Immersion In Boiling Water Research Articles

Synthesis and properties of phenol/bisphenol A-liquefied Cryptomeria japonica wood-based epoxy resins and their glueability

Cryptomeria japonica Don. (Japanese cedar) was liquefied by a mixture of phenol and bisphenol A as the solvent under H2SO4 catalyst. The liquefied products could react with epichlorohydrin to prepare liquefied wood-based epoxy resin. The influence of different liquefied products on the properties of epoxy resins was investigated. GPC analysis showed that the average molecular weight of the liquefied woods and liquefied wood-based epoxy resins was between 864 and 1219, 1911 and 3450, respectively, with an increasing proportion of bisphenol A. DSC analysis illustrated that the isothermally cured resins could be further heated to promote post-cure. From DSC analysis, results showed that the enthalpy (ΔH) and the height of the exothermic peaks of LWER1, LWER2 and LWER3 resins were higher than those of the LWER4 resin, with the enthalpy of the LWER1 resin being the greatest. The latter can be attributed to the higher number of electron-withdrawing aromatic rings. TGA analysis showed that thermal degradation in all liquefied wood-based epoxy resins was different from the neat epoxy resin (ER), which indicated that the liquefied wood-based epoxy resins were a new copolymerized resin system. According to a glueability evaluation, the bonding strength of the phenol-liquefied wood-based epoxy resin (LWER1) was greater than that of the other resins. After a boiling water immersion test, the bonding performance of the phenol-liquefied wood-based epoxy resin (LWER1) was similar to that of the neat epoxy resin (ER). The results indicated that phenol-liquefied wood was a potential raw material for preparing BPA-free and biomass-based epoxy resins.

Development of novel sustainable hyperbranched polyester wood adhesives from glycerol and maleic anhydride by solvent free method

Tri-formaldehyde glue is a widely used type of wood glue, but the formaldehyde that it releases is extremely harmful to human health. In this paper, a new biomass adhesive is proposed to replace the triple-formaldehyde adhesive. A hyperbranched polyester was prepared using two cheap biomass materials, glycerol and maleic anhydride, using a solvent-free method. The hyperbranched polyester has good thermal properties. As an adhesive, it has better bonding and water resistance properties than tri-formaldehyde adhesives. In particular, after 3 h of boiling water immersion, the plywood still had a shear strength of about 1.12 MPa, which still satisfied the requirements of Chinese national standard (≥0.7 MPa). What's more, this synthesis is simple to perform, does not require solvents, and leaves a clean by-product which is water. Therefore, the method is expected to be replicated in industry.

Evaluation of Long-Term Boiling Water Immersion as Artificial Aging Test of Silicone Rubber Insulators

Our country IRAN have long coastal area with length of more than 1830 km. Utility companies with 30 years of experience in using polymeric insulators in this very heavy polluted area. Operational history in these areas indicates many insulating problems. With the advancement of polymer insulation technology, the utilities want to select the longest life insulators for these areas. Laboratory studies accelerated testing of polymer insulators is the only available method to investigate the trend of insulator degradation during the aging process, because it takes a long time for noticeable changes and signs of aging to appear on insulators in the power grid. Different methods such as salt-fog, UV and boiling water are used to test artificial aging, each method has advantages and disadvantages. In our experience, boiling water is used as a low-cost method in compared to the other methods especially salt fog test. The aim of this research was to determine a shorter method for evaluation of SR insulators. In this paper, the accelerated aging of polymer insulators using salt-fog and boiling water immersion tests are investigated. During and after the aging test, the polymer insulator's electrical quality is analysed using leakage current measurement tools, partial discharge, and hydrophobicity. Surface changes are also analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Thermo Gravimetrical Analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Double cross-linked transparent superhydrophilic coating capable of anti-fogging even after abrasion and boiling.

