Bone Mineral Density In Athletes Research Articles

Influence of professional sports activities on bone mineral density (<i>literature review</i>)

Introduction. The positive effect of physical activity on the state of bone has been proven by many researchers. Professional sports activity is a model of the constant impact of physical activity on the human body, acting as the most powerful mechanism for activating and mobilizing the functional reserves of an athlete, which, against the background of a progressive increase in the volume, intensity and duration of exposure, shows an increase in the incidence of injuries and stress fractures, one of the leading causes of which is a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) up to the development of osteoporosis. The risk factors for the development of the pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which have a direct impact on the formation of the BMD, in elite sports include the volume and intensity of training loads, the stereotype of the main competitive exercise, the daily balance of energy intake.The aim is to study is to analyze modern scientific publications on the impact of professional sports activities on bone mineral density.Materials and methods. The review is based on publications from the PubMed, Google Scholar, Cyberleninka, eLIBRARY databases. Preference was given to articles published in refereed sources over the past 10 years.Results. The specificity of the main competitive exercise determines the presence of asymmetry in the distribution of the BMD in athletes, in addition, the level of BMD is higher in the leading limb compared to the opposite. Increasing the qualifications, experience and age of an athlete shows a positive impact on the performance of the BMD, with the exception of certain specializations. A different effect of sports with a high osteogenic effect of shock and weight load on the state of the BMD was noted compared to the general population. Power athletes, combat and game sports athletes have higher levels BMD compared to representatives of cycling, swimming, rowing, triathlon and long-distance running, characterized by the limitation of gravitational (shock) load or a large amount of low-intensity training exposure. Lower BMD were noted in athletes in sports specializations with weight categories, aesthetic and cyclic sports, where the problem of a relative energy deficiency in sport, which negatively affects bone metabolism.Conclusions. In athletes, the volume and intensity of training loads, the stereotype of performing the main competitive exercise, the daily balance of energy intake have a direct impact on the formation of the BMD with the allocation of risk groups for the pathology of the musculoskeletal system in elite sports.

The bone mineral density and isokinetic knee strength in amputee soccer players.

The aim of this study was to examine the isokinetic knee strength, H/Q ratio (%), and bone mineral density values between amputees (n=14; amputee soccer players) and healthy football players (n=14; non-amputee soccer players). A total of 28 amputee soccer players and non-amputee soccer players participated in the study. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to determine the knee flexion/extension forces of the dominant legs of the athletes at 60, 180, and 240°/s. Bone mineral density scans were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. H/Q ratio and 60º/s flexion and 180 and 240º/s flexion/extension strength (p<0.05) were found to be high (180º/s, p=0.03; 240º/s, p=0.048) in the non-amputee soccer player group. Accordingly, the bone mineral density values of the lumbar vertebra, femoral neck, proximal metaphysis of the femur (p<0.01), tibia/fibula proximal metaphysis, and tibia/fibula distal metaphysis (p<0.05) were found to be high. A correlation was observed between the 60º/s knee extension strength and tibia/fibula diaphyseal bone mineral density (p=0.025; r=0.594) and tibia/fibula distal metaphysis bone mineral density (p=0.017; r=0.623) values in the amputee soccer players group. The Z-scores of the amputee soccer players and non-amputee soccer players were in the expected range according to age (>-2). The bone mineral density, H/Q ratio, and all measured angular velocities of isokinetic strength were high in non-amputee soccer players. This finding made us think that lower extremity amputation may also be associated with losing strength. However, it was observed that the relationship between strength and bone mineral density in amputee athletes might vary according to different angular velocities. It is recommended that isokinetic strength measurement can be evaluated together with bone mineral density in athletes.

EFEITO DO TREINAMENTO DE ALTA INTENSIDADE NA DENSIDADE MINERAL ÓSSEA EM JOGADORES DE BASQUETE

ABSTRACT Introduction Increasing the bone mineral density of athletes can provide better basic physical conditions for basketball players, prevent fractures caused by osteopenia and reduce the occurrence of serious sports injuries. Objective Explore the effect of high-intensity training on bone mineral density in basketball players. Methods In this experiment, 30 subjects were divided into male and female groups, and high-intensity exercise training was performed for 60 minutes, three times a week, for eight weeks. The relevant indices were measured before and after training, and their data were classified and analyzed. Results High-intensity training can significantly improve the bone mineral density of basketball players, and the increase of bone mineral density of female basketball players is slightly lower than that of male players. In addition, the increase in bone mineral density can comprehensively improve athletes’ muscular strength and physical fitness. Conclusion High-intensity training can improve basketball players’ bone mineral density and sports skills, requiring promoting studies for its popularization in colleges and universities. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Commentaries on Viewpoint: Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes?

