Bond Strength Of Universal Adhesives Research Articles

Shear bond strength of universal adhesives to human enamel and dentin.

The composition of universal adhesives is highly diverse. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bond strength of a composite with five different universal adhesives to human enamel and dentin. The shear bond strength of a composite (G-aenial Universal Injectable) to human enamel and dentin was tested in selective enamel etching mode before and after thermocyclic aging (10,000 cycles) using five different universal adhesive systems (Adhese Universal VivaPen, Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, G-Premio Bond, Prime&Bond active, and Scotchbond Universal Plus). Two-bottle systems (OptiBond FL and G2-Bond Universal) were used as control. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted of the bonding interface. Significant differences in shear bond strength values were found among the five evaluated universal adhesives. Lowest shear bond strength values were observed for 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA)-free systems. Thermocyclic aging did not significantly reduce shear bond strength values indicating that the initial bond remains stable. The clinical use of universal adhesives Adhese Universal VivaPen, Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, and Scotchbond Universal Plus can be encouraged as they provided comparable or even better shear bond strength values than the two-bottle controls. Universal adhesives that were developed for the same indication and approved for clinical use demonstrated variety in shear bond strength values. When applied in the selective enamel etching mode, a stable bond can be expected from adhesives containing HEMA and monomers with phosphate groups.

Bonding stability of universal adhesives to feldspathic ceramic with or without prior silane application.

This study aimed to assess the bonding stability of three universal adhesives to a CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic with or without prior silane application. The universal adhesives tested were Ambar Universal (FGM), Single Bond Universal (3M), and Ybond Universal (Yller). Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M) was used as a control. The silane used was RelyX Ceramic Primer (3M). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to Vitablocs Mark II was measured after 24 h or 6 months of water aging (n = 20). Failure modes were observed through scanning electron microscopy, and pH and degree of C = C conversion (DC) of the adhesives were measured (n = 3). Data were analyzed using One-, Two-, and Three-Way ANOVA. The pH values differed significantly among the adhesives (P<0.001), while the DC was similar (P = 0.141). The universal adhesives showed significant differences in μTBS, with higher immediate results when using silane and lower results after aging. Notably, a significant decrease in μTBS was observed after 6 months when silane was applied. In contrast, the control adhesive exhibited consistent results between the 24-hour and 6-month storage periods. The universal adhesives showed a decrease in μTBS ranging from 25.5% to 40.1% after prolonged storage. Adhesive failures were predominant in all groups. The presence or absence of silane in the adhesive composition did not affect the bonding performance. The application of a separate silane coupling agent improved the immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic. However, this bond strength significantly decreased after 6 months of water aging. The bond strength remained stable for universal adhesives when applied without silane after 6 months of aging. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Impact of Preceded Tumor Therapeutic Irradiation on the Microtensile Bond Strength of Universal Adhesives Applied in Self-Etch Mode to Human Dentin In Vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of preceded tumor therapeutic irradiation on the tensile bond strength of three modern universal adhesives applied in self-etch mode on dentin. Specimens prepared from 135 extracted human third molars were divided into three superior groups. These received either no radiation, 5 Gy, or a total dose of 60 Gy in vitro irradiation, fractionally applied. The samples of each group were further randomly assigned to six subgroups to test three adhesives (Futurabond® U, Voco; AdheSE® Universal Ivoclar Vivadent; Xeno® Select, Dentsply Sirona) in the self-etch application mode (n = 15). Tensile bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine (1.0 mm/min). Data were analyzed with ANOVA (p &lt; 0.01) and Tukey’s test (p &lt; 0.05). The influence of irradiation on the microtensile bond strength of the used dentin adhesives proved to be significant. For each material, a decrease in adhesion value was registered after irradiation. However, only for the material Xeno® Select were significantly reduced adhesion values determined after irradiation with 60 Gy compared to 0 Gy. Within the limitations of an in vitro study, some effects of tumor therapeutic irradiation of human dentin on the tensile bond strength of universal adhesives used in self-etch mode could be observed. Those decreases were only partly significant, depending on the material and the radiation dose. Whether the tensile bond strength on irradiated dentin depends on the particular application mode (etch-and-rinse vs. self-etch) of the universal adhesives remains to be investigated.

Does extended air-drying time improve bond strength of universal adhesives to enamel?