The commercial application of surfaces with superhydrophilic (SHPL) properties is well known as an efficient strategy to address problems such as anti-fogging, anti-frosting, and anti-biological contamination. However, current SHPL coatings are limited by their poor water and abrasion resistances. Thus, herein, to solve these problems active glass was employed as a substrate, and a stable and transparent SHPL solution was prepared via the spraying process. Aqueous polyacrylic resin (PAA), SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and sodium allyl sulfonate (SDS) were utilized as the four main components of the PAA-TEOS-SiO2 coating. The durability properties including anti-abrasion, resistance to water, and contact component loss were investigated via the Taber abrasion test, boiling water immersion test, and anti-fogging test, respectively. Furthermore, the structure, composition, and wettability of the coating before and after the friction and water immersion tests were compared via water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Furthermore, the effect of the type of resin on the properties of the coating was investigated. The surface morphology of the blended water-based polyacrylic acid (PAA) resin was uniform and flat and its adhesion to the substrate was the highest (4.21 MPa). Considering the durability and optical properties of the coating, the optimal blend was 3 wt% PAA resin, which exhibited a transmittance of 90%. When the content of TEOS, which enhanced the crosslinking in the coating, was increased to 2 wt%, the results showed that the SHPL coating maintained good anti-friction, boiling resistance, and anti-fogging properties under the conditions of 300 cycle Taber friction with 250 g load and soaking in hot water at 100 °C for 1 h. In particular, the excellent durability of strong acid and alkali resistance, heat resistance, and long-term aging resistance will facilitate the commercial viability and expand the application of SHPL coating in various research fields.

Long term accelerated influence on thermo-mechanical properties of glass/carbon fiber reinforced interpenetrating polymer network hybrid composites

The prime importance of this work is that to compare the influence of hygrothermal analysis on the physical properties of different variant of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) blend reinforced with E-Glass/Carbon and combination of both (hybrid) fibers. In this study, combinations of epoxy (EP)/polyurethane (PU), vinyl ester (VER)/polyurethane (PU), and epoxy (EP)/vinyl ester (VER) have been taken as the matrix material (IPN) to reinforce the glass, carbon, and combination of both fibers. Moreover, prepared specimens are subjected with boiling water immersion test by maintaining the temperature of 45°C, 55°C, and 65°C in order to thoroughly understand the influence of moisture absorption and temperature in their physical attribution as per ASTM standards. Besides, to better understand the thermal stability and compatibility, thermal-gravimetric (TGA) analysis and burn-off test were conducted as well. During this study, it was found that, combination of VER/PU possesses the high moisture absorption resistance amongst all variants (0.725% for 45°C, 0.854% for 55°C, 1.234 for 65°C). Similarly, epoxy/vinyl ester reinforced glass fiber IPN laminate (EVG) has shown notable TGA value as 418.6°C, as well burn-off test also shown that hybrid IPN composites have better wettability (less void presence) than all other laminates (EPGC-0.9%, VPGC-0.89%, EVGC-0.92%). Further, losses of physical strengths have been noticed on all specimens upon subjection on hygrothermal environment irrespective of IPN blend and fiber constituents.

A novel and cost-effective method for fabrication of a durable superhydrophobic aluminum surface with self-cleaning properties

A hierarchical superhydrophobic surface is prepared via a two-step boiling water immersion process and anodization of the treated aluminum substrate in a novel hydrophobic electrolyte of aluminum nitrate and stearic acid mixture at room temperature. The immersion time in boiling water had a significant influence on the morphology and durability of the sample. A pseudoboehmite coating is created on the aluminum surface during the boiling process, as revealed by the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer results. The energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of hydrophobic coating surface after anodization. Also, the FE-SEM images and the atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation proved the hierarchical nano-and microstructure stem from boiling and anodizing procedures, respectively. The successively boiled and anodized surface exhibited contact angle of about 155˚, sliding and hysteresis contact angles of <5˚ and 2˚, respectively. It also demonstrated a self-cleaning property and remarkable durability.

Moisture-Resistant Sealing Materials for Downhole HPHT Electrical Feedthrough Package

Abstract A bismuth oxide–based multicomponent glass system, xH3BO3-yBi2O3-(1-x-y-δ)MO-δ· rare earth oxides (REOs) with MO = TiO2, BaO, ZnO, Fe2O3, etc., and lanthanum series–based REOs, for making downhole high-pressure and high-temperature electrical feedthrough package has been developed using high-temperature melt-quenching and sintering technologies. By properly controlling phase structures in material-manufacturing processes, the obtained sealing materials have shown moisture-resistant properties in their monoclinic and tetragonal mixed phase structures but strongly hydrophobic properties in their covalent bond tetragonal phase. Sealed electrical feedthrough packages have been evaluated under boiling water immersion and 200°C/30,000 PSI water-fluid–simulated downhole harsh environments. The post electrical insulation measurement has demonstrated to be greater than 1.0 × 1014 Ω electrical resistance. This article will show that such a high–bonding strength and high–insulation strength sealing material could be used to seal electrical feed-throughs and connectors for 300°C/30,000 PSI downhole and subsea wireline, logging while drilling, and measurement while drilling tools' signal, data, and electrical power transmissions.

