Bone Mineral Density In Women Research Articles

Effectiveness of Nutritional Intervention on Bone Mineral Density among Women Aged 30-50 Years in South India

Introduction: By 2050, low bone mineral density in women is expected to increase by 40% globally, considerably increasing the burden of osteoporosis in future generations, which necessitates greater focus on preventive measures. Hence, it was planned to study the effectiveness of calcium rich nutritional intervention on bone mineral density among women aged 30-50 years in South India. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was conducted among randomly selected 20 urban and rural women aged 30-50 years. Calcium rich nutritional mix was given for 16 weeks to the interventional arm and for control arm, education on importance of calcium rich diet was given. Bone mineral density was measured by DEXA scan pre and post intervention. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Results: Before intervention, all the women (100%) had mildly reduced bone mineral density; post intervention, majority of the women (80%) had normal bone mineral density, only 20% had mildly reduced bone mineral density. In the control group, 100% had mildly reduced bone mineral density before receiving health education and after 16 weeks of education, 90% had mildly reduced bone mineral density and only 10% had normal bone mineral density. Conclusion: Calcium rich nutritional intervention given to the experimental group women resulted in a significant improvement in their bone mineral density. However, risk can be lowered by leading a healthy lifestyle that includes enough quantities of dietary calcium, vitamin D, and protein, frequent weight-bearing activity.

Factors Affecting Postpartum Bone Mineral Density in a Clinical Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation.

Background: Few studies evaluate the effects of vitamin D status and supplementation on maternal bone mineral density (BMD) during lactation and further lack inclusion of diverse racial/ethnic groups, body mass index (BMI), or physical activity. Objective: Determine the effects of vitamin D treatment/status, feeding type, BMI, race/ethnicity, and physical activity on postpartum women's BMD to 7 months. Methods: Women with singleton pregnancies beginning 4-6 weeks' postpartum were randomized into two treatment groups (400 or 6400 IU vitamin D/day). Participant hip, spine, femoral neck, and whole-body BMD using Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA Hologic), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] (RIA; Diasorin), BMI, and physical activity were measured at 1, 4, and 7 months postpartum. A general linear mixed modeling approach was undertaken to assess the effects of vitamin D status [both serum 25(OH)D concentrations and treatment groups], feeding type, race/ethnicity, BMI, and physical activity on BMD in postpartum women. Results: During the 6-month study period, lactating women had 1-3% BMD loss in all regions compared with 1-3% gain in nonlactating women. Higher maternal BMI was associated with less bone loss in femoral neck and hip regions. Black American women had less BMD loss than White/Caucasian or Hispanic lactating women in spine and hip regions. Exclusively breastfeeding women in the 6400 IU vitamin D group had less femoral neck BMD loss than the 400 IU group at 4 months sustained to 7 months. Physical activity was associated with higher hip BMD. Conclusion: While there was BMD loss during lactation to 7 months, the loss rate was less than previously reported, with notable racial/ethnic variation. Breastfeeding was associated with loss in BMD compared with formula-feeding women who gained BMD. Higher BMI and physical activity independently appeared to protect hip BMD, whereas higher vitamin D supplementation appeared protective against femoral neck BMD loss.

Bone mineral density in women with rheumatoid arthritis: A link between immune and biochemical markers

To study the association of bone mineral density (BMD) with serum biochemical and immunological markers in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study included 173 women with RA (age 61.0 [56.0; 66.0] years). A survey, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure the BMD of the lumbar spine (LI-LIV), femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH), routine blood chemistry, measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor, cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (CCPA), parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D3, myostatin, follistatin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 receptors, insulin-like growth factor 1, adiponectin, leptin, fibroblast growth factor 23, and tumor necrosis factor SF12 were performed. PTH (β=-0.22, -0.35 and -0.30 for LI-LIV, FN and TH, respectively), CRP (β=-0.18, 0.23 and -0.22 for LI-LIV, FN and TH, respectively) and leptin (β=0.35, 0.32 and 0.42 for LI-LIV, FN and TH, respectively) were shown a significant association with BMD in all sites of measurement. It was independent of age, body mass index and postmenopause duration. Associations were also found between adiponectin and BMD of LI-LIV and TH (β=-0.36 and -0.28, respectively), CCPA and BMD of FN and TH (β=-0.21, -0.24, respectively) and IL-6 and BMD of FN (β=0.37). The study of biochemical and immunological markers in women with RA demonstrated that CRP, CCPA, PTH, IL-6, adiponectin, and leptin influenced BMD.

