Osteoporosis Bone Mineral Density Research Articles

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Bone Mineral Density for Osteoporosis.

We primarily aim to review differences in bone mineral density (BMD) for osteoporosis among different racial/ethnic groups and to highlight the magnitude of racial/ethnic differences in obesity and diabetes. We also explore the factors contributing to the BMD differences among various subgroups. In addition, we investigate the existing disparities in research, educational initiatives, screening practices, and treatment options for osteoporosis and discuss these findings' clinical and public health implications. Racial/ethnic differences in BMD for osteoporosis exist in the USA and other countries. There are disparities regarding osteoporosis screening and treatment. Understanding the factors contributing to these differences can help develop targeted interventions and policies to reduce their impact. Clinicians should consider the racial/ethnic differences in BMD when making treatment decisions and providing preventive care. Future research could contribute to developing effective strategies for preventing osteoporosis among different racial/ethnic groups. This review offered a comprehensive examination of differences in BMD across various racial and ethnic groups, elucidating the influence of genetic, lifestyle, and cultural factors on these differences. This review also highlighted the disparities in osteoporosis screening, treatment options, research on medical effectiveness, and educational outreach tailored to each subgroup. Recognizing the importance of addressing these inequalities, we present this review to advocate for targeted interventions to reduce disparities in osteoporosis and improve bone health for all populations.

The relation between dietary quality and healthy eating index with bone mineral density in osteoporosis: a case-control study

BackgroundIn this study, we aimed to illustrate the association between the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Dietary Quality Index (DQI) with bone mineral density (BMD) among postmenopausal Iranian women with osteoporosis compared to the healthy control.MethodsIn the current case-control study, 131 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and 131 healthy postmenopausal women participated. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess the lumbar vertebrae and femoral neck BMD. The subjects completed a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and then HEI and DQI were calculated based on the FFQ data. Crude and adjusted multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relation between HEI and DQI with the odds of the femoral and lumbar BMD.ResultsAccording to the results, participants in the last tertile of HEI were more likely to have higher femoral and lumbar BMD in the crude model (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20–0.71 and OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10–0.40, respectively) and also in the adjusted model (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.20–0.78 and OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.10–0.41, respectively). Also, in terms of DQI-I, participants in the last tertile were more likely to have higher femoral and lumbar BMD in the crude model (OR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.12–0.45 and OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.15–0.55, respectively) and also in the adjusted model (OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.14–0.58 and OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.17–0.67, respectively).ConclusionsThe results of the current study supported the hypothesis that high-quality diets with healthy patterns can be clinically effective in maintaining bone health. Thus, recommendations regarding the consumption of nutrient-rich food groups in a healthy diet can serve as a practical non-pharmacological strategy against osteoporosis.

Fatty infiltration of the multifidus muscle independently increases osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture risk

BackgroundVertebral compression fractures decrease daily life activities and increase economic and social burdens. Aging decreases bone mineral density (BMD), which increases the incidence of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). However, factors other than BMD can affect OVCFs. Sarcopenia has been a noticeable factor in the aging health problem. Sarcopenia, which involves a decrease in the quality of the back muscles, influences OVCFs. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the quality of the multifidus muscle on OVCFs.MethodsWe retrospectively studied patients aged 60 years and older who underwent concomitant lumbar MRI and BMD in the university hospital database, with no history of structurally affecting the lumbar spine. We first divided the recruited people into a control group and a fracture group according to the presence or absence of OVCFs, and further divided the fracture group into an osteoporosis BMD group and an osteopenia BMD group based on the BMD T-score of -2.5. Using images of lumbar spine MRI, the cross-sectional area and percentage of muscle fiber (PMF) of the multifidus muscle were obtained.ResultsWe included 120 patients who had visited the university hospital, with 45 participants in the control group and 75 in the fracture group (osteopenia BMD: 41, osteoporosis BMD: 34). Age, BMD, and the psoas index significantly differed between the control and fracture groups. The mean cross-sectional area (CSA) of multifidus muscles measured at L4-5 and L5-S1, respectively, did not differ among the control, P-BMD, and O-BMD groups. On the other hand, the PMF measured at L4-5 and L5-S1 showed a significant difference among the three groups, and the value of the fracture group was lower than that of the control group. Logistic regression analysis showed that the PMF value, not the CSA, of the multifidus muscle at L4-5 and L5-S1 affected the risk of OVCFs, with and without adjusting for other significant factors.ConclusionsHigh percentage of fatty infiltration of the multifidus muscle increases the spinal fracture risk. Therefore, preserving the quality of the spinal muscle and bone density is essential for preventing OVCFs.