Moisture-resistant sealing materials for downhole HPHT electrical feedthrough package

Abstract A bismuth oxide based multi-component glass system, xH3BO3-yBi2O3-(1-x-y-δ)MO-δ·REO with MO=TiO2, BaO, ZnO, Fe2O3, etc., and lanthanum series based rare earth oxides (REO), for making downhole high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) electrical feedthrough package, has been developed using high-temperature melt-quenching and sintering technologies. By properly controlling phase structures in the material manufacturing processes, the obtained sealing materials have shown moisture-resistant properties in their monoclinic and tetragonal mixed phase structures, but strongly hydrophobic properties in their covalent bond tetragonal phase. The sealed electrical feedthrough packages have been evaluated under boiling water immersion and 200°C/30,000PSI water-fluid simulated downhole harsh environments. The post measurement has demonstrated to be greater than 1.0×1014 Ω electrical resistance. This paper will show that such a high-bonding-strength and high-insulation-strength sealing material could be used to seal electrical feedthroughs and connectors for 300°C/30,000PSI downhole and subsea wireline, logging while drilling (LWD), and measurement while drilling (MWD) tools' signal, data, and electrical power transmissions.

Influence of water absorption on glass fibre reinforced IPN composite pipes

Abstract Glass fibre reinforced composite pipes were fabricated by using an IPN blend of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% PU prepolymer (Polyurethane) with VER(Vinylester) resin. The prepared IPN (Interpenetrating polymer networks) composite pipes were subjected to boiling water immersion tests in order to study the effect of moisture absorption characteristics. The Burst strength and Hoop strength of water immersed specimens were evaluated (3, 6, 9, 12 months) and compared along with dry composite specimens. It was found that, percentage of moisture uptake was significantly reduced with increase in PU loading into the IPN system as well the Burst strength and Hoop strength of the specimens were found to be diminishing with raise in percentage of moisture uptake and raise in temperature; contrarily, the addition of PU significantly reduced the moisture intake, in addition to that the PU added IPN pipe offers better mechanical strength while compared with neat Vinylester pipes.

Water strider-inspired design of a water walking robot using superhydrophobic Al surface

Aquatic microrobots, which can walk freely on water mimicking water striders, have attracted considerable interest among scientists in biomimetic area. Most of previous water strider robots adopted gear pairs as their driving mechanism, which called for high assembly precision and thereby increased the processing difficulty. Here, a novel and simple method using servos as the driving module to prepare water walking robot was proposed. We fabricated this robot by using supporting and actuating legs with excellent superhydrophobicity. Our robot weighted 27.9 g, but could float and run quickly driven by mini-type servos under remote Bluetooth control in mobile terminal. The legs were obtained on Al substrates by chemical etching, boiling-water immersion and low surface energy modification. Then, surface morphology and chemical compositions were subsequently investigated by SEM, EDS and XRD. In order to better illustrate the floating and rowing mechanism of this robot on the water surface, mechanics analysis models were proposed to analyze the lifting force and resistance force, respectively. Due to its excellent floating capacity and rowing ability, the biomimetic robot has promising application potential in water quality monitoring, aquatic exploration, and other surveillance missions.

Reversible lossless manipulation of water droplets with large‐range volume

The lossless manipulation of microdroplets has great promising applications in the fields of such as liquids transportation. In recent years, superhydrophobic surfaces with low adhesion have been utilised as an effective solid surface to realise the lossless transfer of liquids. However, the present methods using superhydrophobic surfaces are hard to realise the reversible lossless manipulation of water droplets with a large-range volume. Here, a special transfer pipette composed of a superhydrophobic hole and an optimised pressure-generation device is developed to realise the lossless manipulation of water droplets. The superhydrophobic surfaces are obtained by electrochemical etching, boiling-water immersion and stearic acid modification, showing an excellent superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of ~165° and roll-off angle of ~2°. The capture and release of water droplets are realised via controlling the resultant force of the vertical component of capillary force and gravity of droplets. The applied pressure is far less than the threshold pressure which guaranties the lossless property in the manipulation processes. The operable limiting volume of water droplets even reaches to 1404 μL, showing a large-range operable volume. Moreover, the strategy can easily realise the reversible and repeatable manipulation showing potential applications in the biological and microfluidic fields.

