Bone Regeneration Technique Research Articles

The Current Scenario of the Use of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in Guid-ed Bone Regeneration Techniques

The Current Scenario of the Use of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in Guid-ed Bone Regeneration Techniques

Efficacy of bioresorbable mesh sheets made of 85:15 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) in the anterior maxilla for alveolar bone augmentation.

This study evaluated the efficacy of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) mesh sheets for alveolar bone reconstruction in the anterior maxilla with significant bone defects. This prospective case series included four male patients (mean age, 34.5 years; range, 20-49 years) with anterior maxillary bone defects. Bone augmentation was performed using a staged guided bone regeneration technique with PLGA mesh sheets as barrier membranes and a 1:1 mixture of autogenous and xenogeneic bone as grafting material. The effectiveness of bone augmentation was evaluated using preoperative and postoperative computed tomography data at 1-month and 6-month. Secondary outcomes included complications such as wound infection and dehiscence. The treatment of the four patients required seven PLGA mesh sheets and particulate bone, followed by nine implant placements. Wound healing was uneventful except for one, wherein wound dehiscence and graft loss were observed. One patient had an exposed PLGA mesh sheet during healing, necessitating its removal. The mean vertical bone gain was 2.3±0.5 mm, and the mean horizontal gain was 3.7±1.3 mm at 1 month postoperatively. Sites without wound dehiscence exhibited a bone decrease rate of 6.5%-21.1%, while successful bone height and width increases were observed across treated sites. Bone augmentation using PLGA mesh sheets proved effective in reconstructing horizontal and vertical alveolar bone dimensions. This technique provides adequate support for implant placement, demonstrating its potential utility in cases of substantial alveolar bone deficiency.

Comparative analysis of alveolar bone volume reconstruction outcomes using the guided bone regeneration technique

Relevance. The success of dental implant treatment in cases of reduced alveolar bone volume hinges on restoring bone to the required dimensions in each case. The guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique, which encompasses various techniques, holds a central role in oral reconstructive surgery and dental implantology due to its capacity for continuous improvement. The authors' experience with a modified GBR technique incorporating a situational Vicryl framework (SVF) has demonstrated enhanced effectiveness, with the potential to restore vertical bone volume by 5 mm or more. This study aimed to evaluate the advantages of the modified GBR technique using SVF compared to the conventional GBR technique.Materials and methods. This study is based on a comprehensive comparative analysis of two datasets: a retrospective evaluation of dental implant treatment outcomes in 210 patients who required alveolar bone volume restoration using the classical GBR technique, and clinical data from 40 patients treated with both the classical GBR technique and the proposed modified SVF technique The oral status of 40 patients included in the clinical analysis was characterized by partial edentulism, accompanied by mild to moderate alveolar bone deformities resulting from either inflammatory resorption or natural atrophy. The retrospective group 1 (comparisons) consisted of archival data of 210 patients. Retrospective data from 210 patients and clinical data from 40 patients were subjected to statistical analysis using parametric and non-parametric methods with IBM SPSS Statistics software.Results. A comprehensive comparative analysis of retrospective and clinical data revealed the following results. The value of the integrated "restored bone volume" parameter after vertical reconstruction in group 1 was 2-3 mm. The mean value of the integrated "restored bone volume" parameter after vertical reconstruction in group 2 was 3.20±0.96 mm, while in group 3, it was 4.60±1.63 mm for patients of both sexes. Comparison of the integrated "baseline deformation" parameter by technique showed a median deformation of 2.95 mm in group 2, treated with the classical GBR technique, and 4.95 mm in group 3, treated with the modified SVF technique. Similarly, the integrated "restored bone volume" parameter showed a median value of 2.95 mm in group 2 and 4.85 mm in group 3. The average value of the integrated "restored bone volume" parameter in group 2 was comparable to retrospective data from 210 patients in group 1.Conclusion. The comprehensive analysis of alveolar bone volume reconstruction using two GBR techniques, based on "baseline deformation" and "restored bone volume" parameters, demonstrated a significant advantage of the modified GBR technique compared to the classical technique.

Assessment of ridge preservation with immediate implant placement using socket shield versus guided bone regeneration techniques in aesthetic zone (a randomized clinical trial)

Assessment of ridge preservation with immediate implant placement using socket shield versus guided bone regeneration techniques in aesthetic zone (a randomized clinical trial)

Multifunctional Bone Regeneration Membrane with Flexibility, Electrical Stimulation Activity and Osteoinductive Activity.