Predictive factors and the relationship between the early detection of osteoporosis and pathological fractures in Indonesian menopausal women

Background: Estrogen deficiency in menopausal women induces bone loss and makes them prone to pathological fractures. Age, body mass index (BMI), parental history of osteoporosis, and smoking tobacco also increase bone loss and pathological fractures. This study aims to determine whether age, BMI, parental history of osteoporosis, and smoking tobacco can predict pathological fractures in menopausal women. Moreover, the relationship between the early detection of osteoporosis with pathological fracture incidence will also be determined. Methods: This is an analytic observational epidemiological research with a cross-sectional retrospective design that involved 40 menopausal women. The data were collected from the patients' medical records 2020 in Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Asri Medical Center (AMC) Muhammadiyah Hospital, Yogyakarta. The predictive factors for pathological fracture (age, BMI, parental history, smoking tobacco) were analyzed by using Fisher's exact test and the relationship between osteoporosis early detection, including bone mineral density (BMD) value, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, osteocalcin levels, and osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) score, with pathological fractures were investigated by using the chi-square test. Result: Age has a significant relationship with the occurrence of pathological fractures in menopausal women (OR = 6.6, 95% CI: 1.128-8.604, p = 0.042), while BMI, parental history of osteoporosis, and smoking tobacco did not have a significant relationship with pathological fractures (p > 0.05). Early detection of BMD and PTH was also found to have a significant relationship to fracture incidence. Additionally, menopausal women with high PTH levels and osteoporosis BMD values are eight times and four times greater risk of acquiring fractures than menopausal women with normal BMD values and PTH levels. Conclusion: Age can be a predictive factor for pathological fractures, and the early detection of PTH and BMD is related to the occurrence of pathological fractures in menopausal women.

PATIENTS FEEL THEIR PATHOLOGICAL BUT NOT PHYSIOLOGICAL TISSUE TURNOVER: A CORRELATION BETWEEN SEROLOGICAL TISSUE TURNOVER BIOMARKERS AND PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES

Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease characterized by pain and disability. Central to the revised FDA guidelines for the approval of disease-modifying OA drugs are patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). There is a need in drug development to understand how biomarkers of tissue remodeling objectively relate to PROMs or even predict changes in PROMs. Data have shown that elevated turnover of type I collagen, the body's most abundant protein, is associated with increased all-cause mortality rates, high disease activity, radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis, and decline bone mineral density in osteoporosis.

Oxidative Stress and Osteoporosis.

Oxidative stress has been implicated as a causative factor in many disease states, possibly including the diminished bone mineral density in osteoporosis. Understanding the effects of oxidative stress on the development of osteoporosis may lead to further research improving preventative and therapeutic measures that can combat this important contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. A diet rich in whole plant foods with high antioxidant content along with antioxidant-preserving lifestyle changes may improve bone mineral density and reduce the risk of fragility-related fractures. While it is not explicitly clear if antioxidant activity is the effector of this change, the current evidence supports this possibility. Supplementation with isolated antioxidants may also provide some osteoprotective benefits, but whole plant food-derived antioxidants potentially have more overall benefits. Larger-scale clinical trials are needed to give credence to definitive clinical recommendations.

AB0619 CLINICAL RISK FACTORS, BONE DENSITY AND FALL’S HISTORY AND FRACTURES RELATION: STUDY BY HOSPITAL SURVEY ABOUT 448 CASES