Commentaries on Viewpoint: Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes?

Last Word on Viewpoint: Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes?

Last Word on Viewpoint: Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes?

Does Supplemental Estrogen Improve Bone-Related Symptoms of Female Athlete Triad in Female Athletes? A Critically Appraised Topic.

Clinical Scenario: Due to the Female Athlete Triad (Triad) being a 3-pronged syndrome, treatments can vary depending on the symptoms that clinicians focus on. With reproductive and bone health compromised, assessment and recovery methods include monitoring menstrual regularity and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Low levels of estrogen have demonstrated negative effects on bone mineral density (BMD). Clinical Question: Does supplemental estrogen improve BMD in athletes with Female Athlete Triad symptoms? Summary of Key Findings: Supplemental estrogen does improve BMD with estrogen patches demonstrating increased improvement compared with oral contraceptive pills. Clinical Bottom Line: Restoration of regular menstruation, improvement of BMD, and ensuring optimal energy levels is the best approach for treating Triad symptoms. Transdermal patches are a new treatment option that address both menstrual function and BMD but still require further research. Strength of Recommendation: Available studies demonstrated a level 2 evidence for supplemental estrogen (oral contraceptive pills and estrogen patches) providing improvements for bone health related to the Triad.

Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes?

Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes?

How is the phase angle associated with total and regional bone mineral density in university athletes? * *Phase angle and bone mineral density in athletes.

Objective. To investigate how phase angle (PhA) is associated with total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) (femur and lumbar spine) in university athletes. Approach. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Florianópolis, Brazil, with 167 university athletes from different sports (92 males). The PhA was obtained through electrical bioimpedance and BMD was obtained through dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data on the covariables age, time involved in the sport, type of sport (low, medium and high impact), daily use of oral contraceptives, and vitamin D calcium and/or protein supplementation were obtained through anamnesis, while fat mass and fat- and bone-free mass were obtained through DXA. Simple linear regression and a 5% significance level were used. Main results. In female athletes, PhA was directly associated with total BMD (β: 2.20; 95% CI: 0.43; 3.96) and BMD in the femur (β 0.85; 95% CI: −0.23; 1.94) and lumbar spine (β: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.44; 2.46), even after adjusting for the covariates. In male athletes, although PhA was directly associated with regional BMD (femur [β: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.04; 1.22] and lumbar spine [β: 0.64; 95% CI: −0.01; 1.31]) in simple linear regression, this association disappeared when the covariates were added. Significance. PhA was directly associated with total BMD and lumbar spine in female, but not male, athletes.

Body composition and bone mineral density in athletes with a physical impairment.

BackgroundThe impact of the type and the severity of disability on whole-body and regional body composition (BC), and bone mineral density (BMD) must be considered for dietary advice in athletes with a physical impairment (PI). This study aimed to investigate the impact of the type and the severity of disability on BC, the pattern of distribution of fat mass at the regional level, and BMD in athletes with a PI.MethodsForty-two male athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI, n = 24; age = 40.04 ± 9.95 years, Body Mass Index [BMI] = 23.07 ± 4.01 kg/m2) or unilateral lower limb amputation (AMP, n = 18; age = 34.39 ± 9.19 years, BMI = 22.81 ± 2.63 kg/m2) underwent a Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry scan. Each athlete with a PI was matched by age with an able-bodied athlete (AB, n = 42; age = 37.81 ± 10.31 years, BMI = 23.94 ± 1.8 kg/m2).ResultsOne-Way Analysis of Variance showed significant differences between the SCI, AMP and AB groups for percentage fat mass (%FM) (P < 0.001, eta squared = 0.440). Post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni’s correction showed that athletes with SCI had significantly higher %FM vs. the AMP and AB groups (25.45 ± 5.99%, 21.45 ± 4.21% and 16.69 ± 2.56%, respectively; P = 0.008 vs. AMP and P < 0.001 vs. AB). The %FM was also significantly higher in the AMP vs. the AB group (P < 0.001). Whole-body BMD was negatively affected in SCI athletes, with about half of them showing osteopenia or osteoporosis. In fact, the mean BMD and T-score values in the SCI group (1.07 ± 0.09 g/cm2 and −1.25 ± 0.85, respectively) were significantly lower in comparison with the AB group (P = 0.001 for both) as well as the AMP group (P = 0.008 for both). The type of disability affected BC and BMD in the trunk, android, gynoid and leg regions in SCI athletes and the impaired leg only in AMP athletes.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the type of disability and, partly, the severity of PI impact on BC and BMD in athletes with a PI. Nutritionists, sports medicine doctors, clinicians, coaches and physical conditioners should consider athletes with SCI or AMP separately. Athletes with a PI would benefit from specific nutrition and training programs taking into account the type of their disability.

