Boiler Plate Research Articles

Who owns us in perpetuity?: A question of intellectual property, copyright, and information policy

In January of 2021, Aaron Ansuini, a student at Concordia University (Canada) posted the following tweet:
 “HI EXCUSE ME, I just found out the prof for this online course I’m taking *died in 2019* and he’s technically still giving classes since he’s *literally my prof for this course* and I’m learning from lectures recorded before his passing
 ..........it’s a great class but WHAT”
 The instructor, François-Marc Gagnon passed away in 2019. Tamara Kneese, writing for Slate, homed in on the key issues at stake: “This case may be particularly egregious, but it intersects with larger questions about copyright and control over faculty members’ online course materials and the various ways faculty labor within higher education is degraded and devalued,” all of which have become sharper and more important given the en masse move to online education during COVID-19.
 There are norms, ethics, and policies at stake concerning the creation, use, and distribution of online course designs and learning objects. A central issue is that online courses are often embedded in institutionally managed learning management systems, such as Canvas and Blackboard, and other educational technologies. All of the digital artifacts, then, are able to be duplicated, remixed, shared and reused - with or without the original instructor’s knowledge or express permission. The result is that online instructors are more susceptible to having their intellectual labor and property exploited by their institutions to serve administrative and financial interests.
 The American Association of University Professors’ (AAUP) Statement on Online and Distance Education states that:
 The institution should establish policies and procedures to protect its educational objectives and the interests of both those who cre­ate new material and those who adapt material from traditional courses for use in dis­tance education. The administration should publish these policies and procedures and distribute them, along with requisite information about copyright law, to all concerned persons [….] Provision should also be made for the original teacher­[/]creator, the teacher­[/]adapter, or an appropriate faculty body to exercise control over the future use and distribution of record­ed instructional material and to determine whether the material should be revised or with­drawn from use.
 Sponsored by the Information Policy special interest group (SIG), this panel will be composed of three speakers that will deliver presentations that address the intersection of policy and ethics regarding online instructors’ intellectual property, with special emphasis on AAUP’s point that online instructors should be able to control their use of their course designs and artifacts. Kip Currier will provide an overview of works made for hire practices and trends in academe, as well as suggest some strategies and best practices for equipping faculty to better understand the works made for hire suite of boiler plate requirements and restrictions, as well as opportunities for leveling the IP ownership field. Suliman Hawamdeh will speak about the need to update guidelines to protect the interests of the organization. And, Emily Knox will weigh in as the former interim Associate Dean of Academic Affairs regarding institutional issues relevant to these policies.

Klausula Boiler Plate dalam Pembuatan Kontrak Dagang Internasional

In an international trade contract, the parties are bound by different legal provisions, different languages and also different customs and cultures. This condition creates a big risk in implementing the substance of the contract. To anticipate this risk, there are several steps that can be taken by the parties in terms of arranging and creating the contents of their contracts. This article will discuss the part of the contract that is often regulated in international trade contracts, called the boiler plate clause. This article is the result of normative research, both related to national legal norms, namely the Civil Code, Uniform law and examples of international trade contracts. A contract is a mechanism for expressing all the wishes of the parties agreed to by other parties. In current developments, contract clauses are no longer just the essentials of the agreement. There are other clauses which have the function of further clarifying how the contract must be interpreted and as an effort to cover all opportunities for contract failure, including what are called boilerplate clauses. In the practice of making international trade contracts, there are several substances that need to be regulated in boilerplate clauses, including choice of law provisions, choice of forum provisions, language provisions, severability provisions, integration provisions, notices provisions, force majeure provisions, duration of contract provisions, obligation after termination provision.

