures. DNA was extracted from the cultures using methods described in Fernando et al. (1) and a multiplex PCR was performed with species-specific primers for L. maculans and L. biglobosa. The reaction should produce a 330-bp amplicon for L. maculans and a 440-bp amplicon for L. biglobosa. Based on this, all 22 isolates were identified as L. maculans. The susceptible cultivar Westar was inoculated with the isolates, by wound inoculating 7-day-old cotyledons with a concentration of 107 spores/ml. Plants were kept in a moist chamber at 23°C. After 14 days, plants were rated for disease with a 0 to 9 scale, where 0 = no infection and 9 = tissue collapse and appearance of pycnidiospores. Isolates with rating ≥5 are considered virulent. All isolates produced a rating of 7 to 9, indicating a high level of virulence. The source of the seed used in the infested fields is not known at this time. This disease is seedborne, and may pose a threat to the two major vegetable and oilseed brassica seed production areas of Washington: the Skagit River valley of western Washington and the Columbia Basin area of central Washington. In addition, the susceptibility of Pacific Northwest varieties of canola and other brassica oilseeds is largely unknown.

First Report of In-Vitro Boscalid-Resistant Isolates of Alternaria solani Causing Early Blight of Potato in Idaho.

Early blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum) is caused by Alternaria solani and occurs annually to some degree in Idaho. The timing of its appearance and rate of disease progress determine the impact on the potato crop. Though losses rarely exceed 20%, they can be higher and occur in stored potatoes if the disease is not controlled. Early blight is managed mainly by cultural practices such as plant nutrition, water management, and avoidance of plant stress, but also with the use of foliar fungicides. Currently, the main fungicides labeled for control of early blight are in the carboxamide and strobilurin fungicide groups. Development of resistance to some fungicide groups may contribute to the loss of control of early blight. Isolates of A. solani from Idaho potatoes were tested for resistance to boscalid in the carboxamide group. Diseased potato leaves with early blight symptoms were collected from fields near Parma, Rupert, and Aberdeen in southern Idaho in 2009 and 2010 and Bonners Ferry in northern Idaho in 2010. To obtain A. solani isolates from leaves, small pieces of leaf tissue (5 × 5 mm) were taken from the center of early blight lesions and streaked across the surface of a thin layer (3 mm) of water agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C overnight to allow spores to germinate. Single germinated A. solani spores were transferred to acidified potato dextrose agar and incubated in the dark at 25°C. Germinated spores were identified based on spore morphology. Spores of A. solani can be easily distinguished from other Alternaria spp. found on potato because they are ellipsoid to oblong and taper to a long beak that is usually as long as the spore body. The identity of cultures grown from single spores was confirmed by colony and spore morphology. Sensitivity of A. solani isolates to boscalid was determined by the spiral gradient endpoint method (2). For all isolates, the effective concentration for 50% reduction in growth was outside the range of the spiral plate dilution series (i.e., isolates were either completely insensitive or completely sensitive to boscalid). In total, 46 isolates (20 collected in 2009 and 26 collected in 2010) were tested against boscalid. Experiments were carried out twice with 2009 isolates using mycelial strips and conidial suspensions. Experiments with 2010 isolates were carried out three times using only conidial suspensions. Of the isolates from 2009, 15% were insensitive. There was no difference between the use of mycelial strips or conidial suspensions. In 2010, 62% of isolates were insensitive. By location, 72% of isolates from Parma, 73% from Rupert, 63% from Aberdeen, and 44% from Bonners Ferry were insensitive. Resistance to boscalid has been reported in A. alternata isolates from pistachio (1,3). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of resistance to boscalid in isolates of A. solani on potato. These data suggest that resistance to boscalid is widespread in Idaho, even in areas like Bonners Ferry where potato cultivation is limited. Boscalid insensitivity in vitro may not translate directly to commercial production and currently there is no evidence to suggest that boscalid has failed to control early blight in Idaho. However, the discovery of insensitive isolates suggests that boscalid should be considered at high risk of resistance development.

Kootenai River velocities, depth, and white sturgeon spawning site selection – a mystery unraveled?