Low Bone Mineral Density in Elite Female Athletes With a History of Secondary Amenorrhea in Their Teens.

To determine whether secondary amenorrhea during teenage years influences bone mineral density (BMD) in female athletes in their 20s. Original research. Japan Institute of Sports Sciences. Two hundred ten elite female athletes older than 20 years were included in the study. Information on the participants' past (ie, during their teenage years) and current menstrual cycle, training time, history of stress fractures, and blood tests for hormones received was obtained. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; low BMD was defined as a Z-score ≤-1. We investigated the correlation factors for low BMD in athletes in their 20s by univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. A total of 39 (18.6%) female athletes had low BMD. Secondary amenorrhea in their teens [odds ratio (OR), 7.11, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.38-21.24; P < 0.001] and present body mass index (BMI) (OR, 0.56, 95% CI, 0.42-0.73; P < 0.001) were independent correlation factors for low BMD in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The average Z-score for those with secondary amenorrhea in their teens and 20s, secondary amenorrhea in their 20s only, and regular menstruation was -1.56 ± 1.00, -0.45 ± 1.21, and 0.82 ± 1.11 g/cm, respectively. Secondary amenorrhea for at least 1 year during teenage years in female athletes and BMI at present was strongly associated with low BMD in their 20s.

Bone mineral density in male weight-classified athletes is higher than that in male endurance-athletes and non-athletes

Weight-bearing physical activity and intense mechanical stimuli affect the bone through the endocrine system; hence, bone-loading sports affect bone mineral density. We hypothesized that weight-classified athletes, such as those practicing wrestling and judo, have relatively high bone mineral density because these activities have a higher impact on the entire body during daily training compared to low- or non-impact activities. We aimed to investigate the bone mineral density of weight-classified athletes (participating in wrestling and judo) to compare the parameters with those of endurance-athletes and non-athletes. Thirty-three college athletes (aged 18-22 years) were divided into three groups, wrestlers, judoka, and endurance-athletes, according to their sports history. Eight non-athletes participated as controls. Bone mineral density was determined by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Mean whole-body bone mineral density of wrestlers and judoka was higher than that of endurance-athletes and non-athletes (P<0.01). The bone mineral density of athletes competing in wrestling and judo was higher than that of non-athletes when adjusted for body mass. The present study demonstrated that weight-classified athletes have significantly higher bone mineral density compared to endurance- and non-athletes, despite rapid weight loss before competitions.

Evaluation of Vitamin K Intake and Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density

Vitamin K is a required nutrient important in bone health. Some researchers have reported that vitamin K can help to prevent bone fractures. PURPOSE: To explore whether a relationship exists between vitamin K intake and bone mineral density (BMD) among athletes, 18 to < 35 years of age and ≥ 35 years of age. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, where 198 athletes were measured for total body BMD (TBBMD), lumbar spine BMD (LBMD), and dual femoral neck BMD (FNBMD) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Athletes also completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to determine their average daily intake of Vitamin K intake, as phylloquinone (also known as vitamin K1). Athletes were separated into two age groups: 18 to < 35 years of age (57 women; 42 men) (28.10±3.86 years of age) and ≥ 35 years of age (60 women; 39 men) (46.21±8.80 years of age). Pearson correlation models were used to correlate all three BMD sites with vitamin K intake. Alpha levels were set a priori at p<0.05. RESULTS: In the 18 to < 35 years of age group, mean vitamin K intake was 370.75±265.82 mcg/day. Significant correlations were reported between all three BMD sites and vitamin K intake in this age group (n=99): TBBMD r= -0.254, p<0.05; LBMD r=-0.248, p<0.05; FNBMD r= -0.278, p<0.05. In the ≥ 35 years of age group, mean vitamin K intake was 406.27±267.99 mcg/day. There was no significant correlation between vitamin K intake and any of the three BMD sites in the ≥ 35 years of age group (n=99). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the average vitamin K intake in these athletes was over 300% of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), where 97.1% of female athletes and 79.2% of male athletes met and exceeded their respective DRI (90 mcg/day for women, 120 mcg/day for men). It is unclear, however, why a negative relationship existed between vitamin K intake and BMD in athletes 18 to < 35 years of age, and no relationship existed in athletes ≥ 35 years of age. A prospective study should be conducted to better elucidate these relationships. This study was not funded.