The use of membrane-based guided bone regeneration techniques has great potential for single-stage reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects. Here, a multifunctional bone regeneration membrane combining flexible elasticity, electrical stimulation (ES) and osteoinductive activity is developed by in situ doping of MXene 2D nanomaterials with conductive functionality and β-TCP particles into a Poly(lactic acid-carbonate (PDT) composite nano-absorbable membrane (P/T/MXene) via electrostatic spinning technique. The composite membrane has good feasibility due to its temperature sensitivity, elastic memory capacity, coordinated degradation profile and easy preparation process. In vitro experiments showed the P/T/MXene membrane effectively promoted the recruitment and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) under ES and enhanced the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells, which synergistically promoted bone regeneration through neovascularization. In addition, an in vivo rat model of cranial bone defects further confirmed the bone regeneration efficacy of the P/T/MXene membrane. In conclusion, the developed P/T/MXene membrane can effectively promote bone regeneration through their synergistic multifunctional effects, suggesting the membranes have great potential for guiding tissue regeneration and providing guidance for the biomaterials design.

Clinical Efficacy of GBR Technique Combined with Temporary Bridgework-Guided Gingival Contouring in Treating Upper Anterior Tooth Loss with Labial Bone Defects

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of the guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique combined with temporary bridgework-guided gingival contouring in treating upper anterior tooth loss with labial bone defects. Methods: From July 2023 to April 2024, 80 patients with upper anterior tooth loss and labial bone defects were admitted to the hospital and selected as evaluation samples. They were divided into an observation group (n = 40) and a control group (n = 40) using a numerical table lottery scheme. The control group received treatment with the GBR technique, while the observation group received treatment with the GBR technique combined with temporary bridges to guide gingival contouring. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical red aesthetic scores (PES), labial alveolar bone density, labial bone wall thickness, gingival papillae, gingival margin levels, and patient satisfaction. Results: The PES scores of patients in the observation group were higher than those in the control group after surgery (P < 0.05). The bone density of the labial alveolar bone and the thickness of the labial bone wall in the observation group were higher than those in the control group. The levels of gingival papillae and gingival margins were lower in the observation group after surgery (P < 0.05). Additionally, patient satisfaction in the observation group was higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The GBR technique combined with temporary bridge-guided gingival contouring for treating upper anterior tooth loss with labial bone defects can improve the aesthetic effect of gingival soft tissue, increase alveolar bone density and the thickness of the labial bone wall, and enhance patient satisfaction. This approach is suitable for widespread application in healthcare institutions.

Optimizing peri-implant health: The crucial role of soft tissue condition in bone regenerative procedures

Peri-implant health is paramount for the long-term success of dental implants. While bone regeneration techniques have been extensively studied and employed to ensure implant stability, the significance of soft tissue condition in this context is increasingly recognized. This review article explores the intricate interplay between soft tissue dynamics and bone regenerative procedures in the pursuit of optimal peri-implant health. Soft tissue condition around dental implants plays a multifaceted role in supporting long-term stability and functionality. Adequate soft tissue thickness, contour, and attachment are crucial for maintaining a healthy peri-implant environment and preventing complications such as peri-implantitis and mucosal recession. Furthermore, soft tissue quality influences the outcomes of bone regeneration procedures by affecting vascularization, wound healing, and tissue integration. Various strategies have been proposed to enhance soft tissue condition in conjunction with bone regenerative techniques. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, this article aims to elucidate the pivotal role of soft tissue condition in bone regenerative procedures and its implications for long-term peri-implant health. Insights gained from this review will inform clinicians and researchers in devising effective strategies to enhance soft tissue quality and ensure the success and longevity of dental implant therapy.

Wood-inspired highly anisotropic scaffold activated with in situ mineralized collagen for advanced bone regeneration

Addressing bone defects, limited by inherent regenerative capacities, has catalyzed the development of biomimetic scaffolds. Despite the extensive exploration of collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds, they frequently fail to accurately replicate the intricate nanostructure of natural bone. We introduce the wood-collagen- hydroxyapatite (WCH) scaffold, a novel biomimetic structure inspired by the analogous architectures of wood and bone, aimed at substantially improving bone regeneration. Comprising a wood-based matrix, collagen interface, and hydroxyapatite mineralization, the WCH scaffold embodies the critical components of bone tissue. The scaffold’s wood-derived framework imparts an anisotropic structure and notable mechanical strength, closely mimicking natural bone’s nanoarchitecture. Significantly, the scaffold’s longitudinal (L) orientation outperforms its radial counterpart in biocompatibility and bioactivity, reflecting bone’s directional properties and promoting superior cell proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation. Validated in a rabbit femur defect model, the L directional WCH scaffold significantly accelerated new bone formation, tissue ingrowth, and bone tissue maturation. This innovative wood-inspired scaffold, characterized by its highly anisotropic structure and enhanced with in-situ mineralized collagen, holds significant promise for advancing bone regeneration techniques.

