Bond Strength Of Glass Ionomer Research Articles

Adhesion of glass ionomer cements to primary dentin using a universal adhesive.

Glass ionomers are widely used for restoring carious primary teeth. However, their ability to bond to primary dentin is considered a challenge in pediatric dentistry. The study aimed to evaluate the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) and a high-viscosity glass ionomer cement (Hv-GIC) to primary dentin using a universal adhesive. Thirty human primary maxillary canines were cut in half and prepared for the μSBS test. The specimens (N = 60) were assigned to 6 groups. Three groups were defined for RMGI (FUJI II LC) and 3 groups for Hv-GIC (EQUIA Forte): with an immediately curing adhesive (G-Premio); with a delayed curing adhesive; and without an adhesive (control group). After preparing the dentin surfaces, the glass ionomers were bonded using Tygon® tubes with an internal diameter of 0.7 mm. The μSBS test was performed, and the data was analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Additionally, the failure modes were determined using a stereomicroscope. Six specimens, one for each study group, were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis to observe the glass ionomer-dentin interface. The type of glass ionomer did not have a significant effect on the μSBS (p = 0.305). Groups that received universal adhesive application prior to glass ionomer exhibited a significantly higher μSBS (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between the immediately curing and delayed curing groups (p = 0.157). The predominant failure mode was mixed failure. Higher bond strength of glass ionomers to primary teeth can be achieved by using universal adhesives, which, in addition to the proven benefits of glass ionomers, can improve their clinical success.

The effect of silver diamine fluoride on the bond strength of glass ionomer to the enamel of primary teeth

The effect of silver diamine fluoride on the bond strength of glass ionomer to the enamel of primary teeth

The Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Microleakage and Shear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer

The Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Microleakage and Shear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer

Microtensile bond strength of glass ionomer cements to a resin composite using universal bonding agents with and without acid etching

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of two universal bonding agents on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of encapsulated conventional glass ionomers (CGICs) and resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGICs) to a resin composite, with or without the use of 35% phosphoric acid. MethodsFour materials were used in this study: Riva Self-cure and Riva Light-cure; SDI and Equia Forte Fil and Fuji II LC; GC. The specimens were prepared in Teflon moulds with half the specimens for each GIC etched using 35% phosphoric acid (Ultra-Etch) and the remainder not etched. Each group was randomly subdivided into three groups, where the first two groups received an air-thin layer of bonding agent (G-Premio Bond = GPB or Clearfil Universal Bond = CUB) then light cured; and the third group had no bonding agent. For all groups, a nanohybrid composite (GC Kalore; GC) was placed incrementally on the GIC. Following 24 h immersion in distilled water, each block was embedded in epoxy resin in a cubic mould and sectioned by a cutting device. The stick specimens were then subjected to μTBS testing. ResultsThe application of both universal bonding agents significantly enhanced the μTBS of all GICs (p < 0.001). Both RMGICs exhibited higher μTBS compared to that of CGICs (p < 0.001). The application of universal bonding agents with acid etching significantly increased the μTBS of both CGICs and RMGICs to resin composite in contrast to without acid etching. ConclusionUsing 35% phosphoric acid for 15 s prior to the application of universal bonding agents improved the μTBS of GIC to resin composite. Clinical significanceUsing Universal bonding agents with 15 s acid etching may increase the bond strength of both CGICs and RMGICs to resin composite when utilising the sandwich technique.

Effect of three different conditioning agents on cavosurface microleakage and bond strength of glass ionomer restorations - An in vitro study.

This study aimed to investigate the conditioning effects of phosphoric acid/5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) mixture, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) digluconate, and 10% polyacrylic acid on cavosurface microleakage and bond strength of glass ionomer (GI) restorations. Out of 68 extracted premolars, 34 teeth were selected for microleakage and 34 for bond strength evaluation. The samples were divided into the following four groups. Group 1: pretreatment with 50/50 volume% mixture of 5.25% NaOCl solution and 37% phosphoric acid (H3PO4), Group 2:pretreatment with 2% CHX digluconate, Group 3: pretreatment with 10% polyacrylic acid (positive control), and Group 4: no pretreatment (negative control). All the samples were then restored with glass ionomer cement (GIC). Microleakage was evaluated using a stereomicroscope and rhodamine-B dye penetration test. For bond strength, flat dentin surface was exposed and pretreated as mentioned previously and restored with GIC and was evaluated using universal testing machine. Among all the four groups, Group 1 showed least microleakage and highest bond strength when compared with other groups. Whereas the Group 4 samples which were not pretreated with any of the conditioning agent showed the least shear bond strength with greatest cavosurface microleakage when compared to the groups which were pretreated with the conditioning agents. A combination of 50/50 volume % mixture of 37% H3PO4 and 5.25% NaOCl can be a good choice for surface pretreatment of GI restorations.