Background:Osteoporosis is a disease that affects bone mineral density (BMD) and bone microarchitecture at the origin of an increased risk of fracture. The reduction in bone density assessed by dual-energy X ray absorptiometry (DXA) and fall history represent the first two risk factors of non-vertebral fracture after menopause. Given the high prevalence of osteoporosis among fallers subjects with common risk factors, causing a surisk of fracture. Several publications including the osteoporosis recommendations indicate DXA in women experienced falls in search of bone fragility may justify a treatment for osteoporosis, especially as the FRAX tool does not include at present the fall of history, an important parameter in the assessment of fracture risk.Objectives:Because of the low attention given to the evaluation of falls’risk, the main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and the relationship between the past history of fall, reduction of bone mineral density and prevalent fracture.Methods:Transversal and descriptive epidemiological cohort study conducted for 24 months in 448 patients referred by physicians regularly use prescription of BMD. The realization of this exploration by the same DXA-Hologic in the rheumatology department at Ibn Rochd University Hospital was the criterion for entry into the study. All patients were interviewed on the same day on the risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures justifying the prescription of a BMD.Results:Data included 413 women and 35 men. Most women were postmenopausal (89.6%). The average age was 59 years (σ = 13.40), 33.7% were ≥ 65 years. The mean BMI was at 27.50 (σ = 5,2). 18.5% of patients had at least a history of falls in the previous 12 months and 22.5% a history of fracture after a low-energy trauma. 42.9% were osteoporotic and 57.1% had osteopenia in at least one of these sites: lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip. We did not find significant association between BMD osteoporosis and fall history (p = 0.916). Thus, cases of osteoporosis fractures were not statistically associated with a fall (p = 0.170). Also, the falls were occurring than 18.4% of osteopenic patients (p = 0.220). However, in our study, the fall was an independent risk factor for fracture (p = 0.003) and osteopenic fractures were significantly higher among fallers (p = 0.009 and 0.006 respectively, a drop of history and at least one past fall history).Conclusion:The fall history is a independent risk factor for fracture. This risk is particularly important in case of fragility bone densitometry. The clinical history and fall risk factors should be taken into consideration in the assessment of fracture risk and in the anti-ostoporotique treatment strategy. Thus, the fall seems to be a legitimate indication for DXA and as a parameter to be integrated into the assessment of fracture risk by the FRAX score.

Impact of high-load resistance training on bone mineral density in osteoporosis and osteopenia: a meta-analysis.

This study aimed to examine the effect of high-load resistance training (HLRT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia using a meta-analysis. We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on HLRT in patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia from medical databases. Our meta-analysis was performed with the primary endpoints being the standardized mean difference (SMD) of the change in BMD of the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH). The robustness of the results was assessed by subgroup analysis. Heterogeneity factors were examined by meta-regression. Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot. We selected nine RCTs, with 259 patients in the HLRT group (women, 55.2%) and 236 patients in the control group (women, 62.7%). The HLRT group showed a significant increase in BMD in the LS [SMD = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68-2.12, p < 0.001, I2 = 90%], the FN (SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.05-1.67, p = 0.04, I2 = 92%), and the TH (SMD = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.45-2.08, p = 0.002, I2 = 91%). Subgroup analysis confirmed the robustness of the results only in LS. Total sessions and a high risk of bias were identified as the factors of heterogeneity in FN and TH (p < 0.05). The funnel plot showed asymmetry in all measurement sites. This study suggested that HLRT can be effective in increasing BMD, mainly of LS, in patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia. However, due to high heterogeneity and publication bias, additional studies with a low risk of bias should be conducted to generalize our findings.

Serum osteocalcin: A potential biomarker for primary osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a silent killer usually asymptomatic and noticed only after a fracture. Women irrespective of their origin and social strata show an accelerated phase of bone loss, for about 10 yrs after the cessation of ovarian function due to hormonal imbalance. Until now for the diagnosis of osteoporosis Bone mineral density (BMD) and DEXA was used, which is costly hence bone turns over markers have come to vogue in suggesting the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Objectives of the Study: To assess the potentiality of serum osteocalcin as a diagnostic tool for osteoporosis in post menopausal women and thus overcome the risk of fractures. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 50 apparently healthy pre menopausal women and 50 postmenopausal women with immediate fractures sustained as a result of trivial trauma. Results: The mean serum osteocalcin level was (2.63 ± 1.76) in the post menopausal women with fractures as compared to the pre menopausal women (5.55 ± 2.92) which was statistically significant. (p value Conclusion: Osteocalcin is a highly sensitive bone formation marker and can be used as a diagnostic or screening tool in post menopausal women for Osteoporosis. The decreased serum osteocalcin levels after menopause could hence predict and prevent the risk of fractures. Keywords: Osteocalcin, Pre-menopausal women, Postmenopausal women with fractures, Calcium, Phosphorous, Alkaline phosphatase, Total protein, Albumin and osteoporosis.