Resorbable engineered barrier membranes for oral surgery applications.

Population aging, reduced economic capacity, and neglecting the treatments for oral pathologies, are the main causal factors for about 3 billion individuals who are suffering from partial/total edentulism or alveolar bone resorption: thus, the demand for dental implants is increasingly growing. To achieve a good prognosis for implant-supported restorations, adequate peri-implant bone volume is mandatory. The Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) technique is one of the most applied methods for alveolar bone reconstruction and treatment of peri-implant bone deficiencies. This technique involves the use of different types of membranes in association with some bone substitutes (autologous, homologous, or heterologous). However, time for bone regeneration is often too long and the bone quality is not simply predictable. This study aims at engineering and evaluating the efficacy of modified barrier membranes, enhancing their bioactivity for improved alveolar bone tissue regeneration. We investigated membranes functionalized with chitosan (CS) and chitosan combined with the peptide GBMP1α (CS + GBMP1α), to improve bone growth. OsseoGuard® membranes, derived from bovine Achilles tendon type I collagen crosslinked with formaldehyde, were modified using CS and CS + GBMP1α. The functionalization, carried out with 1-ethyl-3-(3 dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and sulfo-N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/sulfo-NHS), was assessed through FT-IR and XPS analyses. Biological assays were performed by directly seeding human osteoblasts onto the materials to assess cell proliferation, mineralization, gene expression of Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) and Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (Runx2), and antibacterial properties. Both CS and CS + GBMP1α functionalizations significantly enhanced human osteoblast proliferation, mineralization, gene expression, and antibacterial activity compared to commercial membranes. The CS + GBMP1α functionalization exhibited superior outcomes in all biological assays. Mechanical tests showed no significant alterations of membrane biomechanical properties post-functionalization. The engineered membranes, especially those functionalized with CS + GBMP1α, are suitable for GBR applications thanks to their ability to enhance osteoblast activity and promote bone tissue regeneration. These findings suggest a potential advancement in the treatment of oral cavity problems requiring bone regeneration.

ORTHODONTIC EXTRUSION TECHNIQUE AS A METHOD FOR ALVEOLAR BONE VOLUME INCREASE BEFORE DENTAL IMPLANTATION. CLINICAL CASE

Objectives: Tooth extraction and replacement with dental implant represents a common treatment choice, when teeth are hopeless. We presented a clinical case, the treatment of which was carried out by the method of orthodontic extrusion technique. This technique can increase alveolar bone level and also soft tissue level. The increased amount of alveolar bone can improve primary implant stability and be compared with bone regeneration techniques. The purpose of presenting this clinical case is to emphasize the efficiency of orthodontic extrusion. Methods and materials: A 45-year-old female patient referred by the general dentist regarding cosmetic defect and tooth mobility in the area of the anterior upper teeth. During the examination, her upper right central incisor was found to be mobile, with diastema and slight congestion in the anterior teeth Photographs, CT and X-ray studies of the patient were used. The patient was bonded with .018 slot Roth prescription ceramic brackets (Dentaurum, Germany). After achieving the optimal results of orthodontic treatment and the necessary extrusion of the upper right central incisor, the tooth was removed and replaced with a dental implant. After six months, the patient had a crown with a screw fixation of zirconium dioxide with ceramic application Results: As a result of orthodontic extrusion, clinically significant increase in alveolar bone and gingival tissue was reported. This resulted significant qualitative and quantitative improvements in the implant site. As the clinical case was in aesthetic zone, we could also rehabilitate beautiful smile of patient and increase her self-esteem. Conclusions: Summing up the above and the results of the treatment of this patient, we can definitely say that orthodontic extrusion technique is effective for implant site development. As we have described, this can effectively move the facial gingival margin and allow for esthetic restoration of implant placed in the extruded tooth position without any bone graft.

Guided bone regeneration for peri-implant augmentation: Aretrospective study comparing two surgical techniques with a mean follow-up of 26 months.