Treatment of uterine fibroid symptoms with relugolix combination therapy

Uterine fibroids are a common cause of heavy menstrual bleeding and pain. Treatment with the combination of relugolix (an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormonereceptor antagonist), estradiol, and norethindrone acetate, administered once daily, may have efficacy in women with uterine fibroids and heavy bleeding while avoiding hypoestrogenic effects. Methods. We conducted two replicate international, double-blind, 24-week, phase 3 trials involving women with fibroid-associated heavy menstrual bleeding. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive once-daily placebo, relugolix combination therapy (40 mg of relugolix, 1 mg of estradiol, and 0.5 mg of norethindrone acetate), or delayed relugolix combination therapy (40 mg of relugolix monotherapy, followed by relugolix combination therapy, each for 12 weeks). The primary efficacy end point in each trial was the percentage of participants with a response (volume of menstrual blood loss <80 ml and a ≥50% reduction in volume from baseline) in the relugolix combination therapy group, as compared with the placebo group. Key secondary end points were amenorrhea, volume of menstrual blood loss, distress from bleeding and pelvic discomfort, anemia, pain, fibroid volume, and uterine volume. Safety and bone mineral density were assessed.Result. A total of 388 women in trial L1 and 382 in trial L2 underwent randomization. A total of 73% of the participants in the relugolix combination therapy group in trial L1 and 71% of those in trial L2 had a response (primary end point), as compared with 19% and 15%, respectively, of those in the placebo groups (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Both relugolix combination therapy groups had significant improvements, as compared with the placebo groups, in six of seven key secondary end points, including measures of menstrual blood loss (including amenorrhea), pain, distress from bleeding and pelvic discomfort, anemia, and uterine volume, but not fibroid volume. The incidence of adverse events was similar with relugolix combination therapy and placebo. Bone mineral density was similar with relugolix combination therapy and placebo but decreased with relugolix monotherapy.Conclusions. Once-daily relugolix combination therapy resulted in a significant reduction in menstrual bleeding, as compared with placebo, and preserved bone mineral density in women with uterine fibroids.

The effects of obesity on bone mineral density in women with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

The effects of obesity on bone mineral density in women with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Bone mineral density in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and postmenopause: a single center spanish experience

Bone mineral density in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and postmenopause: a single center spanish experience

Bone mineral density in women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors and anti-resorptive treatment - healthy living after breast cancer

Bone mineral density in women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors and anti-resorptive treatment - healthy living after breast cancer

Effect of hormonal therapy on bone mineral density of breast cancer women

Background: Aromatase inhibitor (AI) was received by breast cancer women with estrogen receptor-positive. The estrogen is the main stimulator for receptor-positive breast cancer cells development and growth, the adjuvant hormone ablation targeting estrogen can decrease the likelihood of cancer recurrence and prolong cancer-free survival. Objective: To determine the effect of this therapy on bone mineral density of women who received it. Patients and Methods: It was identified 100 women with local or regional breast cancer diagnosed and who received AI therapy in the January 2022 to February 2023 from Baqubah teaching hospital/Oncology Centre. It was used DEXA scan to determine the bone minerals density of 50 women after different years from receiving hormonal therapy and other 50 breast cancer women before receiving hormonal therapy. Results: It was shown that there is a significant difference (p<0.0001) in the spine and hip density of breast cancer women who received AIs compare with the bone density of other breast cancer women who did not receive it. Conclusion: It can conclude that Als plays an essential role for osteoporosis that reduce the quality of health and increase the risk of fraction in the breast cancer women.

Strut and radio-morphometric analysis of mandibular trabecular structure in pre-and post-menopausal women to aid in the diagnosis of osteoporosis