The Kootenai River white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus population in Idaho, US and British Columbia (BC), Canada became recruitment limited shortly after Libby Dam became fully operational on the Kootenai River, Montana, USA in 1974. In the USA the species was listed under the Endangered Species Act in September of 1994. Kootenai River white sturgeon spawn within an 18-km reach in Idaho, river kilometer (rkm) 228.0–246.0. Each autumn and spring Kootenai River white sturgeon follow a ‘short two-step’ migration from the lower river and Kootenay Lake, BC, to staging reaches downstream of Bonners Ferry, Idaho. Initially, augmented spring flows for white sturgeon spawning were thought to be sufficient to recover the population. Spring discharge mitigation enhanced white sturgeon spawning but a series of research investigations determined that the white sturgeon were spawning over unsuitable incubation and rearing habitat (sand) and that survival of eggs and larvae was negligible. It was not known whether post-Libby Dam management had changed the habitat or if the white sturgeon were not returning to more suitable spawning substrates farther upstream. Fisheries and hydrology researchers made a team effort to determine if the spawning habitat had been changed by Libby Dam operations. Researchers modeled and compared velocities, sediment transport, and bathymetry with post-Libby Dam white sturgeon egg collection locations. Substrate coring studies confirmed cobbles and gravel substrates in most of the spawning locations but that they were buried under a meter or more of post-Libby Dam sediment. Analysis suggested that Kootenai River white sturgeon spawn in areas of highest available velocity and depths over a range of flows. Regardless of the discharge, the locations of accelerating velocities and maximum depth do not change and spawning locations remain consistent. Kootenai River white sturgeon are likely spawning in the same locations as pre-dam, but post-Libby Dam water management has reduced velocities and shear stress, thus sediment is now covering the cobbles and gravels. Although higher discharges will likely provide more suitable spawning and rearing conditions, this would be socially and politically unacceptable because it would bring the river elevation to or in excess of 537.66 m, which is flood stage. Thus, support should be given to habitat modifications incorporated into a management plan to restore suitable habitat and ensure better survival of eggs and larvae.

Using passive sonic telemetry methods to evaluate dispersal and subsequent movements of hatchery-reared white sturgeon in the Kootenay River

Summary A total of 35, age 1 juvenile Kootenay River white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), were fitted with sonic tags in 2005 and released as part of larger hatchery release groups at five sites to evaluate dispersal and subsequent movements (seven tags per site). Juvenile sturgeon released at three locations within the deep, low gradient reach (typical gradient of 0.02 m km−1 and velocities of 0.8 m s−1) at two additional sites all moved downstream of the gradient break at Bonners Ferry, ID into the lower gradient reach within 2 months of release. In total, 93% of these tagged fish relocated to the low gradient section within 25 days of release, with some fish undertaking this movement within 1 day. In general, age 1 hatchery release juveniles were mobile and capable of substantial movements.

Control of Potato Tuber Rots Caused by Oomycetes with Foliar Applications of Phosphorous Acid.

Phosphorous acid for control of tuber rots caused by Phytophthora infestans, P. erythroseptica, and Pythium ultimum was applied to foliage of potato cultivars at various application timings and rates under growing conditions in the Pacific Northwest at Othello and Mount Vernon, WA, and Bonners Ferry and Aberdeen, ID in 2001 to 2003. Efficacy was assessed by artificially inoculating harvested tubers. Mean incidence and severity of late blight tuber rot in tubers inoculated with US-8 and US-11 isolates of Phytophthora infestans usually were significantly less when the foliage from which the tubers were obtained was treated with phosphorous acid than when it was not treated at all locations. With two applications of phosphorous acid, late blight tuber rot in the tuber-resistant cv. Umatilla Russet was significantly less than for Ranger Russet. For phosphorous acid at a rate of 9.37 kg a.i./ha, late blight tuber rot control achieved with two applications at 2-week intervals was not consistently improved across locations by making an additional application 2 weeks later. In 2003, incidence and severity of late blight tuber rot did not differ significantly between the rates of 7.49 and 9.37 kg a.i./ha at both Othello and Mount Vernon. Late blight tuber rot incidence and severity were significantly less at a rate of 7.49 kg a.i./ha when the application schedule began at initial tuber bulking rather than when the first application was made 4 weeks after initial tuber bulking at Othello, but not Mount Vernon. Incidence of pink rot was significantly less in inoculated tubers from plots treated with three applications of phosphorous acid than in tubers from nontreated control plots at Mount Vernon in 2002 and 2003, Bonners Ferry in 2002, and Aberdeen in 2003. Pink rot severity was reduced significantly by both two and three phosphorous acid applications at Mount Vernon in 2002. Pink rot incidence, but not severity, was reduced significantly at all timings when either 7.49 or 9.37 kg a.i./ha was applied at Mount Vernon in 2003. Control of Pythium spp. by phosphorous acid was not evident in this study. Total tuber yield at harvest did not differ significantly among the phosphorous acid treatments and the nontreated control at Othello and Mount Vernon in 2001 and 2002.