To investigate the effect of extended air-drying time on the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of universal adhesives to enamel. The distal and mesial specimens from third molars were wet-ground and randomly assigned to three groups according to adhesives tested (n = 60): Clearfil Bond Universal, Gluma Bond Universal, and G-Premio Bond. The adhesives were applied in etch-and-rinse or self-etch modes, followed by air-drying for 5, 15, or 25 s. Composite buildups were constructed and subjected to the MSBS test after 24-h or thermocycling. MSBS results were evaluated using a four-way ANOVA. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the degree of solvent evaporation were further evaluated. At 24-h, MSBS of G-Premio Bond significantly improved with the 25 s air-drying in both of the etching modes when compared to the 5 s air-drying. After thermocycling, the extended air-drying did not produce a significant difference on the MSBS, regardless of the application strategy. Extended air-drying (25 s) evaporated almost all of the volatile part of Gluma Bond Universal and G-Premio Bond. Extended air-drying times increased solvent evaporation but did not contribute to the bonding effectiveness of the adhesives, regardless of the etching mode. Air-drying applications for more than 5 s had no significant effect on enamel bonding performance of universal adhesives.

Effect of conditioning on microtensile bond strength of universal adhesives to primary enamel

Effect of conditioning on microtensile bond strength of universal adhesives to primary enamel

Bonding Efficacy of Universal Resin Adhesives to Zirconia Substrates: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To provide an overview of the in-vitro bond strength of universal adhesives to zirconia and analyze whether these adhesives are a reliable alternative to conventional zirconia primers. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases up to August 2021. Investigations published in English, assessing resin-mediated bond to zirconia using universal adhesives compared to phosphate/silane-based primer or phosphate-based primer were included. After study selection and data extraction, risk of bias analysis was performed. Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.4, with a random effects model, at a significance level of 0.05. In total, 23 studies were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Universal adhesives showed higher bond strengths than did phosphate-based primers (p < 0.00001) to aged zirconia without airborne alumina-particle abrasion. Similar results were observed when the zirconia surface was airborne-particle abraded at baseline and after dynamic aging (p < 0.0001). When universal adhesives and phosphate-silane based primers were compared, similar bond strengths (p ≥ 0.001) were observed after surface abrasion, regardless of storage condition. The results showed that universal adhesives generate higher bond strengths when compared to conventional zirconia primers.

Micro-shear bond strength of universal adhesives to caries-affected dentin; self-etch or etch-and-rinse strategy?

Micro-shear bond strength of universal adhesives to caries-affected dentin; self-etch or etch-and-rinse strategy?

Effect of dual-cure activators on dentin bond strengths of universal adhesives

Effect of dual-cure activators on dentin bond strengths of universal adhesives

Microtensile Bond Strength of Total-Etch and Self-Etch Universal Adhesives Containing 10-MDP: A Systematic Review

A systematic review was performed to compare the human dentin microtensile bond strength of universal adhesives with 10-MDP when used as total-etch and self-etch strategies. Literature search was done on October 2019 without limitations on the language of publication, in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO. Additional manual search was done for the grey literature articles: OpenGrey and OpenThesis. Studies that evaluated the dentin bond strength of universal adhesives with 10-MDP using total-etch and self-etch strategy from the year 2000 up till October 2019 were included. The initial search resulted in 5121 references: 2234 from PubMed, 1814 from Scopus, 516 from Web of Science, 553 from EBSCO and 4 from OpenThesis. After full text analysis, 30 references were included in this systematic review. Seven different universal adhesives with 10-MDP were evaluated for dentin microtensile bond strength comparing total-etch and self-etch strategies: Single Bond Universal/Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE), All Bond Universal (Bisco), Clearfil Universal Bond (Kuraray), G-Premio Bond (GC Corp), Tetric Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent), Ambar Universal (FGM) and One Coat 7 Universal (Coltene). The total-etch strategy improved the dentine microtensile bond strength compared to self-etch strategy for all universal adhesives when stored in all three conditions: 24h, thermocycling and long-term immersion according to ISO (TS 11405:2015(E)). The evidence suggests that microtensile bond strength of universal adhesives containing 10-MDP may be improved utilizing total-etch strategy compared to self-etch strategy. This study provides valuable information on the importance of appropriate dentin adhesives strategy that affect success rate of restorations, which helps clinicians to make informed decisions on the strategy to be used during restorations in practice.

Bond Strengths of Universal Adhesives to Dentin Contaminated with a Hemostatic Agent.

To evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of three universal adhesives to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent. Ninety-six human premolars were cut to expose mid-coronal dentin. The teeth were randomly divided into a control group (uncontaminated dentin) and an experimental group in which a hemostatic agent was applied (contaminated dentin). Each group was further divided into 6 subgroups according to universal adhesives - SBU (Single Bond Universal), OPU (OptiBond Universal), CBQ (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick) - and etching mode, either etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE). Following adhesive application, composite was placed in two increments and light cured. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h. The µTBS test was performed using a universal testing machine. Failure mode was assessed using a light microscope. The data were statistically analyzed using three-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's test (p < 0.05). The resin-dentin interface was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Significantly lower bond strength was observed when the universal adhesives were bonded to contaminated dentin in SE mode (p < 0.05). In contrast, the µTBS of the universal adhesives in ER mode was not affected by contamination (p > 0.05). The µTBS of CBQ to contaminated dentin was significantly lower than that of the other adhesives. Observation of the resin-dentin interface revealed limited resin penetration when the universal adhesive was applied in SE mode on contaminated dentin. Contaminating the dentin with a hemostatic agent significantly reduced the µTBS of the universal adhesives in SE mode. However, this adverse effect was not found when the universal adhesives were used in ER mode.

Effect of a novel pretreatment on the microtensile bond strength of universal adhesives with dentin

Background/purpose: The quality of the hybrid layer is of great importance for dentin bonding. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel copper-based pretreatment and investigate the effect of the pretreatment combined with universal adhesives on the dentin bond strength. Materials and methodsEtch-and-rinse adhesive Single Bond 2 (SB2) and two universal adhesives Prime Bond Universal (PBU) and Single Bond Universal (SBU) were selected. The dentin surfaces were pretreated with CuSO4 solution and K2HPO4 solution in turn (Cu–P pretreatment), and the adhesive was applied following the manufacturer's instructions. There were four groups of Cu–P pretreatment: HH-Cu (1.5 mol/L CuSO4 + 1.0 mol/L K2HPO4); H–Cu (0.15 mol/L CuSO4 + 0.1 mol/L K2HPO4); L-Cu (0.015 mol/L CuSO4 + 0.01 mol/L K2HPO4); and LL-Cu (0.0015 mol/L CuSO4 + 0.001 mol/L K2HPO4). The microtensile bond strength (μ-TBS) and fracture mode were determined. The dentin surface after pretreatment and the antimicrobial properties of the pretreatment agent were also evaluated. ResultsThe minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of Cu–P pretreatment were 0.012 mol/L CuSO4 + 0.008 mol/L K2HPO4. Combined with SB2, the H–Cu and L-Cu groups showed a higher μ-TBS (P < 0.01), while the HH-Cu group showed a lower μ-TBS (P < 0.001), and the LL-Cu group showed a similar μ-TBS with the control group without Cu–P pretreatment. Combined with universal adhesives PBU and SBU, the H–Cu and L-Cu groups also showed significantly increased μ-TBS (P < 0.01). ConclusionThe copper-based pretreatment in combination with universal adhesives improved the dentin microtensile bond strength.

The comparative evaluation of the effects of quercetin, α-tocopherol, and chlorhexidine dentin pretreatments on the durability of universal adhesives.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of chlorhexidine, quercetin, and α-tocopherol on the shear bond strength of universal adhesives in the short (24h) and long term (6 months). Ninety-six extracted sound molars were collected and divided randomly into four groups: control (no treatment), 2% chlorhexidine, 10% α-tocopherol, and 1% quercetin. The solutions were prepared and applied to the teeth for 60 s, followed by application of All-Bond universal adhesive and composite build-up. Half of the specimens in each group (n = 12) were tested for shear bond strength (SBS) after 24 h of storage and the other half were kept in distilled water for 6 months and then tested for shear bond strength. The shear bond strength test was performed and the failure modes were determined using a stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests with p ˂ .05 as the significance level. The results of the two-way analysis of variance test showed that there was no significant difference in immediate SBS, and after 6 months, α-tocopherol had the lowest SBS in comparison to the control and CHX subgroups (p < .05). The t-test showed that the shear bond strength in the α-tocopherol and quercetin groups was significantly decreased after 6 months. It can be concluded that the solutions used in this study had no adverse effect on immediate SBS. After 6 months, the CHX could preserve SBS in comparison to other groups.

Effect of nanosecond- and microsecond-pulse Er,Cr:YSGG laser ablation on dentin shear bond strength of universal adhesives.