Water absorption and tensile strength degradation of Petung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) fiber—reinforced polymeric composites

Bamboo fibers have attracted great interest and are believed to have the potential as natural fiber for reinforcing polymer composites. This research aims to study water absorption behavior and its effect to tensile strength of the composites made from petung bamboo fiber, which is one of the most grown bamboo species in Indonesia. Unidirectional (UD) and random composites were manufactured using wet hand lay-up method. Examinations were carried out by means of boiling water immersion test, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Water absorption of UD petung bamboo fiber/polyester composites is higher than that of random composites, i.e. 3.6% compared to 2.2%. This was due to higher fiber volume fraction of the UD composites. Water absorption caused irreversible tensile strength degradation on the composites. The initial properties of the composites were not recovered even after drying. The absorbed water decreased the tensile strength by 6% in UD composites and 38% in random composites. This was most likely to occur due to the permanent interfacial degradation.

Fabrication of Long-Term Underwater Superoleophobic Al Surfaces and Application on Underwater Lossless Manipulation of Non-Polar Organic Liquids

Underwater superoleophobic surfaces have different applications in fields from oil/water separation to underwater lossless manipulation. This kind of surfaces can be easily transformed from superhydrophilic surfaces in air, which means the stability of superhydrophilicity in air determines the stability of underwater superoleophobicity. However, superhydrophilic surfaces fabricated by some existing methods easily become hydrophobic or superhydrophobic in air with time. Here, a facile method combined with electrochemical etching and boiling water immersion is developed to fabricate long-term underwater superoleophobic surfaces. The surface morphologies and chemical compositions are investigated. The results show that the electrochemically etched and boiling-water immersed Al surfaces have excellent long-term superhydrophilicity in air for over 1 year and boehmite plays an important role in maintaining long-term stability of wettability. Based on the fabricated underwater superoleophobic surfaces, a special method and device were developed to realize the underwater lossless manipulation of immiscible organic liquid droplets with a large volume. The capture and release of liquid droplets were realized by controlling the resultant force of the applied driving pressure, gravity and buoyancy. The research has potential application in research-fields such as the transfer of valuable reagents, accurate control of miniature chemical reactions, droplet-based reactors, and eliminates contamination of manipulator components.

Effect of the surface chemical treatment on the properties of a sol–gel film on AA1050

Silane sol–gel coatings have been widely studied as a potential strategy to protect aluminium and aluminium alloys components and were proved to be suitable both as a chemical conversion treatment alone and as a coupling agent between the underling substrate and an organic coating. Compared with many aluminium alloys, only little investigation was carried out on the application of sol–gel coatings on AA1XXX. Despite pure aluminium shows lower mechanical resistance with respect to aluminium alloys, however, the high thermal conductivity makes it suitable in a huge variety of applications, such as heat exchanger constructions as well as cooling systems. The present work is devoted to the study of the effect of the surface chemical pretreatment on the structural and corrosion protection properties of a hybrid sol–gel film. Different surface chemical treatments of the 1050 aluminium alloy prior sol–gel deposition were tested: alkaline etch, acidic passivation and boiling water immersion (to promote the formation of pseudo‐boehmite). Films of 1 :1 molar ratio of GLYMO : MTES were obtained on AA1050 from a 5wt% solution in acidified water. The effect of the chemical surface treatment on the AA1050 substrate was investigated both in terms of morphology by means of scanning electron microscopy and in terms of surface chemistry by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR) exploiting attenuated total reflectance (ATR) geometry. The structure and the chemical properties of the different coatings were investigated by means of FT‐IR. The characterization of the different protective coatings was carried out by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and potentiodynamic curves. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Formation of AlOOH and silica composite hierarchical nanostructures thin film by sol–gel dip-coating for superhydrophobic surface with high adhesion force

Nanosheet AlOOH and silica spheres composite thin film was deposited onto glass by sol–gel dip-coating method through hydrolysis of boiling water immersion. A silica sol and an alumina sol are employed in dipping process for the preparation of hierarchical nanostructures thin film. The morphology and structure of the films were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The super-hydrophobicity with high adhesion forces can be attributed to both the rough multi-scale structural coating and surface enrichment of low surface energy with the chemical vapor deposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane.