Performance analysis of solar assisted vapour Jet refrigeration system with regenerator (CRMC method)

There are various forms of low-grade thermal energies that could all be useful in powering an ejector refrigeration system. Effective utilization of low-grade thermal energy is feasible from many available sources from industrial areas, solar and the automobile exhausts etc, . The normal Vapour Jet Refrigeration system is compared with the efficient Vapour Jet Refrigeration system fitted with a solar assisted regenerative heat exchanger unit. The ejectoris designed using Constant Rate Momentum change (CRMC) methodology to enhance the Coefficient of Performance by the usage of the refrigerant R134a as the working medium. The ejector cycle has been recognized as the promising technology for utilization of solar energy for cooling. The heat absorbed by the solar flat plate collector is partially used to heat refrigerant in the ejector cycle. Study on the effect of refrigerant temperature due to heat provided by boiler and solar flat plate in the Vapour Jet Refrigeration system on Coefficient of Performance, pumping power, entrainment ratio, diffuser outlet temperature & heat rejected at condenser is carried out. Simulation of ejector designed through Constant Rate Momentum change (CRMC) methodology is done using FLUENT software.

Generation of high-performance code based on a domain-specific language for algorithmic skeletons

Parallel programming can be difficult and error prone, in particular if low-level optimizations are required in order to reach high performance in complex environments such as multi-core clusters using MPI and OpenMP. One approach to overcome these issues is based on algorithmic skeletons. These are predefined patterns which are implemented in parallel and can be composed by application programmers without taking care of low-level programming aspects. Support for algorithmic skeletons is typically provided as a library. However, optimizations are hard to implement in this setting and programming might still be tedious because of required boiler plate code. Thus, we propose a domain-specific language for algorithmic skeletons that performs optimizations and generates low-level C++ code. Our experimental results on four benchmarks show that the models are significantly shorter and that the execution time and speedup of the generated code often outperform equivalent library implementations using the Muenster Skeleton Library.

Generic Programming in OCaml

We present a library for generic programming in OCaml, adapting some techniques borrowed from other functional languages. The library makes use of three recent additions to OCaml: generalised abstract datatypes are essential to reflect types, extensible variants allow this reflection to be open for new additions, and extension points provide syntactic sugar and generate boiler plate code that simplify the use of the library. The building blocks of the library can be used to support many approaches to generic programming through the concept of view. Generic traversals are implemented on top of the library and provide powerful combinators to write concise definitions of recursive functions over complex tree types. Our case study is a type-safe deserialisation function that respects type abstraction.

An analysis of proxy statement leadership structure justification disclosures

The Dodd-Frank Act’s qualitative disclosure requirements have prompted a call in the accounting literature for greater qualitative disclosure scrutiny. In this paper, we investigate the informativeness of qualitative leadership justification disclosures required by Section 972 of the Dodd-Frank Act. The disclosures are divided between justifying combining the CEO and Chairman of the Board (CEO Duality) and splitting these two positions (split structure). We use content analysis in our investigation. We discover that the two types of justifications are very different. The split structure disclosures tend to be ‘boiler plate’ and lack informativeness. In contrast, our tests suggest that CEO Duality justifications are informative. Our tests suggest that disclosures’ intensities in CEO Duality firms are positively associated with an increasing volume of information that supports CEO Duality as the more appropriate leadership structure choice. Additionally, our test results show that leadership disclosures change users risk perception, but only for CEO Duality firms. This suggests that investors believe in and are using the disclosures when making their investment decisions.

The International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories Presents Abstracts from Its Annual Meeting Due North: Aligning Biobanking Practice with Evolving Evidence and Innovation May 9–12, 2017 Toronto, Canada

The International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories Presents Abstracts from Its Annual Meeting Due North: Aligning Biobanking Practice with Evolving Evidence and Innovation May 9–12, 2017 Toronto, Canada

A finer-grained approach to assessing the “quality” (“quantity” and “richness”) of risk management disclosures