Species Composition and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Parasitoids in Northern Idaho

Economically damaging infestations of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor Say (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) have been reported in northern Idaho and damage from the pest has been increasing in this region for the last 12 years. Despite the seriousness of this pest, there is no published information on the natural enemy community associated with Hessian fly in northern Idaho. Studies were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to determine the abundance, distribution, and species composition of Hessian fly parasitoids in northern Idaho. Surveys of commercial wheat fields were conducted in eight counties, and samplings were done in spring wheat trials established near Lewiston, Bonners Ferry, Genesee and Greencreek. Seven species of hymenopterous parasitoids of Hessian fly are reported from Idaho for the first time. Parasitoids were collected from flies in all eight counties. Of the species found, Platygaster hiemalis (Forbes) (Platygastridae) was the most numerous, and Homoporus destructor Say (Pteromalidae) and Pediobius epigonus Walker (Eulophidae) the most widespread. Trichomalopsis subapterus Riley, T. americanus Gahan (Pteromalidae), Eupelmus allynii French and E. vesicularis (Retzius) (Eupelmidae) were encountered in lower numbers and only in one or two counties.

Success of hatchery-reared juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) following release in the Kootenai River, Idaho, USA

Journal of Applied IchthyologyVolume 18, Issue 4-6 p. 642-650 Success of hatchery-reared juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) following release in the Kootenai River, Idaho, USA S. C. Ireland, S. C. Ireland Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. C. P. Beamesderfer, R. C. P. Beamesderfer Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this authorV. L. Paragamian, V. L. Paragamian Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this authorV. D. Wakkinen, V. D. Wakkinen Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. T. Siple, J. T. Siple Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this author S. C. Ireland, S. C. Ireland Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. C. P. Beamesderfer, R. C. P. Beamesderfer Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this authorV. L. Paragamian, V. L. Paragamian Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this authorV. D. Wakkinen, V. D. Wakkinen Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. T. Siple, J. T. Siple Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, ID, USA; S. P. Cramer and Associates, Inc., Sandy, OR, USA; Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00364.xCitations: 69AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue4-6December 2002Pages 642-650 RelatedInformation

The effects of iodophor disinfection and transportation on the survival to hatch of fertilized white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) eggs

Journal of Applied IchthyologyVolume 18, Issue 4-6 p. 639-641 The effects of iodophor disinfection and transportation on the survival to hatch of fertilized white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) eggs T. Y. Yesaki, T. Y. Yesaki BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Ek, R. Ek BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Siple, J. Siple BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. P. Van Eenennaam, J. P. Van Eenennaam BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. I. Doroshov, S. I. Doroshov BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this author T. Y. Yesaki, T. Y. Yesaki BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorR. Ek, R. Ek BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. Siple, J. Siple BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorJ. P. Van Eenennaam, J. P. Van Eenennaam BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this authorS. I. Doroshov, S. I. Doroshov BC Fisheries, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenay Trout Hatchery, Fort Steele, British Columbia, Canada; Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, Bonners Ferry, Idaho, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00363.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume18, Issue4-6December 2002Pages 639-641 RelatedInformation