Benefits of Herbal Medicine on Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Bone mineral density (BMD) has been validated not only for the diagnosis of osteoporosis but also for prediction of the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the overall benefits of herbal medicines on BMD using a meta-analytic method. Systematic searches in PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Central, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were performed for eligible studies. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the benefits of herbal medicine treatment and conventional treatment for BMD. Herbal medicines frequently used for interventions were pooled in the analysis and further investigated. Seventeen studies were pooled in the meta-analysis and showed that BMD was higher in the herbal medicine group than in the control group (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.857; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.412 to 1.301). Significant benefits of herbal medicine for BMD were found in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and femoral trochanter and in postmenopausal women (SMD: 0.600, 95% CI: 0.068 to 1.131) by subgroup analysis. Moreover, through the meta-regression analysis, the age at menopause and the menopause duration were found to influence the herbal intervention effects on BMD. In addition, the most prescribed medicine among the effective herbs in the pooled studies was found to be Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. This paper provides evidence that herbal medicine interventions increase BMD more than conventional treatments in individuals with osteoporosis, especially postmenopausal women. The results of this study suggest that herbal medicines are effective for increasing BMD in individuals with osteoporosis.

Diagnostic and Gradation Model of Osteoporosis Based on Improved Deep U-Net Network.

The measurement of bone mineral density for osteoporosis has always been the focus of researchers because it plays an important role in bone disease diagnosis. However, because of X-ray image noise and the large difference between the bone shapes of patients under the condition of low contrast, existing osteoporosis diagnosis algorithms are difficult to obtain satisfactory results. This paper presents an improved osteoporosis diagnosis algorithm based on U-NET network. Firstly, the bone in the original image are marked and used to construct the data set. And then, by normalizing the input of each layer, it can be ensured that the input data distribution of each layer is stable, so that the purpose of accelerated training can be achieved. Finally, the energy function is calculated by combining the value of the softmax prediction class for each pixel on the final feature map with the Cross entropy loss function and all the segmented images are extracted to obtain the diagnostic result. As the experimental results show that the improved U-net can accurately solve the influence of image interference in the process of bone mineral density measurement. The recognition rate of U-net automatic diagnosis method is above 81%, and the diagnosis effect is better than other comparison methods.

Integrative Analysis Confirmed the Association between Osteoprotegerin and Osteoporosis.

Objective This study aimed to verify the association between osteoprotegerin gene (OPG) and its variants with osteoporosis (OP) by performing integrative analysis.Methods We used the KGG software to perform gene-based association analysis, which integrated all publicly available single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based P values and obtained an overall P value for the OPG. The significant SNPs were screened for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Meta-analysis was used to combine the associations between the variants of OPG and bone mineral density (BMD) reported in the literatures. Then we performed dual-luciferase reporter gene systems for the functional verification of the variants of OPG in vitro.Results In the gene-based association analysis, the over all P value of OPG was 6.24×10 -13for BMD at femoral neck (FN) and 7.37×10 -17 for BMD at lumbar spine (LS), indicating the importance of OPG for OP. The publicly available eQTL database identified 5 eQTLs which exert cis-regulation effects on OPG at FN and LS. Literature searching found that rs2073617 (known as T950C) was the hot spot SNP. There were 13 relevant studies on rs2073617 besides the GEFOS-2 study identified from the PubMed. Significant differences among TT, TC and CC genotypes at FN (P= 0.047) and LS (P= 0.025) were shown by meta-analysis, demonstrating the associations between T950C polymorphism and BMD. Luciferase gene expression was significantly higher at the presence of allele C than allele T in the 293T cells (t=-9.47, P<0.01). Conclusion The integrative analysis further confirmed the importance of OPG in OP and the correlation of T950C polymorphism with BMD of OP. The strategy can be used as a reference for functional interpretation of other disease-related genes.

Comparison of Bone Mineral Density with Biochemical Parameters and Prevalence of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in South Indian Population

Osteoporosis is identifying based on the bone mineral density (BMD). The bone mineral mass or BMD exposes the amount of minerals present in a particular region of bone tissue. BMD measurement by DEXA is consideredas gold standard, but it is very expensive. The people of developing countriesare not interested to check BMD until the occurrence offracture. Therefore present study focusing any association of routine biochemical markers with BMD in osteoporosis and also planning to identify disease distribution status in south India. We examined 773 participants BMD by DEXA scan and grouped into three, Group I (Normal bone mass, n=237), group II (Osteopenia, n=345) and group III (Osteoporosis, n=191). The serum calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were estimated by automated chemistry analyzer., and Serum 25(OH) vitamin D was analyzed by immunoassay system analyser. The prevalence of normal BMD, osteopenia and osteoporosis was 30.7%, 44.6%and 24.7% respectively.Between 60 and 69 years aged men having more prevalence of osteopenia and in women 50 to 59 years of age. While osteoporosis in men 50 to 59 years and in women’s were 60 to 69 years of age. The serum calcium, ALP and 25 (OH) vitamin D levels were statistically significant (p&lt; 0.001) between the three groups.The higher percentage of low bone mineral density (osteopenia) is the alarming signalto the bone health and this could be continued leads to osteoporosis, which affects the quality of life. This study suggests to determining BMD along with biochemical markers are useful to identify osteoporosis in earlier stage. Therefore routine screening of BMD may prevent the risk of osteoporosis.