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to evaluate the mandibular trabecular pattern in pre- and postmenopausal age women. By analysing the strut, fractal, grey level co-occurrence matrix, and radio-morphometric indices in the panoramic radiograph. MethodPanoramic radiographs from 2019 to 2022 were used to assess pre- and postmenopausal women's bone mineral density. A total of 272 panoramic radiographs, which exhibited clear visibility of the mental foramen on both sides without any blurring, motion artefacts, surgical errors, overlapping hyoid bone, or inferior mandibular cortex, were divided into two groups. Group A (136 premenopausal women) and Group B (136 postmenopausal women). It is a retrospective study that is non-interventional/observational in design. Strut features, fractal dimensions, a grey-level co-occurrence matrix, and radio morphometric indices were used to investigate bone texture in an image processing program. The mean difference between group variables was calculated using an independent sample t-test/unpaired t-test. ResultsPre-menopausal women had a mean age of 38.83 ± 6.01 years, while postmenopausal women had a mean age of 68.26 ± 8.31 In the postmenopausal group Four regions of interest exhibited fractal dimensions with a P value of less than 0.01 and GLCM features including contrast (0.812), correlation (0.230), energy (0.215), and homogeneity (0.322). Strut features of the four regions showed that 15 of 19 characteristics were significantly different. ConclusionOrthopantomogram is useful in screening for osteoporosis. Strut, radio-morphometric indices, and fractal analysis can assess bone texture and quality. Future research incorporating artificial intelligence can revolutionize image analysis and support clinical decision-making.

Longitudinal Assessment of Bone Mineral Density in Women Living With and Without HIV Across Reproductive Phases.

Women living with HIV commonly experience low areal bone mineral density (BMD), but whether this is affected by low ovarian hormonal states (prolonged amenorrhea or menopause) is unknown. We compared rates of BMD loss between women living with HIV and HIV-negative control women and investigated its association with low ovarian hormonal states. Women living with HIV were enrolled from Vancouver Canada and controls from 9 Canadian sites. This longitudinal analysis included age-matched women living with HIV in the Children and Women: AntiRetrovirals and Markers of Aging cohort and controls in the population-based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. Rate of change/year in BMD at the total hip and lumbar spine (L1-L4) between 3 and 5 years was compared between groups, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical variables. Ninety-two women living with HIV (median [interquartile range] age: 49.5 [41.6-54.1] years and body mass index: 24.1 [20.7-30.8] kg/m 2 ) and 278 controls (age: 49.0 [43.0-55.0] years and body mass index: 25.8 [22.9-30.6] kg/m 2 ) were included. Total hip BMD loss was associated with HIV (β: -0.003 [95% CI: -0.006 to -0.0001] g/cm 2 /yr), menopause (β: -0.007 [-0.01 to -0.005] g/cm 2 /yr), and smoking (β: -0.003 [-0.006 to -0.0002] g/cm 2 /yr); BMD gain was linked with higher body mass index (β: 0.0002 [0.0007-0.0004] g/cm 2 /yr). Menopause was associated with losing L1-L4 BMD (β: -0.01 [-0.01 to -0.006] g/cm 2 /yr). Amenorrhea was not associated with BMD loss. HIV and menopause negatively influenced total hip BMD. These data suggest women living with HIV require hip BMD monitoring as they age.

Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has declined due to concerns about its potential side effects. However, its pivotal role in managing postmenopausal osteoporosis is gaining increased recognition. In this article, we explore how MHT assists postmenopausal women in maintaining bone health and preventing fractures. Recent research indicates that MHT significantly reduces the risk of fractures in women. This benefit is evident regardless of a woman's bone mineral density or their use of progestogens. However, there is limited evidence suggesting that the skeletal benefits continue once the treatment is discontinued. Possible complications of MHT include heart attacks, clots, strokes, dementia, and breast cancer. The most suitable candidates for MHT are women who have recently entered menopause, are experiencing menopausal symptoms, and are below 60 years of age with a minimal baseline risk of adverse events. The treatment is available to those who meet these criteria. For women undergoing premature menopause, MHT can be considered as a means to protect bone health, especially if initiated before menopause or if accelerated bone loss is documented soon after menopause. Such decisions should be made after evaluating individual risk factors and benefits.

Pathogenetic and associative relationships between the parameters of periodontal health and bone mineral density in women living in a megalopolis