Meta-Analysis of In-Vitro Bonding of Glass-Ionomer Restorative Materials to Primary Teeth.

Restoration of primary teeth is among the main clinical applications of glass-ionomer cements (GIC). The aim of the study was to review and summarize existing evidence of in vitro bond strength of glass-ionomer (GI) restoratives to enamel and dentin of primary teeth. A literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases to identify studies published until April 2021. The search strategy was: (“glass”) and (“ionomer”) and (“primary” or “deciduous”) and (“bond” or “tensile” or “shear”). Two researchers independently retrieved articles that reported on the bond strength of GIC to primary dentin and/or enamel. The meta-analysis was performed to compare the bond strength values of conventional (C) GIC and resin-modified (RM) GIC to different substrates. From 831 potentially eligible articles, 30 were selected for the full-text examination, and 7 were included in the analysis. Studies were rated at high (3), medium (3), and low (1) risk of bias. RM-GIC showed higher bond strength to primary enamel and dentin compared to the C-GIC. Meta-analysis of in vitro studies, evaluating bonding properties of GI restoratives to primary teeth, suggests the superior performance of RM-GIC. However, there is a lack of studies that examine the properties of novel GI formulations.

Microshear Bond Strength of Nanoparticle-Incorporated Conventional and Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer to Caries-Affected Dentin.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of three different types of nanoparticles (silver (SNPs), titanium dioxide (TNPs), and zinc oxide (ZNPs)) on the microshear bond strength of conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement based on whether CGIC or RMGIC is used with four subgroups (based on the incorporation of SNPs, ZNPs, and TNPs in addition to a control subgroup) (n = 12) as follows: CGIC, CGIC + TNP, CGIC + ZNP, CGIC + SNP, RMGIC, RMGIC + TNP, RMGIC + ZNP, and RMGIC + SNP. After 24 hours, the μSBS of specimens was tested and the obtained data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. The obtained results showed that the incorporation of TNPs in two glass ionomers was not statistically significant compared with the control subgroups (p > 0.05). In the first group, the highest and lowest mean μSBS were, respectively, observed in the CGIC + SNP subgroup and CGIC + ZNP subgroup. In the second group, RMGIC + ZNP and RMGIC + SNP, respectively, showed the highest and lowest mean μSBS compared to the other subgroups. According to the results, it can be concluded that TNPs can be incorporated into both CGIC and RMGIC without compromising the bond strength of glass ionomers. SNPs and ZNPs can be, respectively, added to CGICs and RMGICs to improve the bond strength of the restoration.

Comparison of Microtensile Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer to Carious Primary Dentin After Treatment with SDF and SDF/KI

Introduction:The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the microtensile bond strength of glass ionomer to carious dentin in primary molars that were treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) to that of primary molars treated with silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide (SDF/KI). Methods: Thirty-nine extracted carious primary molar samples were prepared and divided into two groups. Twenty samples received two applications of SDF and 19 samples received two applications of SDF/KI. All samples were restored with glass ionomer (EQUIA Forte). The samples were tested using a vertical displacement test to evaluate the microtensile bond strength. Results: The microtensile bond strength of the glass ionomer to carious dentin was greater in the teeth treated with SDF/KI than in the teeth treated with SDF alone. The results were statistically significant with a p-value Conclusions: Pretreatment of carious dentin with silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide resulted in a greater microtensile bond strength to a glass ionomer when compared to carious dentin treated with silver diamine fluoride alone.

Modified Microtensile Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer to Composite Resin Using Universal Adhesive in Self-etch and Total-etch Modes

Background: Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs) are frequently used as base or liner before the application of restorative materials. The success of this approach depends on the bond strength of GICs to composite resin. Objectives: This study to assess the modified microtensile bond strength of glass ionomer to composite resin using universal adhesive in self-etch and total-etch modes. Methods: Samples were fabricated of resin-modified GIC (RMGIC) and conventional GIC(CGIC) (6 x 1 x 1 mm), and were randomly divided into 8 groups. Clearfil SE Bond and G-Premio universal adhesive in self-etch and total-etch modes were used according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Z250 composite was applied over the GIC (12 x 1 x 1 mm), and light-cured. The microtensile bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. The samples in each group were evaluated under an electron microscope to determine the mode of failure. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: The microtensile bond strength of RMGI used with Clearfil SE Bond was significantly higher than that of other groups (6.57±1.15 MPa) (P&lt;0.05). The maximum and minimum microtensile bond strength values of CGIC after applying the bonding agents were recorded after using G-Premio total-etch mode (1.34±0.77 MPa) and SE Bond in total-etch mode(1.18±79 MPa), respectively. Conclusion: Application of of G-Premio in both modes did not show any significant different bond strength in both glass ionomers. The bond strength of RMGIC was higher than that of CGIC, and the maximum bond strength of RMGI was achieved by the use of SE Bond.