Macro- and micro-interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite under hygrothermal treatments

Short beam shear test and single-fiber fragmentation test with an energy-based model were employed to investigate the changes of interfacial properties of carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites under hygrothermal treatments, including 70℃ water immersion, boiling water immersion and re-drying. Scanning electron microscope pictures of shear fracture section in short beam shear and polarized photos at first fiber break in single-fiber fragmentation test were used to analyze the failure mode at interphase region before and after water aging. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between macro- and micro-interfacial properties were compared for two kinds of carbon fiber composites. The experimental results show the consistency of interfacial hygrothermal resistance based on the results from short beam shear and single-fiber fragmentation test. The resin tensile modulus, interlaminar shear strength from short beam shear and interfacial fracture energy from single-fiber fragmentation test all decrease after water aging and recovery to certain extents in re-drying treatment. The failure mode is different for different treated samples, especially showing irreversible change after boiling water immersion. Moreover, the obvious differences between the retention rates of interfacial fracture energy and those of interlaminar shear strength indicate the discrepancy between the micro-interfacial property and the macro-interfacial property on hygrothermal resistance.

Dormancy Breaking inOrmosia arboreaSeeds

Ormosia arboreais a tree species planted in urban areas and used to restore degraded areas. Its seeds are dormant and propagation is difficult. This study compares different dormancy breaking methods and physiological seed quality and seedling production. The seeds were germinated in sand in the laboratory of the Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. The following dormancy breaking treatments were applied: control (intact seeds), 100°C water immersion; boiling water immersion followed by 24 hours of soaking; scarification with number 100 and number 50 sandpaper opposite from root emergence; sulfuric acid immersion for 1 hour, 50, 45, and 30 minutes. Seed immersion in 100°C and boiling water did not break the dormancy. The study species showed a greater vigor of seedling when its seeds were submitted to treatments associated with tegument rupturing by sandpaper or sulfuric acid. On the other hand, seed scarification with sulfuric acid for 1 hour, 50, 45, and 30 minutes or sandpaper favored seed germination and vigor.

Effect of Boiling Water Carcass Immersion on Aerobic Bacteria Counts of Poultry Skin and Processed Ground Poultry Meat

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between bacteria destruction on poultry carcass skin and bacteria in raw ground poultry meat from the same carcasses. Immersion time in boiling water of broiler chicken whole carcasses required for maximum reduction of naturally occurring aerobic bacterial count on skin was measured. Treatments for chicken carcasses consisted of immersion in boiling water (approximately 95 degrees C) for 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 min. Four skin samples taken following treatment and three taken from subsequently ground carcass meat were analyzed for total aerobic plate counts (APC). Analysis of the data indicated a linear increase in bacterial destruction on skin with increased boiling water immersion time from 0 to 4 min. Reduction of skin bacteria to less than 1 log10 occurred at 3 min carcass immersion or longer. The analysis also indicated that treatment with boiling water and removal of skin was effective in reducing bacterial counts in ground meat to similar levels at all treatment times from 0.5 to 4.0 min. Findings from this study indicated that a boiling water immersion intervention and removal of skin could reduce subsequent bacteria contamination of ground meat. This intervention could minimize the risk of pathogen-contaminated primary processed poultry carcasses used in further processing.

PRETREATMENT EFFECTS ON THE SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND MORPHOLOGY OF ALUMINIUM

Chemical pretreatments are often used to improve the adhesion of coatings to aluminium. XPS and AFM were used to study the effect of these pretreatments on the surface chemistry and morphology of Al 5005. Four pretreatments were investigated, an acetone degrease, boiling water immersion, and two sulphuric acid etches, FPL and P2. Degreasing had no affect on surface morphology and simply added to the adventitious carbon on the surface. Boiling water immersion produced a chemically stable pseudo-boehmitic surface that was quite porous. The acid etches produced porous pitted surfaces similar to each other but significantly different to the other surfaces. The surface chemistry of the acid etched surfaces was variable and dependant on atmospheric conditions on removal from etch due to the very active surface that the etch produced.

EFFECTS OF BLANCHING METHOD ON THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN PEAS

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of microwave blanching prior to freezing as an alternative pretreatment for frozen peas. Peas were blanched (steam‐, boiling water immersion‐, microwave‐ or microwave‐blanched in a bag), frozen and evaluated after 0, 6 and 12 weeks for moisture and ascorbic acid content, peroxidase activity, visual appearance and instrumental color, and after 6 and 12 weeks for aroma, flavor and texture. All blanch treatments reduced peroxidase activity by 97% compared with controls (unblanched); blanching methods did not differ. Steam blanching resulted in significantly better ascorbic acid retention than all other treatments; microwave blanch treatments were either equivalent to or better than boiling water immersion. Both microwave treatments darkened (L* value) peas. Microwave‐blanched peas were visually greener than other treatments, but their appearance was less intact. Aroma and flavor were similar among blanch treatments. Texture of boiling water immersed peas was similar to the two microwave treatments.