Relevance. Osteoporosis and chronic periodontitis are serious issues of modern life. The hypothesis that these two diseases are associated is still open-ended and doesn’t allow setting the record straight for the lack of sufficient evidence.Purpose. The study aimed to detect the relationship between periodontal health parameters and mineral bone density characteristics in postmenopausal women.Material and methods. The study examined 109 female patients with diagnosed moderate chronic generalized periodontitis (К05.31). The participants formed two groups: the main group (76 women) and the control group (33 women). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, FRAХ® and CCI assessed the mineral bone density and patients’ systemic health. Dental status was evaluated using the OHI-S, CAL, PPD, PMA, PI, and PBI. X-ray assessment was based on the Fuchs index for upper and lower jaws, and the mandibular cortical index (MCI) was evaluated by CBCT scans in Galaxis Galileos software (Sirona), Orthophos SL CBCT scanner. The data were statistically analysed using licensed STATISTICA 13.3 software. In descriptive statistics for variables, the median was quartiles corresponding to the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile. The Shapiro-Wilk test and χ2 (chi-square) evaluated the normality of variables.Results. Periodontal pocket depth (PPD) was 4.44 (4.30:4.20:4.50) in the main group. The cumulative change in the clinical attachment level (CAL) was 5.53 (5.50:5.40:5.80), which was significantly higher than the control group parameters (р < 0.001). Bone mineral density of L1-L4 vertebrae corresponded to osteopenia (g/cm2) -0.83 (-080: -0.78: -0.91), spine (Neck) Т-score was -1.70 (-1.7: -2.2: -2.0). In the patients of the control group, the CBCT did not show any signs of inf lammatory destruction, and the DXA test did not reveal any loss of bone mineral densit y.Conclusion. There are mean significant (less than 0.05) correlations between right femoral neck Т-scores and periodontal pocket depth parameters (R = -0.39) and between the same parameter and the clinical attachment level (CAL) (R = -0.37). A significantly high degree of negative correlation is between the spine Т-score of L1-L4 and PPD, correlation coefficient (R = -0.72).

Pathogenetic and associative relationships between the parameters of periodontal health and bone mineral density in women living in a megalopolis

Relevance. Osteoporosis and chronic periodontitis are serious issues of modern life. The hypothesis that these two diseases are associated is still open-ended and doesn’t allow setting the record straight for the lack of sufficient evidence.Purpose. The study aimed to detect the relationship between periodontal health parameters and mineral bone density characteristics in postmenopausal women.Material and methods. The study examined 109 female patients with diagnosed moderate chronic generalized periodontitis (К05.31). The participants formed two groups: the main group (76 women) and the control group (33 women). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, FRAХ® and CCI assessed the mineral bone density and patients’ systemic health. Dental status was evaluated using the OHI-S, CAL, PPD, PMA, PI, and PBI. X-ray assessment was based on the Fuchs index for upper and lower jaws, and the mandibular cortical index (MCI) was evaluated by CBCT scans in Galaxis Galileos software (Sirona), Orthophos SL CBCT scanner. The data were statistically analysed using licensed STATISTICA 13.3 software. In descriptive statistics for variables, the median was quartiles corresponding to the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile. The Shapiro-Wilk test and χ2 (chi-square) evaluated the normality of variables.Results. Periodontal pocket depth (PPD) was 4.44 (4.30:4.20:4.50) in the main group. The cumulative change in the clinical attachment level (CAL) was 5.53 (5.50:5.40:5.80), which was significantly higher than the control group parameters (р < 0.001). Bone mineral density of L1-L4 vertebrae corresponded to osteopenia (g/cm2) -0.83 (-080: -0.78: -0.91), spine (Neck) Т-score was -1.70 (-1.7: -2.2: -2.0). In the patients of the control group, the CBCT did not show any signs of inf lammatory destruction, and the DXA test did not reveal any loss of bone mineral densit y.Conclusion. There are mean significant (less than 0.05) correlations between right femoral neck Т-scores and periodontal pocket depth parameters (R = -0.39) and between the same parameter and the clinical attachment level (CAL) (R = -0.37). A significantly high degree of negative correlation is between the spine Т-score of L1-L4 and PPD, correlation coefficient (R = -0.72).

THU425 Brief, Low-impact, High-intensity Osteogenic Loading Training Utilizing Proprietary Osteostrong Devices With Once-A-Week, 10 Minute Treatments Improves Bone Mineral Density In Women With Osteoporosis Of The Lumbar Spine