Shear bond strength of glass ionomer and resin-based cements to different types of zirconia.

To investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of a glass ionomer (GI) cement, an 10-methacryloyloxy-decyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-based adhesive resin cement (MDP-based AC), an MDP-based self-adhesive resin cement (MDP-based SAC), an MDP-free self-adhesive resin cement (MDP-free SAC), and a resin-modified GI (RMGI) cement to a 3 mol% yttria-stabilized (3Y-TZP) and a 5 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ). Fifty blocks were produced using 3Y-TZP and 5Y-PSZ, assigned to subgroups based on the five cements investigated (n = 10) and luted to cylindrical specimens of the same substrate. Each specimen was loaded in a SBS apparatus to failure. Mean SBS (MPa) values and standard deviations were calculated. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (α = .05). Failed specimens were subjected to fractographic analysis. MDP-based AC and MDP-based SAC cements displayed the highest SBS values with both the substrates; GI cement showed the lowest. RMGI and MDP-free SAC cements performed better with 3Y-TZP than with 5Y-PSZ. Fractographic analysis revealed only adhesive and mixed failures. MDP-based AC and MDP-based SAC cements are suitable for both 3Y-TZP and 5Y-PSZ. MDP-free SAC and RMGI cements are adequate choices for 3Y-TZP, but seem less effective with 5Y-PSZ. MDP-based SACs appear to be as reliable as MDP-based ACs for both 3Y-TZP and 5Y-PSZ cementation. Specifically, for 5Y-PSZ cementation, resin-based MDP-free SACs do not seem to guarantee predictable results in terms of SBS.

Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Modified with Natural Biological Products:an in Vitro Study

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the shear bond strength (SBS) of conventional glass ionomer incorporated (GI) with flax fibers and/or ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) with and without thermo-cycling. Materials and Methods: We used 40 extracted sound molars were used in the present study and divided into four equal groups: Group (GI) conventional glass ionomer(control), Group(F)GI incorporated with 5% flax fibers, Group (P) GI incorporated with 1% ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), Group (FP) GI incorporated with 5% flax fibers and 1% ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP). All samples were prepared for shear bond strength assessment before and after thermocycling. Results: Showed that (F),(P) and(FP) groups had statistically significant highest median shear bond strength values before thermo-cycling in comparison to GI group. While (FP) group had the statistically significant highest median shear bond strength (SBS) after thermocycling. Conclusion:5% Flax fibers and 1% ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP)improved the shear bond strength of conventional glass ionomer.

Microshear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer to Primary Dentin following Surface Treatment by Bur and Er,Cr:YSGG Laser

Microshear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer to Primary Dentin following Surface Treatment by Bur and Er,Cr:YSGG Laser

Effect of silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide on shear bond strength of glass ionomer cements to caries-affected dentine

To investigate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) treatment on dentine discolouration and the shear bond strength (SBS) of glass ionomer cements (GICs) to artificial caries-affected dentine. Dentine slices from human molars were demineralised to mimic caries-affected dentine. They were randomly allocated for treatment (n = 20 per treatment) with SDF + KI, SDF (positive control) or water (negative control). All slices were immersed in the artificial saliva for 24 hours after treatments. The colour of the treated surfaces was assessed using the CIELAB system. Lightness values were measured. Total colour change (∆E) was calculated using water as the reference group, and was visible to the naked eyes if ∆E > 3.7. All dentine slices were bonded with GICs. The SBS was assessed using a universal testing machine. Colour parameters and the SBS were analysed using a one-way ANOVA test. The slices treated with SDF + KI had a higher lightness value those slices treated with water, whereas those treated with SDF presented a lower lightness value compared with those treated with water. The treatment with SDF + KI did not introduce any adverse colour effect to demineralised dentine (∆E = 14.4), whereas the application of SDF alone caused significant staining (∆E = 24.6). The SBS values (mean ± SD) after treatment with SDF + KI, SDF and water were 3.0 ± 1.4 MPa, 2.3 ± 0.9 MPa and 2.6 ± 1.1 MPa, respectively (P = 0.217). The immediate application of KI solution after SDF treatment does not negatively affect adhesion of GICs to artificial caries-affected dentine. Moreover, KI treatment can reduce discolouration of demineralised dentine caused by SDF.