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the “quality” of narrative risk management disclosures (RMD) from a “quantity” and “richness” (width and depth) perspective, utilising a finer-grained approach. Evidence is then provided on the relationships between RMD quality and the corporate determinants driving that quality.Design/methodology/approachWithin a multidimensional quality disclosure framework, annual report narrative RMD from the top 100 Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) listed companies precisely “matched” for the 2010 and 2012 years were examined using semantic content analysis. The relationship between the dimensions and sub-dimensions of RMD “quantity” and “richness”, and various corporate characteristics were explored using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis.FindingsThe results indicate that RMD are considerably lacking in quality, from the “quantity”, “width” and particularly the “depth” dimension and sub-dimensions for both years. Many companies provide “boiler plate” RMD over consecutive years and many do not comply with the intent of the ASX Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations under the “if not, why not” regime (ASX CGC, 2010). Company size and cross-listing were found to be the primary determinants of higher quality RMD and, to a lesser extent, firm risk. Some evidence was found that “quality” RMD were less likely where companies are more highly leveraged and when their shareholders are more concentrated.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough two coders independently coded the RMD and specific decision rules were followed, the subjectivity inherent in conducting semantic content analysis into the dimensions and sub-dimensions of the framework cannot be completely eliminated. However, by adopting a finer-grained approach, this study contributes to the global literature on the quality of RMD. Previous studies are extended by analysing and testing the individual dimensions and sub-dimensions of “quantity” and “richness” which provides new empirical evidence and a more comprehensive portrayal of RMD quality and a greater understanding why some companies are more likely to disclose higher quality RMD than others.Practical implicationsThese results provide useful and predominantly new empirical evidence on the quality of RMD for practitioners, regulators and researchers. As many companies are not complying with the “intent” of the “if not, why not” approach, these results support the argument for mandated narrative RMD regulations at an international level.Originality/valueThe multidimensional framework of RMD “quantity” and “richness” provides a basis for examining not only how much is disclosed, but what is disclosed and how. In adopting a finer-grained approach, this study analyses and tests the individual dimensions and sub-dimensions of the framework. This provides a deeper understanding of the overall quality of RMD and the determinants driving RMD quality for the sample companies.

Education reform for the knowledge economy in the state of Sangon

This paper aims to highlight the issues associated with the implementation of education reform policies relating to ‘future schools’ in a small state in the Middle East and North Africa region. The study points to the consistency with which global corporations and the supranational organisations, such as UNESCO and the World Bank, promote a twenty-first-century skill agenda as an essential component for educational renewal and innovation; but, with equal consistency, it highlights the difficulties that school practitioners face in trying to enact this agenda by way of the reformist policies. Through focus-group discussions supplemented by interviews with senior school leaders and government officers, a complex web unfolds related to the enactment of education reforms in a fragile Arab state, to such an extent that the ‘future schools’ narrative is seen to have little or no importance in the wider reform process. Arising from interview data, three main themes emerge related to: organisational culture, technology and tradition. Far from promoting, amongst students, the development of twenty-first-century skills, the strength of local traditions and epistemology are of much greater importance than the neoliberal imaginary with which policies from the Global North are imbued. Whilst avoiding essentialist arguments, the study contributes to the growing body of literature, in the wake of the Arab Spring, that questions the boiler plate implementation of Western ideals upon countries with very different cultural and epistemological traditions.