Abstract Disclosure: N. Papadopoulou-Marketou: None. A. Papageorgiou: None. G. Vavetsis: None. T. Panagiotis: None. G.P. Chrousos: None. Introduction: Osteoporosis is a chronic condition characterized by a decrease in bone density and deterioration of microarchitecture. It has been associated with a high bone-fracture risk, an increased mortality, and vast health-care costs. Pharmaceutical treatment along with resistance exercise are usually prescribed. “Osteostrong” is a type of bone strengthening that uses brief (12 min), weekly, low-impact, high-intensity osteogenic loading. Aim: to investigate the therapeutic impact of Osteostrong in people with osteoporosis. Methods: In total, 140 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis of the lumbar spine, followed at the Unit on Clinical and Translational Research in Endocrinology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece, were enrolled. They were divided into 2 groups. Group A (GA) included 70 women who were treated with Osteostrong (mean age: 57,7 y, 95% CI 54, 9-60,6 y); Group B (GB) included 70 women who had no exercise intervention (mean age 59,2 y, 95% CI 55,6-61,9 y). All the participants had a complete physical examination, an assessment for exclusion of secondary osteoporosis, bone markers CTX1 and PINP, and a DXA examination [Horizon W (S/N 300472M], twice, at the time of inclusion in the trial, at 9 and 12 months after onset of intervention. Preliminary data at 9 months are shown. Statistical analysis, Medcalc version 20.2. Results: Paired Student t-test (chi-squared) of Bone Mass Density (BMD) and T-score before (1) and after intervention (2) in GA and GB showed: BMD lumbar spine (L1-L4) and T-score L1-L4: GA1 (mean:0.815), GA2 (mean:0.833) (p<0.0007) and GA1 (mean: −2.27), GA2 (mean: −1.93) (p<0.0001)/ GB1 (mean: 0.852), GB2 (mean: 0.851) (p=0.93) and GB1 (mean: −1.98), GB2 (mean: −1.80) (p=0.054), respectively. Trabecular bone score (TBS) and T-score TBS: GA1 (mean: 1.217), GA2 (mean: 1.238), (p=0.036) and GA1 (mean: −2.76), GA2 (mean: −2.52), (p=0.045)/ GB1 (mean:1.22), GB2 (mean: 1.204) (p=0.14) and GB1 (mean: −2.75), GB2 (mean: −2.85), (p= 0.560), respectively. The CTX1 and PINP values were within normal reference range at 9 months. Discussion: The study showed a statistically significant improvement of BMD in the lumbar spine and TBS in people with osteoporosis treated with Osteostrong. The Osteostrong method may have a synergistic effect with anti-osteoporotic medication, significantly reducing bone fracture risk. Conservative therapeutic interventions are important challenges to minimize the osteoporosis-related poor quality of life and mortality. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Effect of Growth Hormone and Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Women with Turner Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Osteoporosis is a serious implication of Turner syndrome (TS). Common methods for the treatment of TS are growth hormone (GHT) and estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). We examined the relationship between the treatment of TS and bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine. The purpose of our study was to show the currency of BMD states among patients with TS for treatment with GHT and ERT. We searched databases for studies published from inception to April 2023. The articles were related to TS, osteoporosis, ERT, GHT, BMD and treatment patients with TS. We applied the selection criteria: lumbar spine values at L1-L4; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); treatment which was applied: one group of articles: ERT and two group of articles: GHT; results performed as means ± SD. In total, 79 articles were analyzed, of which 20 studies were included and 5 were considered for meta-analysis. The total number of women in the articles selected was 71. Based on the results of the meta-analysis, the effect of ERT on BMD demonstrated a significant increase in BMD (the standardized mean difference in the random model was 0.593 g/cm2, 95% CI: 0.0705 to 1.116; p = 0.026), which showed that treatment with estrogen particularly increases bone mass during treatment, which contributes to reducing the risk of fractures. The effect of GHT on BMD demonstrated a non-significant decrease in BMD in patients with TS. The results for growth hormone show that this therapy does not improve bone density. However, our review emphasizes the beneficial effect of supplementing growth hormone (GH) on the clinical presentation of TS.

Long-Term Change in Bone Mineral Density in Women Living With HIV: A 10-Year Prospective Controlled Cohort Study.