Effects of different dentinal drying methods on the adhesion of glass ionomer restorations to primary teeth.

Glass ionomer cements that form an inevitable part of pediatric restorative dentistry are inherently sensitive to moisture. The influence of different drying techniques on the shear bond strength of glass ionomer cements to primary teeth dentin has not been established. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of different drying methods for different drying time periods on the shear bond strength of GC Fuji IX to primary tooth dentine. A total of 135 caries-free primary teeth were selected and ground to a flat dentinal surface. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups - air dry, blot dry, and suction dry of 45 specimens each. Of these, 15 specimens each were dried for 2 s, 5 s, and 10 s. GC Fuji IX was condensed into Teflon molds, and the specimens were subjected to shear bond strength testing. The mean shear bond strength values for the different time intervals were analyzed with analysis of variance test. In the air-dry group, the maximum shear bond strength values were obtained when the specimens were dried for 5 s and the least when dried for 2 s (P = 0.00). In the blot-dry and suction-dry groups, the highest values were obtained when the specimens were dried for 10 s and least for 2 s (P = 0.039 and 0.000, respectively). Among the three drying methods employed in the study, the maximum shear bond strength of the glass ionomer restoration was observed in the air-dry group.

The roughness of deciduous dentin surface and shear bond strength of glass ionomers in the treatment with four minimally invasive techniques.

The concept of minimally invasive technique in dentistry emphasizes conservative strategies in the management of caries, which results in less destruction of healthy tooth structure. The use of different techniques seems to interfere in the roughness of dentin and the mechanisms of adhesion with the restorative material. This study characterized the roughness of deciduous dentin surface treated with four minimally invasive techniques using profilometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); moreover, shear bond strength of Vitremer™ glass ionomer was determined. Samples were divided into four groups: G1_CB carbide bur, G2_PB polymer bur, G3_C Carisolv™, and G4_AA air abrasive. No differences were found between groups before and after treatment in the roughness. Samples treated with a carbide bur presented a smear layer; smart bur surface exhibited the remains of the material; G3_C Carisolv™ showed a rough surface, and air abrasive presented particle traces. Concerning the shear bond strength of Vitremer™ glass ionomer were not found differences after treatment (p > 0.05). It is concluded that roughness showed characteristic patterns derived from the technique used and the shear bond strength is not significantly affected after using any minimally invasive method.

Fluoride release/recharging ability and bond strength of glass ionomer cements to sound and caries-affected dentin.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of different glass ionomer cements (GICs) on sound/caries-affected dentin and to assess the fluoride release/recharging ability. After creating artificial caries lesions, teeth with sound and caries-affected dentin were assigned to be restored with one of the GICs: Ketac N100; GC Equia; GCP Glass Fill, and tested using a microtensile test. Ten of each material were prepared, and fluoride ion-release was measured at 10 different intervals. After 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride-gel immersion, fluoride re-release was then measured at the same intervals. In sound dentin, GC Equia exhibited significantly higher μTBS value (P < 0.05). The mean μTBS of Ketac N100 to caries-affected dentin was significantly lower than the other materials (P < 0.05). All materials showed maximal fluoride release at 24 h, GC Equia released the most fluoride. The bond strength of GICs is affected by tooth substrate. High-viscosity GICs show higher initial fluoride release as well as greater fluoride recharge capacity.

Evaluation of Microtensile Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cements to Dentin after Conditioning with the Er,Cr:YSGG Laser

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that conditioning with Er,Cr:YSGG laser energy would affect bond strength of glass ionomers to dentin. Forty extracted caries-free human premolars were selected and ground to expose occlusal dentin. Then the teeth were randomly divided into eight groups of five each and were conditioned in two ways: with and without laser conditioning, and were then restored using Fuji II, Vitremer, and Fuji II LC (with and without polyacrylic acid conditioning) glass ionomers. After immersion in water for 24 h, the teeth were vertically sectioned into 1 x 1-mm beams for microtensile bond strength (microTBS) evaluation. The beams were then subjected to tensile forces in a microtensile tester at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Failure patterns were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and unbonded dentin surfaces were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Dunnet C, and t-test at the 95% level of confidence. In unlased dentin, bond strength of Fuji II LC after conditioning with polyacrylic acid (PAA) was significantly higher than that of Vitremer and Fuji II. In the laser-irradiated group, bond strength of Fuji II LC after PAA conditioning and Fuji II were significantly less than those of Vitremer and Fuji II LC without PAA conditioning. With laser irradiation, bond strength of Fuji II and Fuji II LC after PAA conditioning were significantly reduced, while bond strength of Vitremer and Fuji II LC without PAA conditioning were not affected. Laser irradiation with Er,Cr:YSGG energy at 1 W for conditioning does not improve bond strength of Fuji II LC and Vitremer to dentin, and even reduced bond strength of Fuji II and Fuji II LC after PAA conditioning.