PO-046 Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in young male trampoline athletes

Objective Evidence indicates that physical activity influence bone health. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating the beneficial adaptations to exercise are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the differentially expressed genes in PBMC between athletes and healthy controls, and to analyze the important functional genes and signal pathways that cause increased bone mineral density in athletes, in order to further reveal the molecular mechanisms of exercise promoting bone health.&#x0D; Methods Five professional trampoline athletes and five age-matched untrained college students participated in this study. Used the human expression Microarray V4.0 expression profiling chip to detect differentially expressed genes in the two groups, and performed KEGG Pathway analysis and application of STRING database to construct protein interaction Network; Real-Time PCR technology was used to verify the expression of some differential genes. &#x0D; Results Compared with healthy controls, there were significant improvement in lumbar spine bone mineral density, and 236 up-regulated as well as 265 down-regulated in serum samples of athletes. The differentially expressed genes involved 28 signal pathways, such as cell adhesion molecules. Protein interaction network showed that MYC was at the core node position. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression levels of CD40 and ITGα6 genes in the athletes were up-regulated compared with the healthy controls, the detection results were consistent with that of the gene chip.&#x0D; Conclusions The findings highlight that long-term high-intensity trampoline training could induce transcriptional changes in PBMC of the athletes. These data suggest that gene expression fingerprints can serve as a powerful research tool to design novel strategies for monitoring exercise. The findings of the study also provide support for the notion that PBMC could be used as a substitute to study exercise training that affects bone health.

Genetic variation in Wnt/β-catenin and ER signalling pathways in female and male elite dancers and its associations with low bone mineral density: a cross-section and longitudinal study.

Some athletes (e.g. gymnasts, dancers, swimmers) are at increased risk for low bone mineral density (BMD) which, if untreated, can lead to osteoporosis. To investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms in the oestrogen receptor (ER) and the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways with low BMD in elite and pre-elite dancers (impact sport athletes). The study included three phases: (1) 151 elite and pre-elite dancers were screened for the presence of low BMD and traditional osteoporosis risk factors (low body weight, menstrual disturbances, low energy availability); (2) a genetic association study was conducted in 151 elite and pre-elite dancers and age- and sex- controls; (3) serum sclerostin was measured in 101 pre-elite dancers and age- and sex-matched controls within a 3-year period. Eighty dancers revealed low BMD: 56.3% had at least one traditional osteoporosis risk factor, whereas 28.6% did not display any risk factor (37.2% revealed traditional osteoporosis risk factors, but had normal BMD). Body weight, menstrual disturbances and energy availability did not fully predict bone mass acquisition. Instead, genetic polymorphisms in the ER and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were found to be risk factors for low BMD in elite dancers. Sclerostin was significantly increased in dancers compared to controls during the 3-year follow-up (p < 0.05). Elite and pre-elite dancers demonstrate high prevalence of low BMD, which is likely related to genetic variants at the Wnt/β-catenin and ER pathways and not to factors usually associated with BMD in athletes (body weight, menstrual disturbances, energy deficiency).

Exploring the Relationship between Soluble Fiber Intake and Bone Mineral Density in Athletes

Exploring the Relationship between Soluble Fiber Intake and Bone Mineral Density in Athletes

Bone Mineral Density in Athletes of Different Disciplines: a Cross- Sectional Study

Background: The objective of this study was to assess bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and the proximal femur in male and female athletes performing different high level sports, in unspecifically trained sport students and in untrained subjects. Methods: BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur were measured by dual-energy-x-ray-absorptiometry in 209 female and 173 male subjects aged 17-30 years (37 runners (R), 16 cyclists (C), 22 triathletes (TRI), 62 team sport athletes (TS), 45 combat/power athletes (P), 13 ballet dancers (BL), 126 sport students, 61 untrained controls (UT)). Results: Highest BMD values were found in P and TS. Lowest values were found in UT, BL, and endurance trained athletes (R/C/TRI). Conclusions: BMD is probably dependent on the specific mechanical demands of different sports.