Women living with HIV (WLWH) may be at higher risk for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. However, limited prospective data describe long-term trajectories of bone mineral density (BMD) in WLWH versus women without HIV. Thus, in this prospective study, we aimed to compare 10-year change in areal BMD (aBMD) between WLWH (n = 49; 36.8 ± 8.8 years; 96% pre/perimenopausal) and HIV-negative women (population-based controls; n = 49; 41.9 ± 9.2 years; 80% pre/perimenopausal). In an exploratory analysis, we compared fracture history between WLWH and controls. Outcomes were lumbar spine (L1 to L4), total hip, and femoral neck aBMD at baseline and follow-up, which occurred at 13 and 10 years in WLWH and controls, respectively. We fit multivariable regression models to compare baseline and 10-year change in aBMD between groups, adjusting for osteoporosis risk factors. Within WLWH, we examined associations between aBMD and HIV-related factors, including combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) duration. WLWH were diagnosed 6.5 ± 3.7 years before baseline, 80% were on cART for 241 ± 142 weeks, and 49% had HIV plasma viral load <40 copies/mL. Before and after adjusting for osteoporosis risk factors, baseline and 10-year change in aBMD did not differ between WLWH and controls at any site. At baseline, more WLWH than controls reported a history of low-trauma fracture (30% versus 10%, p < 0.05) and major osteoporotic fracture (17% versus 4%, p < 0.05). During follow-up, the number of WLWH and controls with incident fragility fracture was not significantly different. Lifetime cART duration and tenofovir use were not associated with aBMD 10-year percent change. Higher CD4 count at baseline was positively associated with femoral neck aBMD 10-year percent change. Long-term aBMD change in this small WLWH cohort paralleled normal aging, with no evidence of influence from cART use; however, these results should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size. Larger cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Evaluation of the effect of type II diabetes mellitus on Bone Mineral Density of Upper and Lower Limbs by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Background: Bone mineral density has been assessed using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry. Bone mineral density is measured according to the results of the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry examination of the vertebral column and pelvis. Although diabetes mellitus type II (DM) is known to affect bone mineral density, at the present time this particular relationship is not clear. Objective: The aim of current study was to evaluate the effects of type II diabetes mellitus on bone mineral density of the upper and lower limbs as well as gender differences. Patients and Methods: This study involved 165 patients complaining of bone pain (85 males and 80 females), 85 patients of who suffered from diabetes, involving both genders. In addition, 90 apparently healthy volunteers had been studied and were considered to constitute the control group. All individuals (255) were studied regarding their bone mineral density via Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for all parts of the body. Results: The Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry exam revealed highly statistically significant differences between the sides of the body in the same person. In addition, there were significant differences in bone mineral density between females and males, as well as between the control and patient groups with type II diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the bone mineral density of women was less than that in men in all cases (normal, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus type II (DM) with osteoporosis). Other results obtained from this research revealed that diabetes mellitus type II (DM) can be considered to be one of the major causes of osteoporosis in the general population

Steroid hormone levels and bone mineral density in women over 65 years of age

Previous studies using immunoassays for steroid measurements have focused on the association between steroid hormone levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, obtaining contradictory results. This study aimed to assess this association using a highly sensitive bioanalytical method. A total of 68 postmenopausal women, aged 65–89 years, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Measurements of the BMD of the hip and lumbar spine were performed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and serum hormone levels were quantified by gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between estradiol (E2), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione and T score levels of the hip and lumbar spine were evaluated, after adjustment for confounding variables. The analysis revealed a statistically significant association between testosterone and the T score of the hip (p = 0.035), but not that of the lumbar spine. No statistically significant associations were found between E2, DHEA, androstenedione and the T scores of the hip and the lumbar spine. Using a highly sensitive hormone assay method, our study identified a significant association between testosterone and BMD of the hip in women over 65 years of age, suggesting that lower testosterone increases the risk of osteoporosis.

Effect of Nutrient Intake, Nutritional Status, Physical Activity and Sunlight Exposure on Bone Mineral Density in Women: A Systematic Review

Osteoporosis is a condition or disease that can cause bones to become brittle and break easily. The risk of osteoporosis in women is greater than in men, which is four times greater. Bone mineral density (BMD) or bone density is the total mineral present in bone. Measurement of BMD is important to show the degree of bone mineralization associated with osteoporosis. There are factors associated with reduced bone density. Thus, this systematic review aimed to analyze several factors related to BMD in women including nutrient intake, nutritional status, physical activity, and sunlight exposure. Studies in this systematic review were gathered by the (PRISMA) guidelines and identified through PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases from 2017 until 2022. A total of 17 articles passed the eligibility and were analyzed in this systematic review. Studies found the effect of nutrient intake, BMI, physical activity, and sunlight exposure on BMD in women from different age groups. So it is necessary to make eating habits with good nutritional intake and have a lifestyle that routinely carries out sufficient physical activity and gets sufficient sunlight to improve and maintain bone health until old age.

Effect of Nutrient Intake, Nutritional Status, Physical Activity and Sunlight Exposure on Bone Mineral Density in Women: A Systematic Review

Effect of Nutrient Intake, Nutritional Status, Physical Activity and Sunlight Exposure on Bone Mineral Density in Women: A Systematic Review