Prevalence of sarcopenia and its components in community-dwelling outpatient older adults and their relation with functionality

Aim Sarcopenia is recognized with its adverse functional outcomes. We aimed to report the prevalence of European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) defined sarcopenia and its individual components in community dwelling outpatient older adults and study the correlations of EWGSOP defined sarcopenia, muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance with functional status. Material and methods The subjects were prospectively recruited from the geriatrics outpatient clinics of our university hospital. Body composition was assessed with bioimpedance analysis. Muscle strength was assessed by measurement of hand grip strength with hydraulic hand dynamometer, physical performance was assessed by 4 meter usual gait speed (UGS). Impaired muscle function was defined as presence of low muscle strength and or slow gait speed. As a measure of functionality, modified version of Katz activities of daily living (ADL) and Lawton instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were assessed. Results A total of 242 community dwelling outpatients with mean age of 79.4 ± 5.7 years were enrolled. 31.8% were male. Prevalence of low muscle mass was 2.1% and impaired muscle function was 71.1%. Prevalence of EWGSOP defined sarcopenia was 0.8% (1.3% in men and 0.6% in women). Most correlated parameter with ADL and IADL was the usual gait speed (r = 0.49, r = 0.63; p < .001, respectively). Grip strength was also correlated with ADL and IADL (r = 0.28, r = 0.35; p < .001). However, the skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) was not correlated with ADL, IADL (p = .22, p = .22, respectively). In regression analysis, both ADL score and IADL scores were most related to UGS (beta = 0.5 and 0.6, p < .001), age (beta = –0.25 and –0.2, p < .001) and then sarcopenia (beta = 0.1 and 0.1, p < .05) but was not related to hand grip strength or SMMI. Conclusions The prevalence of sarcopenia was low as 0.8% albeit the presence of impaired muscle function in more than 2/3 of the cases. We have found that EWGSOP defined sarcopenia had association with ADL and IADL. The gait speed component of sarcopenia had the strongest associations with functional measures but SMMI component did not have any relation. We suggest that although low muscle mass may be a parameter related to worse functionality, it should not be regarded prerequisite for presence of sarcopenia analogous to low bone mineral density for osteoporosis.

Analytical quality and effectiveness of point-of-care testing in community pharmacies: A systematic literature review.

Point-of-care tests are characterised through the ability of conducting them near the patient's side without the necessity of a laboratory. They can be applied in different healthcare settings to improve patients' access to testing. To evaluate the effectiveness and analytical quality of point-of-care tests performed in the community pharmacy. Six electronic databases were systematically searched using a predefined search strategy. Interventional studies that reported on the effectiveness of the point-of-care tests and accuracy studies that investigated their analytical quality were included. The literature search, study selection, and data extraction were performed independently by two researchers. In total, eleven studies were identified focusing on blood glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, uric acid, liver enzymes, international normalized ratio for anticoagulation therapy, bone mineral density for osteoporosis, forced expiratory volume for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. The included studies showed that point-of-care tests that were conducted and analysed in community pharmacies had satisfactory analytical quality and that the interventions applying these tests were effective overall. Community pharmacies are well suited to deliver a wide range of point-of-care tests. In the future this will allow easier access to various screening and diagnostic tests for patients.

Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels as an Indicator of Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis

Serum 25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels as an Indicator of Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis

Normal range of BMD in proximal tibia as a different skeletal site at women.

OBJECTIVE:Osteoporosis is progressive metabolic bone disease that decreases bone density and features deterioration of bone structure. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used and reliable method to measure bone mineral density (BMD). Aim of this study was to determine normal ranges of BMD in left proximal tibia.METHODS:Fifty-five females were included in this study. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and the left proximal tibia using DXA. BMD value of subregions in the left proximal tibia was significantly correlated with BMD value of the total lumbar spine (r=0.111–0.766). New average BMD values of the left proximal tibia were calculated according to age using linear regression formula, leading to average BMD value for the total lumbar spine (L1-L4) in normal population. New simulated T-scores for proximal subregions of the tibia were then calculated.RESULTS:T-scores for proximal subregions were not different from T-scores of total lumbar spine (p>0.05).CONCLUSION:It was concluded that proximal tibia is an ideal region for measurement of BMD in osteoporosis.