To introduce a modified guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique using intact periosteum and deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) for peri-implant augmentation and compare the clinical outcomes with those of conventional GBR. Patients who received peri-implant augmentation in posterior sites between 2015 and 2021 were reviewed in this study. Group A was treated with a modified GBR technique, and Group B was treated with conventional GBR. For group comparison, propensity score matching was performed with a sensitivity analysis. The implant survival rate, dimensional changes in hard tissue, marginal bone loss (MBL), and peri-implant parameters were evaluated. In total, 114 implants from 98 patients were included. The implant survival rates were 95.74% in Group A and 95.00% in Group B during the follow-up period. At 6 months, the median horizontal thickness was recorded at 0.87 mm (IQ1-IQ3 = 0.00-1.75 mm) in Group A, exhibiting a relatively lower value compared to the corresponding measurement of 0.98 mm (IQ1-IQ3 = 0.00-1.89 mm) in Group B (p = .937). Vertical height displayed no statistically significant intergroup difference between the two groups (p = .758). The mean follow-up period was 25.83 ± 12.93 months after loading in Group A and 27.47 ± 21.29 months in Group B (p = .761). MBL and peri-implant parameters were comparable between the two groups. Within the limitations of this study, the modified GBR technique using intact periosteum and DBBM grafting might be a viable alternative to correct bone defects around implants in molar and premolar sites.

Recent Advances in Scaffolds for Guided Bone Regeneration.

The rehabilitation of alveolar bone defects of moderate to severe size is often challenging. Currently, the therapeutic approaches used include, among others, the guided bone regeneration technique combined with various bone grafts. Although these techniques are widely applied, several limitations and complications have been reported such as morbidity, suboptimal graft/membrane resorption rate, low structural integrity, and dimensional stability. Thus, the development of biomimetic scaffolds with tailor-made characteristics that can modulate cell and tissue interaction may be a promising tool. This article presents a critical consideration in scaffold's design and development while also providing information on various fabrication methods of these nanosystems. Their utilization as delivery systems will also be mentioned.

Comparative analysis of horizontal alveolar ridge augmentation: Guided bone regeneration versus screw-tenting techniques - A systematic review

The aim of this study was to systematically review bone volume changes obtained via the use of the Guided Bone Regeneration Technique (GBR-T) versus the Screw-Tenting Technique (ST-T) in horizontally defective alveolar ridges. In addition to review and compare rates of complications pertaining to post-operative dehiscence with membrane exposure, graft exposure, graft loss or other unforeseen complications and rates of implant placement into grafted sites. PRISMA protocol was used for systematic reviewing, electronic and manual searches of primary and secondary objectives were performed using the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE via PubMed), EMBASE (Ovid), and EBSCO Host up to and including the 1st May 2023. Three articles qualified under the stipulated inclusion and exclusion criteria. Regarding GBR-T, the mean horizontal ridge bone gain was 2.47±3.16 mm with a mean complication rate of 16.50%, a mean graft loss rate of 11.70% and a mean implant placement rate of 91.30%. Regarding ST-T, the mean horizontal ridge bone gain was 4.76.02±2.57 mm with a mean complication rate of 9.30%, a mean graft loss rate of 2.80% and a mean implant placement rate of 98.10%. Both techniques are predictable in achieving horizontal ridge bone gains with low complication/failure rates leading to high second stage implant placement rates. The adjunctive use of tenting screws appears to be effective, offering additional benefit to the mechanism of space maintenance. Current evidence is however limited and of moderate risk-of-bias with heterogeneity within and between studies. Different interventions were performed by various clinicians with varying surgical skillsets in differing clinical environments using different biomaterials so caution must be used when interpreting these findings.

Polyphenols-based intelligent oral barrier membranes for periodontal bone defect reconstruction