Harmony and BLyS in Europe and the UK

*Marks & Clerk LLP, 62–68 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 1LA, UK Tel.: +44 1223 345 520 Fax: +44 1223 365 560 E-mail: gwilliams@marks-clerk.com Photograph © Marks & Clerk LLP What level of disclosure is required to obtain a patent? When asserting a physiological or therapeutic function of a molecule, how concrete must these functions be? The first patents case before the UK Supreme Court recently ruled on these issues, as well as considering the often vexed question surrounding the relationship between UK and European courts and whether the UK is bound to follow European case law. European patent law requires, among other things, that an invention be “susceptible of industrial application” (Article 57 EPC glosses this as “An invention shall be considered as susceptible of industrial application if it can be made or used in any kind of industry, including agriculture.”) [1]. The race to the patent office to establish priority for an invention can conflict with the need to ensure that a use for the invention is disclosed. Often, such a use is self-evident; however, in the biotechnology sector this can be more doubtful, with in silico or expression data often hinting at a possible use for a gene or peptide, but final confirmation of this not coming for some time afterwards. This is the case with the recently approved lupus treatment Benlysta (belimumab), an antibody to the B-cell survival factor BLyS, the scientific development of which is summarised in [2]. The patent portfolio surrounding belimumab ultimately reaches back to early patent filings directed to BLyS and led to the first judgment on a patents case from the UK Supreme Court [201]. In 1996, Human Genome Sciences (HGS) filed a patent application disclosing the sequence of a novel peptide termed neutrokine-a [101]. The application indicated that the peptide is a member of the TNF superfamily, based on sequence homology and, as a consequence of this family membership, predicted various uses for the peptide, including inhibition of T-cell proliferation and treatment of autoimmune diseases. These predictions were made on little more evidence than membership of the TNF superfamily and were accompanied by what some might term typical patent verbiage. In the words of Lord Neuberger, “The specification, or description, of the Patent ... is confusingly long, diffuse, and widely expressed, running to over 25 closely typed pages, and nearly 200 paragraphs of descriptive text, and a further 12 pages of sequences of polypeptide amino acids and DNA nucleotides ...The specification ‘contains extravagant and sometimes contradictory claims...” Perhaps rather more tolerantly, the Technical Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office (‘the Board’) referred to the patent as having been drafted on a ‘boiler plate’ basis, which it described as ‘a practice used by patentees’” [201]. As an example of these contradictory claims, the judge noted that the patent suggests that both neutrokine-a and its antagonists inhibit immune-cell

Design and Development of Clamping Fixture for Drilling of Boiler Tube Plate

Present invention provides special design of clamping fixture for drilling of boiler tube plate. This clamping fixture is necessary in order to self centre the boiler tube plate. This self-centering can be done by using rack and pinion mechanism. This fixture was designed and built to hold, support and locate fire tube boiler plate to ensure that it is drilled with accuracy. The fixture set up for component is done manually. For that more cycle time required for loading and unloading the material so, there was a need to develop a system which can help in improving productivity and time. Fixtures reduce operation time and increase productivity and high quality of operation is possible.

Reducing the harms associated with risk assessments

Risk assessments are the intellectual products of dedicated public health and environmental professionals. Like many other products, risk assessments carry with them the potential for both good and harm. This paper briefly examines some of the harms to which risk assessments have contributed, and then suggests that the legal “duty to warn” doctrine offers a logical and practical way to reduce some of these harms. The paper suggests concepts that could be incorporated into warnings accompanying every formal risk assessment as routine “boiler plate” addenda, just as other potentially harmful products, such as lawn mowers and cook stoves, are accompanied by warnings. Finally, the paper briefly examines the “Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice for Environmental Professionals” (promulgated by the National Association of Environmental Professionals) and shows that the suggested warnings are consistent with recommended practices for environmental professionals.

Educating the masses: Cartoons from the populist press of the 1890s

Newspapers provided a significant portion of the political education that farmers received during the 1890s. Most were small, highly partisan, and run on a shoe-string budget. To supplement local news and activities, Populist editors frequently purchased 'boiler plate' syndications that contained national news, party propaganda, and cartoons. The messages in these illustrations could be cutting, controversial, or even poignant. They probably left a stronger impression than the editorials, particularly among those tired from a long day's work or with questionable reading skills. These cartoons provide us with a window into the world of Populist politics in the 1890s.