Spawning Habitat of Kootenai River White Sturgeon, Post-Libby Dam

The Kootenai River white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus has been isolated from other white sturgeon populations for over 10,000 years, Bonnington Falls in British Columbia, Canada, creating the isolation. Libby Dam, constructed in 1972, modified the flow and temperature regime of the river, which affected spawning and recruitment of white sturgeon. Kootenai River white sturgeon are only known to spawn in a reach near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, 100 km downstream from the dam. In 2 of 8 years of study, only 15 white sturgeon eggs were collected over gravel–cobble substrate. However, in the other 6 years, 1,193 eggs were collected over sand substrate; these areas usually exceeded 5 m in depth, were within the main channel, and had water velocities of 0.2–1.0 m/s and temperatures of 8.5–12°C. In general, these characteristics differed from optimum white sturgeon spawning habitat in the Columbia River, where velocities average 0.8 m/s, water temperatures are 12–17°C, and gravel–cobble substrate is available. Spawning over sand substrate might contradict survival strategies because white sturgeon have an adhesive egg to which sand adheres. Differences in spawning habitat may be an outcome of behavioral divergence or disruption to environmental cues but was probably caused by preferred habitat no longer being available. Recovery of Kootenai River white sturgeon will depend primarily on continuation of mitigated flows for spawning migrations, suitable spawning habitat, and ultimately survival of eggs and larvae. It is unknown at this time whether recent spawning alone will lead to sufficient recruitment to help recovery of the population, but if it does not recruit substantial year-classes, we believe consideration must be given to measures that would provide coarser spawning substrates and warmer water temperatures.

Kootenai River White Sturgeon Spawning Migration Behavior and a Predictive Model

Abstract Each autumn and spring, adult white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus migrate from the lower Kootenai River and Kootenay Lake, British Columbia, to prespawn staging reaches in Idaho. In spring, they migrate further upriver to a spawning reach near Bonners Ferry, Idaho. We monitored movement and behavior of 49 reproductively mature white sturgeon with radio and sonic telemetry from 1991 through 1997. White sturgeon responded to mitigated flows from 1994 through 1997, migrating substantial distances to a spawning reach soon after the onset of local runoff and rising water temperatures. Males migrated at temperatures of 5.5–12.1°C, 2 weeks before spawning; females followed about a week later, at slightly warmer temperatures. Females stayed in the spawning reach 1–28 d, averaging 10.5 d. Males spent 7 d to 2 months in the spawning reach, averaging 30 d. After spawning, 63% of the females moved immediately to Kootenay Lake; the remainder spent a longer time in the river downstream of the spawning reach...

Geology of the Purcell Trench rift valley and Sandpoint Conglomerate: Eocene en echelon normal faulting and synrift sedimentation along the eastern flank of the Priest River metamorphic complex, northern Idaho

The Priest River metamorphic complex is separated from less metamorphosed rocks to the east by the Purcell Trench, a north-trending, glaciated valley. Between Sandpoint and Bonners Ferry, Idaho, exposures of variably dipping Sandpoint Conglomerate are juxtaposed with mid-crustal metamorphic rocks that extend across the valley. The presence and location of faulting in the Purcell Trench have been controversial, and the age and tectonic significance of the Sandpoint Conglomerate have been enigmatic. New geologic mapping, metamorphic thermobarometry, and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology verify the existence and location of the Eocene (45–55 Ma) east-dipping Purcell Trench normal fault zone, which consists of en echelon, right-stepping northern and southern fault segments. An unfaulted east-dipping homocline occupies the gap between them. It formed in the footwall of the west-dipping East Newport normal fault, which roots on the opposite side of the metamorphic culmination. “Chrontours” of K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar cooling dates record progressive and nearly synchronous Eocene quenching of the metamorphic infrastructure as it was being exhumed by both the East Newport and the Purcell Trench normal faults. The Sandpoint Conglomerate is an Eocene basin-fill deposit that accumulated above the East Newport fault. Displacement on the east-dipping southern Purcell Trench fault eventually propagated across the footwall of the East Newport fault, transferring the Sandpoint Conglomerate to the hanging wall of the southern Purcell Trench fault and stranding it in the Purcell Trench. These relationships, which provide new insights on the process of extensional exhumation, should be helpful in tectonic interpretations of the Cordillera and other orogenic belts.

Integrated Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Management Affects Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Yield and Economics

The effect of barley seeding rate and row spacing, and triallate, diclofop, and difenzoquat herbicide rate on barley grain yield and quality, and wild oat control were evaluated in field experiments near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, in 1989 and 1990. The purpose of the study was to develop integrated control strategies for wild oat in spring barley. Barley row spacing (9 and 18 cm) did not affect barley grain yield. Barley grain yield was greatest when barley was seeded at 134 or 201 kg ha–1compared to 67 kg ha–1. Wild oat control increased as wild oat herbicide rate increased and barley grain yield was greatest when wild oat herbicides were applied. However, barley grain yield was similar when wild oat biomass was reduced by either 65 or 85% by applications of half and full herbicide rates, respectively. Net return was greatest when the half rate of herbicide was applied to 100 wild oat plants per m2and was greatest when half or full herbicide rates were applied to 290 wild oat plants per m2. Net return increased when the seeding rate was increased to 134 or 201 kg ha–1when no herbicide was applied and when 290 wild oat plants per m2were present.