Abstract Periodontitis-induced periodontal bone defects significantly impact patients’ daily lives. The guided tissue regeneration and guided bone regeneration techniques, which are based on barrier membranes, have brought hope for the regeneration of periodontal bone defects. However, traditional barrier membranes lack antimicrobial properties and cannot effectively regulate the complex oxidative stress microenvironment in periodontal bone defect areas, leading to unsatisfactory outcomes in promoting periodontal bone regeneration. To address these issues, our study selected the collagen barrier membrane as the substrate material and synthesized a novel barrier membrane (PO/4-BPBA/Mino@COL, PBMC) with an intelligent antimicrobial coating through a simple layer-by-layer assembly method, incorporating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging components, commercial dual-functional linkers and antimicrobial building blocks. Experimental results indicated that PBMC exhibited good degradability, hydrophilicity and ROS-responsiveness, allowing for the slow and controlled release of antimicrobial drugs. The outstanding antibacterial, antioxidant and biocompatibility properties of PBMC contributed to resistance to periodontal pathogen infection and regulation of the oxidative balance, while enhancing the migration and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. Finally, using a rat periodontal bone defect model, the therapeutic effect of PBMC in promoting periodontal bone regeneration under infection conditions was confirmed. In summary, the novel barrier membranes designed in this study have significant potential for clinical application and provide a reference for the design of future periodontal regenerative functional materials.

A multifunctional collagen-base bilayer membrane integrated with a bimetallic/polydopamine network for enhanced guided bone regeneration.

The guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique is an effective treatment for small and medium-sized bone defects in the oral and maxillofacial region. However, currently available collagen membranes have limited functionality and are inadequate for clinical requirements. To address this challenge, this study pioneeringly developed a multifunctional bilayer membrane. Specifically, a bimetallic/polydopamine network (BPN), consisting of silver, magnesium, and dopamine, was successfully synthesized for the first time and integrated with collagen and hydroxyapatite. The resulting material was characterized, and its physicochemical properties, along with its barrier, osteogenic, angiogenic, antibacterial, hemostatic, and biosafety effects, were evaluated through both in vitro and in vivo studies. The results indicated that the BPN, composed of magnesium ions, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), and polydopamine (PDA), exhibited excellent thermal stability and slow release of silver and magnesium elements. The BPN/Col-HA membrane featured a bilayer structure with uniform distribution of silver and magnesium. It also demonstrated good hydrophilicity, suitable degradation and mechanical properties, as well as sustained release of silver and magnesium. In vitro experiments showed that the BPN/Col-HA membrane possessed desirable barrier, osteogenic, angiogenic, antibacterial, hemostatic, and biocompatible properties. In vivo results further confirmed its biosafety, hemostatic efficacy, and ability to effectively promote bone defect repair and angiogenesis. Thus, the BPN/Col-HA membrane emerges as a multifunctional GBR membrane with potential for clinical translation.

Intrafibrillar calcium carbonate mineralization of electrospinning polyvinyl alcohol/collagen films with improved mechanical and bioactive properties.

Collagen films play an essential role in guided bone-regeneration (GBR) techniques, which create space, promote cell adhesion, and induce osteogenic differentiation. It is therefore crucial to design appropriate GBR films to facilitate bone regeneration. However, current electrospun collagen scaffolds used as bioactive materials have limited clinical applications due to their poor mechanical properties. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/collagen (Col) films were electrospun by mixing PVA and type I collagen solution. For the first time, the intrafibrillar mineralization of aragonite nanocrystals within the PVA/Col fibrils was achieved, resulting in the formation of a hierarchical, bioactive film. The PVA/Col-CaCO3 film exhibited good mechanical properties, with hardness and Young's modulus values of 211.6 ± 0.1 MPa and 5.6 ± 1.7 GPa, respectively. Furthermore, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) inoculated onto the PVA/Col-CaCO3 film demonstrated robust adhesion and proliferation. The mineralized fibrils effectively stimulated the growth of BMSCs while suppressing cell apoptosis. Besides, the PVA/Col-CaCO3 film significantly induced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, revealing its potential biomedical applications in hard tissue engineering.

The influence of vertical ridge augmentation techniques on peri-implant bone loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The primary aim of this systematic review was to investigate and compare the outcomes of different vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) techniques in relation to peri-implant bone loss (PBL), after at least 12 months of functional loading. The search was conducted to find all the studies about VRA and measurements of PBL with at least 12 months follow-up. Three pairwise meta-analysis (MA) was performed to completely evaluate the outcomes. A total of 42 studies were included, of which 11 were randomized clinical trials (RCTs). RCTs were available only for guided bone regeneration (GBR), onlay, and inlay techniques. The weighted mean estimate (WME) of PBL value was found to be 1.38 mm (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.10-1.66) after a mean follow-up of 41.0 ± 27.8 months. GBR, Inlay, Onlay, osteodistraction, and SBB represented in weight 32.9%, 30.6%, 25.0%, 7.6%, and 3.9%, respectively; and their WME (95% CI) were 1.06 (0.87-1.26) mm, 1.72 (1.00-2.43) mm, 1.31 (0.87-1.75) mm, 1.81 (0.87-1.75) mm, and 0.66 (0.55-0.77) mm, respectively. Among the secondary outcomes, the analysis was conducted for vertical bone gain, healing complication rate, surgical complication rate, implant survival, and success rate. The primary findings of the meta-analysis, based on the changes between final and baseline values, showed that the peri-implant bone loss could be influenced by the type of intervention but there is a need to evaluate in RCTs the behavior of the peri-implant bone levels after long-term follow-up for all techniques.