Sludge deposition and caustic embrittlement in the pre-mature failure of a waste heat boiler steel plate

A failure investigation of a welded waste heat boiler steel shell that developed transverse cracks was carried out in 1996 to determine the cause of failure as well as propose measures to be adopted to prevent similar failures occurring in the future. The boiler had been in service for several years before two cracks across two traversing circumferential welds were discovered on the underside during routine inspection. Chemical and metallographic analyses indicated that the boiler plate was made from a conventional C-Min steel and that it was certainly suitable for the purpose. The boiler interior showed massive deposition of a calcareous sludge on the walls and tube bundles. This was attributed to an excessive use of sodium orthophosphate to reduce the hardness of the boiler feed water. The high levels of Na+ and PO 43- ions found in both the sludge and boiler feed water analyses were taken as confirmatory evidence. Feed water quality monitored data for the period January 1994 to October 1995 showed pH values that were in excess of 12.4, a figure much higher than the recommended pH range 8 to 11. The high pH is thought to have been responsible for the occurrence of cracking as a result of caustic embrittlement. This point of view is supported by the observation of intergranular separation in the microstructures adjacent to the crack paths. Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa Vol.5, No.1 pp. 9-24

Give Science the Chance

Science is supposed to do what laypeople cannot do for themselves. Everyone seeks explanations for the world around them, but only science has the concepts and tools that enable this motive to be satisfied with any degree of certainty. In a particularly arrogant version of this presumed dichotomy between lay and scientific epistemology, the layperson is routinely overwhelmed by the task of understanding and resorts to superstition, fate, and other nonverifiable belief systems to make sense of things, whereas science boldly tackles the same phenomena, firm in its conviction that the mysteries of nature can be reduced to lawful regularities and demonstrable mechanisms. Even matters of the heart and mind that have bedeviled repeated attempts of introspection and philosophy over the centuries ultimately must yield to the methods of scientific inquiry. So while the layperson is often left to wallow in ignorance regarding the nexus of causal forces generating his or her personal and interpersonal experiences, the scientist is busy formulating general laws of psychology and using them to discern both the invariant features of human experience and the idiosyncrasies that make each person unique. This contrast between lay and scientific epistemology is more a caricature than a proper characterization of either. Over the years, scientists and nonscientists alike have commented on the parallels between the implicit approach to understanding employed in daily life and the explicit approach to understanding employed in scientific laboratories and the halls of academia. Most often, science has provided the frame of reference, with lay understanding presented as an approximation of the scientific method (e.g., Bruner & Tagiuri, 1954; Heider, 1958; Kelley, 1967; Kelly, 1955; Nisbett & Ross, 1980; Schutz, 1937/1967; Wegner & Vallacher, 1977). Some commentators have reversed the metaphor, challenging the presumably objective status of science by pointing out the unacknowledged biases in theory construction and research provided by culture, language, motivation, and personal idiosyncrasies (e.g., Gergen, 1985; Harre & Secord, 1973; Kuhn, 1970). In either case, there is said to be a great deal of common ground between the way people naturally think about events and the approach to understanding developed in the name of science. Against this backdrop, it is interesting to consider Krantz's observations on the contrast between everyday narratives and social science theory with respect to the role of chance in shaping people's lives. According to Krantz, people commonly assign a prominent role to chance in accounting for their experiences and life outcomes, whereas social science is reticent to ascribe significance to anything that cannot be brought under theoretical and empirical scrutiny. Taking their lead from their natural science brethren, social scientists assume that we live in a deterministic world where nothing is left to chance. It follows from this assumption that if all the initial conditions associated with a phenomenon were known, one should be able, in principle at least, to generate complete and precise knowledge of the phenomenon, regardless how far one looks into the future. In practice, of course, this goal is never realized. In even the most tightly controlled psychological experiments, it is customary for investigators to claim support for a theory based on a study in which the independent variables collectively account for less than 15% of the variance in the dependent measure. 'This means that the vast majority of the variability among participants has nothing to do with the theory being tested. Research in the social sciences may be vell suited to document basic processes and general tendencies, but it is typically insufficient to predict any one individual's experience in a particular context or across contexts and over time. Does this mean that social science, despite claims to the contrary, implicitly subscribes to a worldviemw in which chance operates alongside determinism? Is social science theory really not that different from everyday narratives after all? To address these questions, which go to the heart of Krantz's analysis, it is necessary to take a closer look at what unexplained variance means to the social scientist. As it happens, there are two relevant perspectives here, one of which reflects the standard, boiler plate rationale, the other of which reflects developments in the understanding of nonlinear dynamical systems. By distinguishing between these perspectives, we will be in a better position to assess the points of contact and difference between social science and everyday narratives. The canonical social science perspective trades on the quite reasonable idea that the world is a very coinplex place, with a myriad of potentially relevant factors impinging on people's thoughts, feelings, and actions at any given moment. After all, anything a person does can be analyzed with respect to a host of genetic, familial, situational, dispositional, and cultural causes. Given that different acts performed by different people