Bone Geometry According to Menstrual Function in Female Endurance Athletes

Athletes have higher bone mineral density (BMD) relative to nonathletes. In amenorrheic athletes BMD may be compromised by estrogen deficiency, but it is unknown whether this is accompanied by structural differences. We compared femoral neck bone geometry and density of a-/oligomenorrheic athletes (AAs), eumenorrheic athletes (EAs), and eumenorrheic controls (ECs). We recruited 156 women: (68 endurance athletes and 88 controls). Femoral neck BMD, section modulus (Z), and width were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Menstrual function was assessed by questionnaire and classified as EA (≥10 periods/year) or AA (≤9 periods/year): 24 athletes were AA and 44 EA. Femoral neck BMD was significantly higher in EA than AA (8 %, difference) and EC (11 % difference): mean [SE] 1.118 [0.015], 1.023 [0.020] and 0.999 [0.014] g cm(-2), respectively; p < 0.001. Z was significantly higher in EA than EC (11 % difference): EA 667 [19], AA 625 [21], and EC 592 [10] cm(3); p < 0.001. Femoral neck width did not differ between groups. All differences persisted after adjustment for height, age, and body mass. The higher femoral neck Z and BMD in athletes, despite similar width, may indicate that exercise-related bone gains are endosteal rather than periosteal. Athletes with amenorrhea had smaller increments in bone mass rather than structural adaptation. The maintained femoral neck width in controls may be an adaptive mechanism to conserve bone strength in bending despite inactivity-related bone decrement.

Evaluation of muscle mass and bone mineral density in athletes practicing different sports

Evaluation of muscle mass and bone mineral density in athletes practicing different sports

Bone Mineral Changes and Cardiovascular Effects among Female Athletes with Chronic Menstrual Dysfunction

Oligo/amenorrhea, as a part of the Female Athlete Triad has adverse effects on the athlete's bone mineral density (BMD) and cardiovascular system. Hypoestrogenism, due to suppression of hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA) as a result of energy imbalance, is the possible cause of the Triad. This study was designed based on following up and reassessment of elite female athletes who were diagnosed as menstrual dysfunction about two years ago. THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN THREE PHASE SECTIONS: 1) Reassess the pattern of menstrual cycle among athletes who reported menstrual dysfunction about two years ago; 2) Bone mineral density was measured twice in the same machine and same center with a two-year interval; 3) The laboratory data including blood glucose, lipid profile and inflammatory markers was assessed in phase 3. BMD of athletes did not change significantly after 25.5 months of oligomenorrhea P (spine) = 0.2, P (femur)=0.9. Mean of all cardiovascular factors was in the normal range except for high density lipoprotein (HDL) which was 49.28 (SD=9.18), however, most of the athletes had abnormalities in their lipid profile. Inverse relationship between the increase in the BMD of spine and total cholesterol (r =-0.49, P=0.04), Apolipoprotein A (r = -0.51 P=0.04), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (r =-0.66, P=0.009). Also correlation between BMD of spine and HbA1C (r =-0.70, P=0.003) were significant. Findings of this study show that negative changes in BMD and cardiovascular biomarkers of female athletes with functional hypothalamic menstrual dysfunction could occur if proper therapeutic intervention (including increase in calorie intake, decrease in exercise load or hormonal replacement) will not consider.

Bone mineral density and body composition of South African cricketers

Mechanical loading associated with weight-bearing physical activity has been positively associated with bone mineral density in athletes participating in various sports. The aim of this study was to compare the body composition and bone mineral density of South African male cricketers to controls. Whole body (WB), femoral neck (FN), proximal femur (PF) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD, as well as whole body fat mass (WBFM) and lean mass (WBLM) were measured, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), on 34 high-performance (senior provincial and national level) cricketers and 23 physically active controls between the ages of 16 and 34years. Cricketers were significantly younger, taller, and had greater WBLM and WBBMC compared to the controls. LS, PF and FN BMD were higher in the cricketers and controls before and after adjusting for age and height. WBBMD was significantly lower in the spin bowlers compared to the batsmen and fast bowlers, after adjusting for age and height; however, there were no differences at the BMD sites between the groups. Bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and hip sites was significantly greater in the cricketers compared to the controls, suggesting that the mechanical loading associated with cricket is beneficial for bone mineral density.