Bone Organoids: Recent Advances and Future Challenges.

Bone defects stemming from tumorous growths, traumatic events, and diverse conditions present a profound conundrum in clinical practice and research. While bone has the inherent ability to regenerate, substantial bone anomalies require bone regeneration techniques. Bone organoids represent a new concept in this field, involving the 3D self-assembly of bone-associated stem cells guided in vitro with or without extracellular matrix material, resulting in a tissue that mimics the structural, functional, and genetic properties of native bone tissue. Within the scientific panorama, bone organoids ascend to an esteemed status, securing significant experimental endorsement. Through a synthesis of current literature and pioneering studies, this review offers a comprehensive survey of the bone organoid paradigm, delves into the quintessential architecture and ontogeny of bone, and highlights the latest progress in bone organoid fabrication. Further, existing challenges and prospective directions for future research are identified, advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration to fully harness the potential of this burgeoning domain. Conclusively, as bone organoid technology continues to mature, its implications for both clinical and research landscapes are poised to be profound.

Building a better bone: The synergy of 2D nanomaterials and 3D printing for bone tissue engineering

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an increasingly important technology for fabricating complex and customized structures using a range of advanced materials and is now playing a critical role in the field of bone tissue engineering (BTE). Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D NMs) have demonstrated their significance in biomedical science. The convergence of 2D NMs to 3D printing (3DP) technology to create the desired bone scaffolds has become an alternative approach to breakthrough bottlenecks of remaining challenges in BTE, which can potentially achieve the multifunctionality of a bone substitute. The first part of this review provides an overview of the mechanism and critical comparison of the commonly-used 3DP and bioprinting methods. Each method's strengths and weaknesses are evaluated to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and for future development. Next, the general synthetic approach to produce 2D NMs, including the top-down and bottom-up approaches, is summarized. Furthermore, an in-depth coverage of the recent advances in combining various 2D NMs with specific 3D printing techniques for bone regeneration is covered. By examining the latest research in this field, this study aims to shed light on the potential of 2D NMs and 3DP technology to revolutionize the field of bone regeneration.

Vertical Bone Augmentation Using Two Bioactive Glasses in a Rabbit Tibia Model: A Comparative Study with Literature Review

Background: Recently, synthetic materials based on bioactive glasses have been in special demand in dental implantology, which, according to the mechanism of their action, are not only osteo-conductors, but also osteo-inductors. Of even greater interest is the fact that the biological degradation of these materials causes alkalization of the area and inhibits the growth of many pathogens. Considering the unique properties of this group of osteoplastic fillers and the problems associated with healing after guided bone regeneration, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of using bioactive glasses S53P4 and 45S5 when performing vertical bone augmentation in an experiment applying a rabbit tibia model. Methods and Results: Six adult outbred rabbits aged from 1.5 to 2 years and weighing from 2.5 kg to 3.2 kg were used in the study. A titanium mesh was used to perform a true vertical guided bone regeneration technique. In each animal, two titanium tents were placed: one on the left tibia and one on the right tibia. On the left limb, empty spaces were filled with bioactive synthetic bone filler NovaBone® Morsels (USA); on the right limb, we used a mixture of bioactive glass Bonalive® granules CMF (Finland) and mineralized bone MedPark Bone-D XB (Bovine Xenograft, South Korea) in a ratio of 1:1. The quantity and quality of regenerated tissues were assessed after 8-10 weeks. The NovaBone application has allowed a gain of 2.6±2.67 mm in extra-skeletal hard tissue growth. No signs of guided bone regeneration were observed in all cases of application of an osteoplastic mixture of Bonalive and Bone-D XB granules. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it was found that the use of a mixture of bioactive glass Bonalive (S53P4) with bovine hydroxyapatite in a 1:1 ratio was not effective in vertically guided bone regeneration, but the application of NovaBone (45S5) could promote a new bone formation.