Writing rules: Eliminate the boilerplate, and draft according to the terms of the deal

Writing rules: Eliminate the boilerplate, and draft according to the terms of the deal

NASA Lewis advanced individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel/hydrogen technology

Individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel/hydrogen technology was advanced at NASA Lewis and under Lewis contracts. Some of the advancements are as follows: (1) to use 26% KOH electrolyte to improve cycle life and performance; (ii) to modify the state-of-the-art cell design to eliminate identified failure modes and further improve cycle life, and (iii) to develop a lightweight nickel electrode to reduce battery mass, hence reduce launch and/ or increase satellite payload. A breakthrough in the Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) cycle life of individual pressure vessel nickel/hydrogen battery cells was reported. The cycle life of boiler plate cells containing 26% KOH electrolyte was about 40 000 accelerated LEO cycles at 80% depth-of-discharge (DOD) compared with 3500 cycles for cells containing 31% KOH. Results of the boiler plate cells tests have been validated at Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, IN. Forty-eight Ah flight cells containing 26 and 31% KOH have undergone real time LEO cycle life testing at an 80% DOD, in 10 °C. The three cells containing 26% KOH failed on the average at cycle 19 500. The three cells containing 31% KOH failed on the average at cycle 6400. Validation testing of NASA Lewis 125 Ah advanced design IPV nickel/hydrogen flight cells is also being conducted at Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, IN under a NASA Lewis contract. This consists of characterization, storage, and cycle-life testing. There was no capacity degradation after 52 days of storage with the cells in the discharged state, on open circuit, 0 °C, and a hydrogen pressure of 14.5 psia (1 atm). The catalyzed wall wick cells have been cycled for over 22 694 cycles with no cell failures in the continuing test. All three of the noncatalyzed wall wick cells failed (cycles 9588, 13 900 and 20 575). Cycle-life test results of the Fibrex nickel electrode has demonstrated the feasibility of an improved nickel electrode giving a higher specific energy nickel/hydrogen cell. A nickel/hydrogen boiler plate cell using an 80 mil (2 mm) thick, 90% porous Fibrex nickel electrode has been cycled for 10 000 cycles at 40% DOD.

The orthodontic practice ownership transition

Any orthodontist contemplating a transfer of ownership interests would be well served ensuring that the decision-making process is handled objectively and analytically and that appropriate advice is acquired before entering into an arrangement. Boiler plate agreements and rules of thumb do not work any more effectively than developing a single diagnosis and treatment plan for all patients.

Effect of KOH concentration on LEO cycle life of IPV nickel-hydrogen flight cell-update II

For update I see Energy and Environment: A Continuing Partnership, vol.3, American Nuclear Society (1991). An update of validation test results confirming the breakthrough in the low-Earth-orbit (LEO) cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells containing 26% KOH electrolyte is presented. The results are part of an investigation of the effect of KOH concentration on life cycle. The cycle life of boiler plate cells was about 40000 LEO cycles compared to 3500 cycles for cells containing 31% KOH. The cycle regime was a stressful accelerated LEO, which consisted of a 27.5 min charge followed by a 17.5 min discharge (2*normal rate). The depth-of-discharge (DOD) was 80%. The cell temperature was maintained at 23 degrees C. Results for six 48-Ah recirculation design IPV nickel-hydrogen flight battery cells currently being evaluated to validate the above findings are reported. Three of the cells contain 26% KOH (test cells), and three contain 31% KOH (control cells). They are undergoing real-time LEO cycle life testing. The 31% KOH cells failed at cycles 3729, 4165, and 11355. One of the 26% KOH cells failed at cycle 15314. The other two 26% KOH cells have been cycled for over 16600 cycles without failure. >