Effects of an Osteoporosis Prevention Program Based on Health Belief Model Among Females

Background:Several studies reported the efficacy of osteoporosis prevention interventions in improvement of people’s preventive behaviors. However, there are reports that the interventions were not successful in altering osteoporosis health beliefs and preventive behaviors.Objectives:The current study aimed to assess the effect of a program based on health beliefs model (HBM) on females’ health beliefs and performances about osteoporosis preventive behaviors.Patients and Methods:This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 120 patients registered in two healthcare centers of Fasa, Fars Province, Iran in 2014. A questionnaire including demographic information and HBM constructs was employed to measure the females’ beliefs regarding nutrition and walking performance in prevention of osteoporosis bone mineral density (BMD) measured at the lumbar spine and femur before, immediately after the intervention, and six months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent samples t-, Mann-Whitney U tests and repeated measures ANOVA.Results:Immediately and six months after the intervention, a significant increase was found in the intervention group’s health beliefs, nutrition, and walking performances to prevent osteoporosis. Six months after the intervention, lumbar spine BMD T-score increased to 0.127 ± 0.061 in the intervention group but reduced to -0.043 ± 0.059 in the control group. Also, hip BMD T-score increased to 0.125 ± 0.088 in the intervention group, but decreased to -0.028 ± 0.052 in control group.Conclusions:The current study showed the effectiveness of HBM in adoption of nutrition and walking behaviors as well as the increase of bone density to prevent osteoporosis.

Assessment of Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis

Assessment of Bone Mineral Density in Osteoporosis

Evaluation of bone targeting salmon calcitonin analogues in rats developing osteoporosis and adjuvant arthritis.

Synthetic analogues of the peptide hormone calcitonin have been used in medicine as biologic drug therapies for decades, to treat pathological conditions of excessive bone turnover, such as osteoporosis, where more bones are removed than replaced during bone remodeling. Osteoporosis and other chronic skeletal diseases, including inflammatory arthritis, exact a substantial and growing toll on aging populations worldwide however they respond poor to synthetic biologic drug therapy, due in part to the rapid half-life of elimination, which for calcitonin is 43 minutes. To address those shortcomings, we have developed and synthesized bone-targeting variants of calcitonin as a targeted drug delivery strategy, by conjugation to bisphosphonate drug bone-seeking functional groups in highly specific reaction conditions. To evaluate their in vivo efficacy, bisphosphonate-mediated bone targeting with PEGylated (polyethylene glycol conjugated) and non-PEGylated salmon calcitonin analogues were synthesized and dose escalation was performed in female rats developing Osteoporosis. The bone-targeting calcitonin analogues were also tested in a separate cohort of male rats developing adjuvant-induced arthritis. Ovariectomized female rats developing Osteoporosis were administered daily sub-cutaneous injection of analogues equivalent to 5, 10 and 20 IU/kg of calcitonin for 3 months. Adjuvant arthritis was developed in male rats by administering Mycobacterium butyricum through tail base injection. Daily sub-cutaneous injection of analogues equivalent to 20 IU/kg of calcitonin was administered and the rats were measured for visible signs of inflammation to a 21 day endpoint. In both studies, the effect of drug intervention upon bone volume and bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by measuring the trabecular bone volume percentage and BMD at the proximal tibial metaphysis using in vivo micro-computed tomography. With dose escalation studies, only bone targeting analogue dosed groups showed a trend towards increased BMD and bone volume at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Significant preservation of bone volume and BMD as evidenced by nonsignificant (P<0.05) loss of bone volume and BMD at the end of 3 month study endpoint was seen in animals dosed with 20 IU/kg of calcitonin compounds. Similarly, in case of adjuvant-induced arthritis rats, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in bone volume and BMD in calcitonin-bisphosphonate and calcitonin-PEG-bisphosphonate treated groups at 21 days compared to the baseline values. Improved efficacy in terms of preserving bone volume and BMD in Osteoporosis, and in rats developing adjuvant-induced arthritis, by these analogues suggests their potential as new drug candidates for further evaluation to determine their usefulness in bone diseases characterized by excessive bone resorption.