The study aimed to evaluate the bond strength of universal adhesives to dentin after Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with nanosecond-domain and microsecond-domain pulses. Eighty extracted caries-free, sound human molars were divided into eight groups. The enamel was removed until the dentin occlusal flat dentin surface was exposed. Etch-and-rinse followed by adhesive was applied to group 1, and a self-etch adhesive was applied to group 2. Er,Cr:YSGG laser (3mJ, 100Hz, 100ns), (3mJ, 100Hz, 150μs), and (20mJ, 100Hz, 150μs) were applied to groups 3-4, 5-6, and 7-8, respectively. The laser preparation was followed by self-etch adhesives or adhesives treatment. When the composite resin had been built up on the samples, the shear bond strength was tested, and the data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Groups prepared with nanosecond-pulse laser showed significantly higher bond strength values than the microsecond-pulse laser groups and self-etch mode group, and the SEM photographs also showed more dentinal tubules and no damage in the ablation area. The shear bond strength of long pulse laser ablated was comparable to that of self-etching system when it was combined with a self-etch adhesive at low energy, but higher energy laser degraded shear bond strength. The pulse width of Er,Cr:YSGG laser affects the bond strength, nanosecond pulses of laser irradiation without water cooling can enhance bond strength, but microsecond pulses of laser cannot enhance bond strength.

Influence of chlorhexidine 2% and sodium hypochlorite 5.25% on micro-tensile bond strength of universal adhesive system (G-Premio Bond)

Aim: One of the reasons for the failure of adhesion in composite restorations and secondary caries may be the chemical irrigants used during the endodontic treatment. NaOCl is widely used for the biomechanical preparation of root canals due to its antimicrobial properties and capacity to dissolve organic material. In addition, another very effective decontamination solution is chlorhexidine 2%. There are few studies about the effect of root canal irrigation solutions on bond strength of universal adhesives therefore, in this study we have investigated the influence of CHX 2% and NaOCl 5.25% on micro-tensile bond strength of G-Premio Bond. Methods: Twenty-four human teeth were randomly allocated to the following groups: G1, immersion in saline solution 0.9% for 30 minutes (control); G2, immersion in CHX 2% for 30 minutes; G3, immersion in NaOCl 5.25% for 30 minutes. After restoration, the dentin/resin interface was tested by micro-tensile bond strength. The surfaces morphology was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey test in SPSS software Version 24. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between G3 and G1 (P &lt; 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences among G1 and G2, G2 and G3. Conclusion: Root canal irrigation with NaOCl 5.25% significantly reduced the micro-tensile bond strength in the G-Premio Bond at self-etch mode, but the use of CHX did not make a significant difference.

Impact of cleansing protocols to remove endodontic sealer residues on the adhesive interface: Bonding with universal adhesive systems.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cleansing protocols to remove sealer residues using different cleaning strategies and the effect of bond strength of two universal adhesives to dentin impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer. Fifty bovine dentin specimens were impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer containing calcium hydroxide (Sealer Plus) and submitted to cleansing protocols (n=10): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), 95% ethanol (ET), xylol (XI), and amyl acetate (AA). Specimens were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Other 100 specimens were submitted to the same protocols (n=20). Each protocol was divided into subgroups (n=10) according to the universal adhesive system used: Scotchbond Universal (SU); Ambar Universal (AU). Bond strength was evaluated by micro-shear bond test (μSBT). Persistence of residues data were assessed with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. μSBT data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA (α=5%). ET presented higher persistence of residues compared to AA and XI (p < 0.05). AA and XI were similar from each other (p > 0.05). AU and SU presented similar μSBT values, regardless of the cleansing solution (p > 0.05). SU-NC presented the highest μSBT among all conditions (p < 0.05). The bond strength of universal adhesives was not affected by different amounts of sealer residues after different cleaning protocols. Non-polar substances such as amyl acetate and xylol are effective for removing residues from epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers.

Dentin contamination during repair procedures: A threat to universal adhesives?

ObjectiveThis study examined the influence of surface contamination during repair procedures with hydrofluoric acid, silane, or ammonium polyfluoride on the bond strength of universal adhesives to dentin using different etching modes before and after thermocycling.Materials and MethodsDentin surfaces of human molars were contaminated in different ways (silane, hydrofluoric acid, ammonium polyfluoride, and no pretreatment as control) followed by application of a universal adhesive (etch & rinse or self‐etch mode). After a composite build‐up was placed onto each tooth, sticks for the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) test were sectioned. Half of the sticks were tested after water storage for 24 h, the other half after thermocycling (15,000 cycles, 5/55°C). The MTBS data were analyzed statistically by using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, one‐way analysis of variance, and Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). The fracture patterns of all specimens were evaluated and analyzed using a χ 2 test.ResultsDentin contamination with a multifunctional silane does not influence microtensile bond strength irrespective of aging. Contamination with hydrofluoric acid or an ammonium polyfluoride primer leads to a significantly lower bond strength after aging, irrespective of the etch mode.ConclusionDentin contamination with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium polyfluorides during repair procedures should be avoided, as they appear to decrease the bond strength of universal adhesives.