Short Span Pre-Stressed Steel Bridges

The concept of prestressed steel flexural members was extensively studied in the 1960s1; however, the actual use of such members for bridge construction is a recent development in the United States. The recently completed Bonners Ferry Bridge in Idaho and the Muddy Boggy River Bridge in Oklahoma are two examples of cable-stressed plate girder bridges. The INVERSET system of fabricating small river crossing bridges, which is gaining wide use in Oklahoma and other southern states, is another example of prestressed-steel bridge construction. The principal advantage of prestressing is, of course, a reduction in material quantities needed. Non-composite, composite and prestressed optimized designs are compared. The advantages of prestressing are obvious. This paper reviews the available methods for prestressed steel concrete slab bridge construction, discusses advantages and disadvantages of the method of construction, and presents some test results concerning shrinkage, creep and fatigue of a prestressed-steel concrete slab bridge unit.

Lead isotopes and mineralization ages in Belt supergroup rocks, northwestern Montana and northern Idaho

Lead isotopes are used to distinguish between Precambrian mineralization and Mesozoic or Cenozoic mineralization in an area of Belt Supergroup rocks in northwestern Montana and northern Idaho. The Precambrian lead is characterized by a comparatively uniform isotopic composition (Pb 206 /Pb 204 = 16.15-16.73; Pb 207 /Pb 204 = 15.37-15.45; Pb 208 /Pb 204 = 35.88-36.46) and model ages of 1.5-1.2 b.y. We interpret it to be the product of approximate single-stage development, although the model ages need not be exact geochronologic ages. The possibility that some vein-type deposits formed at a later time by remobilization of this lead already in Belt rocks is also discussed. The Mesozoic or Cenozoic lead, which has undergone at least a two-stage development, is generally more radiogenic and ranges widely in isotopic composition.Deposits associated with the Osburn fault system, including those of the Coeur d'Alene mining district, and with a second belt of mineralization which extends southward from near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, and joins the Osburn fault system near Thompson Falls, Montana, contain the Precambrian type of lead. Deposits adjacent to the Kootenay Arc mobile belt in Idaho and occurrences throughout southern Lincoln and Sanders Counties, Montana, appear to be largely Mesozoic or Cenozoic. Small, isolated deposits of Precambrian and Mesozoic or Cenozoic ages have been identified in the weakly mineralized northeastern part of the study area. The ability to distinguish, by their lead isotopes, two generations of ore widely spaced in time but overlapping geographically promises to be a valuable aid in unraveling the structural history and in carrying out future prospecting within this area.

The Extent of the Cordilleran Ice-Sheet

Through the courtesy of members of the United States Forest Service I was enabled, in the summer of 1912, to make some observations upon glaciation in the Kaniksu National Forest in northern Idaho. Because of the inaccessibility of a part of the region and the lack of suitable maps, the work was not complete; but in view of our slight knowledge of the extent and character of the continental glaciation in the northwestern United States, and because the nature of the country makes it extremely unlikely that it will be more carefully studied in the near future, it seems advisable to publish the facts noted. Moreover, there was discovered evidence of more complete reworking of glacial deposits by stream action than has yet been described. It is known that the front of the Cordilleran ice-sheet was marked by a series of marginal lobes occupying the north-south intermontane valleys of the northwestern United States. The line of crosses in Fig. i, based on data published by Professor Salisbury,' shows-the probable extent of some of these lobes. It is believed that the Pend d'Oreille lobe was continuous with that in the Colville valley, but its connection with the Kootenai lobe was well north of Bonners Ferry, and probably north of the International Boundary. In the paper cited nothing is said of the eastern boundary of the Pend d'Oreille lobe, but my observations show that the ice must have covered the divide between the Pend d'Oreille and Priest Lake valleys. This divide is a range of forest-covered hills having a maximum elevation of 6,500 feet, and an average height a thousand feet less. The former presence of ice on these hills is unmistakably shown by the rounded topography, by roches moutonnies, and by glacial striae-in one instance on bedrock, and in others on float. The striae on bedrock strike N..Io° W. Looking east across Priest