Microtensile Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cements to Artificially Created Carious Dentin

In this laboratory study, the microtensile bond strengths of a conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and a resin modified glass ionomer cement (CRMGIC) to artificially created carious dentin and sound dentin were compared, and the ultrastructural morphology of the fractured interface was examined with a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope (SEM). The specimens were divided into 4 groups: 1) a conventional GIC (Ketac-Fil Plus Aplicap) placed on sound dentin; 2) a conventional GIC placed on artificially created carious dentin; 3) an RMGIC (Photac-Fil Aplicap) placed on sound dentin and 4) an RMGIC placed on artificially created carious dentin. Artificial carious lesions were created using a chemical demineralizing solution of 0.1 M/L lactic acid and 0.2% carbopol. GIC buildups were made on the dentin surfaces according to the manufacturer's directions. After storage in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, the teeth were sectioned vertically into 1 x 1 x 8-mm beams for the microtensile bond strength test. The microtensile bond strength of each specimen was measured, and failure mode was determined using an optical microscope (40x). The fractured surfaces were further examined with SEM. Two-way analysis of variance showed that the mean microtensile bond strengths of a GIC and an RMGIC to carious dentin were significantly lower than those to sound dentin, and the mean microtensile bond strengths of Photac-Fil to both sound and carious dentin were significantly higher than those of Ketac-Fil Plus. Chi-square tests indicated that there was a significant difference in failure mode between the sound dentin and carious dentin groups. In sound dentin groups, cohesive failure in GIC was pre- dominant; whereas, mixed failure was predominant in carious dentin groups. SEM examination showed that the specimens determined to be cohesive failures under light microscopy in the Photac-Fil/Sound Dentin group were actually mixed failures under high magnification of SEM.

The influence of accelerating the setting rate by ultrasound or heat on the bond strength of glass ionomers used as orthodontic bracket cements

Conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs) may be a viable option for bracket bonding when the major disadvantages of these materials, such as the slow setting reaction and the weak initial bond strength, are solved. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of ultrasound and heat application on the setting reaction of GICs, and to determine the tensile force to debond the brackets from the enamel. A conventional fast-setting GIC, Fuji IX Fast, and two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs), Fuji Ortho LC and Fuji Plus, were investigated. Three modes of curing were performed (n = 10): (1) according to the manufacturer's prescription, (2) with 60 seconds application of heat, or (3) with 60 seconds application of ultrasound. The tensile force required to debond the brackets was determined as the tension 15 minutes after the start of the bonding procedure. The mode of failure was scored according to the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) to establish the relative amount of cement remnants on the enamel surface. Curing with heat and ultrasound shortened the setting reaction and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the bond strength to enamel. The ARI scores showed an increase for all materials after heat and ultrasound compared with the standard curing method, most notably after heat application.

Effect of surface treatments on the bond strength of glass ionomers to enamel

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various surface treatments on the bond strength of several glass ionomers to enamel, and to examine the resulting bond interface. Methods: Ground bovine enamel specimens were divided into groups which were pretreated with one of the following: (1) no pretreatment, (2) Vitremer primer, (3) 10% polyacrylic acid or (4) 35% phosphoric acid. A conventional glass ionomer and two resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGI's) were bonded to the pretreated enamel surfaces, stored in water for 24 h and shear bond strengths measured. RMGI's were tested as light-cured and self-cured materials. Transverse sections of similarly prepared samples were etched with phosphoric acid for 60 s to partially remove enamel and expose the enamel/glass-ionomer interface. The interface morphology was examined by SEM. Results: Polyacrylic acid and phosphoric acid conditioning resulted in significantly increased bond strength to enamel for all three glass ionomer materials, compared to no pretreatment ( p<0.01). Light-cured bond strengths were in most cases, significantly greater than when self-cured ( p<0.01). Examination of the bonded interfaces revealed the presence of polymer tags in the enamel conditioned with polyacrylic acid and phosphoric acid. Significance: Conditioners significantly improved the bond to enamel for the conventional glass ionomer and RMGI's that were examined in this study. Micromechanical bonding may play a role in the mechanism of bonding glass ionomer to enamel.