Effects of C-Factor on Bond Strength of Universal Adhesives to Floor and Wall Dentin in Class-I Composite Restorations.

To evaluate the effects of C-factor on the bond strength of universal adhesives to floor and wall dentin in class-I composite restorations using a bulk-fill composite. 108 non-carious humans third molars were randomly divided into four groups as follows: flat wall, flat floor, cavity wall, and cavity floor (n = 36). Then, each group was subdivided into three subgroups according to the type of adhesive used: Single Bond Universal, G-premio Bond (both universal adhesives), or Adper Single Bond 2 (an etch-and-rinse adhesive). After the bonding procedure, X-tra fill resin composite was applied in bulk to build up the flat surfaces or fill the cavities.Then the teeth were sectioned into 1-mm2 sticks and microtensile bond strength (µTBS) was measured using a universal testing machine. µTBS (MPa) was analyzed by one-way, two-way, and three-way ANOVA using SPSS Version 23 (a = 0.05). Interactions between adhesives and bonding surfaces, as well as C-factor and bonding surfaces showed statistically significant differences, but the interaction between the C-factor and type of adhesive was not statistically significant. The comparison of bonded surfaces including the flat wall and the flat floor in Adper Single Bond 2 was statistically significant (p < 0.05), except for the cavity wall and cavity floor. Regardless of the type of adhesives, the C-factor reduced the µTBS of the composite resin to dentin. Adper Single Bond 2 mediated higher µTBS than did the universal adhesives G-premio Bond and Single Bond Universal.

Comparison of bond strength of universal adhesives using different etching modes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This review aims to evaluate whether the etch-and-rinse or self-etch mode is the better protocol for dentin adhesion by universal adhesives. A total of 15 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Two reviewers performed a literature search up to October 2020in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Without considering the difference in aging mode, the analysis of the immediate and long-term bond strength of dentin showed that there was no statistical significance between the etch-and-rinse and self-etch mode of universal adhesive, and the long-term bond strength decreased relative to the immediate. In vitro studies suggest that prior acid etching did not improve bond performance. Whether from the perspective of long-term bonding performance or simplifying operating procedures, the self-etch mode is preferred.

Effect of Different Etching Modes on Shear Bond Strength of Universal Adhesives to Enamel

Aim: To evaluate the effect of different etching modes on the bonding efficacy of two universal adhesives to enamel.&#x0D; Materials and method: The study was performed in fifty five extracted human molar teeth. For shear bond strength testing, flat buccal surfaces were prepared. Teeth were randomly divided into five experimental groups according to two universal adhesives Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE, U.S.A) and Tetric N-Bond Universal (IvoclarVivadent) used in different etching modes i.e etch-and-rinse and self-etch mode and one control group of etch &amp; rinse adhesive (Adper Single bond-2). Teeth were mounted in self-cure acrylic resin and composite restorations were placed in all the samples after application of adhesives according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Ten samples from each group were subjected to shear bond strength evaluation. Additionally one sample per group was subjected to scanning electron microscopic analysis for observing resin-enamel interfacial adaptation.&#x0D; Statistical analysis: Data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one –way ANOVA and post-hoc tukey’s test at a significant level of p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: Enamel bond strength was significantly better in etch-and-rinse mode than the self etch mode for both Single Bond Universal (gp 2 &amp; 3; p=0.017) and Tetric N-Bond Universal adhesives (gp 4 &amp; 5; p=0.046) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: Phosphoric acid etching of enamel prior to the application of a mild universal adhesive is an advisable strategy for optimizing bonding.

Influence of Different Application Methods on the Bonding Effectiveness of Universal Adhesives to Dentin in the Early Phase.

To investigate the changes in the dentin bond strengths of universal adhesives during the early phase and evaluate the effect of a double-layer adhesive application on the performance of the dentin bond. Three universal adhesives and a two-step self-etch adhesive were employed to ascertain the shear bond strengths (SBS) of specimens to bovine dentin with the use of the etch-and-rinse or self-etch mode. The specimens were further divided into two groups based on adhesive application in a single or a double layer. The bonded specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 5 min or 1, 6, 12, or 24 h prior to SBS measurement and the adhesives' Knoop hardness number (KHN). All the adhesives showed increased SBS with prolonged storage periods regardless of the adhesive layer (single or double) or etching mode. Most universal adhesives in the double adhesive layer groups showed significantly higher SBS than single adhesive layer groups for the same storage period. All the adhesives also showed increased KHN with increased storage period. The SBS and KHN values of the adhesives increased with increasing storage duration over a 24-h period. Double adhesive layer application mediated increased dentin bond strength in the early phase.