Introduction

Introduction William Frawley J. he Montague tradition (1974 and after; Montague, Formal Philosophy. New Haven CT: Yale UP) makes a clear distinction between semantics and lexicography. The former concerns the nature and very possibility of meaning and is basically a branch of mathematics . The latter involves cataloging actual meanings and is, if anything , a kind ofapplied psychology. Semantics is to lexicography what economics is to accountancy. What an orderly, fenced-off landscape! In the dozen or so years that I have been going to lexicography conferences and reading and writing for the journals, I have often found myselfin the Great Montague Divide. But it is my doing, having criticized lexicographers without fully recalling the conditions under which they have to work. (Is there a practicing lexicographer out there willing to own up to the converse?) Tension manifests itself among those who make dictionaries for a living (practicing and practical lexicographers ) and those concerned with what dictionaries should or could be (theoretical lexicographers, for want of a better term). For unity and progress, I offered to oversee a forum on the connections and antagonisms between theory and practice. I asked a semanticist and a dictionary maker, each well respected, influential, and inclined to commentary on the other's field, to write lead papers outlining the basic issues in lexicography from their respective standpoints . I also invited commentary on these papers from six others. (Actually many more than six, but a number ofthose invitations fell to the usual interferences of the profession—overcommitment, sabbatical year, etc.) I then asked the authors of the lead papers to respond, if they wished, on those commentaries. (One of the lead authors thought it best not to make final comments.) I chose these particular contributors because I was certain that they would say interesting things. I was not worried about getting a William Frawley balanced sample of the field, and in truth none of the contributors is wholly theoretical or practical. I suppose, then, that I left myselfopen to the charge that I cast the invitation net too narrowly. But, frankly, I would rather learn a whole lot from a little than learn a little from a whole lot. The forum can be read from beginning to end in a couple of sittings and yield profit all along the way. I thought it best to exercise little control over the content of the contributions. But I did circulate a number of questions to help the contributors focus on the issues and get started. Here are some of those questions: 1.What are the principal issues that inform practical lexicography? 2.Is a practicing lexicographer the same as a practical one? 3.Is practical lexicography the same as commercial lexicography? 4.What does the term theoretical lexicography mean? Lexicalsemantics! Computational lexicography? 5.Does practical lexicography already have its own (in-house) theoretical lexicography? 6.What is "boiler plate" in a dictionary? What can and must be changed? 7.How can theoretical lexicography be used in actual practice? 8.What theoretical proposals are useless for practical lexicography? 9.Is computational lexicography more a tool than a guide to practice? 10.Where are theoretical and practical lexicography incommensurable (and thus immune to disputes)? 1 1 . Is circularity, a favorite bugaboo of theoreticians, a non-issue in dictionary making? 12.Aren't appeals to the market, the user, production schedules, and budget not very good reasons for the practicing lexicographer's limitations? 13.Where must theoretical and practical lexicographers work together for progress? Where have they worked well together? And what counts as progress in lexicography anyway? 14.Is cooperation between theory and practice more likely with certain kinds of dictionaries? 15.Can legitimate critiques of dictionaries be made by those who have never worked as lexicographers per se? As for the answers, I will let the papers speak for themselves. But let me at least set out the terrain a bit by commenting on the contributors ' tactics. Atkins's style is panoramic. She gives us the working Introduction dictionary-maker's catechism (though my feeling is that Atkins, like Wierzbicka, wants to improve definitions, too— but would also like to improve theoreticians' views ofwhere, how, and why they can...