Body Shakes Research Articles

Don't touch me! Mating not always preceded by courtship behavior in predatory coccinellids.

Knowledge of the ecology and behavior of biological control agents is essential for their effective use in biocontrol and Integrated Pest Management (IPM)programs. There is a lack of information regarding the courtship and mating traits that are crucial for successful mating in biocontrol population of coccinellids. To expand our current understanding in this area, 2 coccinellid species commonly used for the biocontrol of soft-bodied insects, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were studied. A quantitative analysis was performed to compare their courtship and mating displays. Key behavioral traits of the precopulatory, copulatory, and postcopulatory phases were investigated. The courtship and mating sequences of C. montrouzieri and P. quatuordecimpunctata were similar to each other. During the mating phase, the key displays were the opening of the elytrae and wings followed by body shaking in C. montrouzieri and leg tapping followed by body shaking in P. quatuordecimpunctata. The mating success of both species was not correlated with any courtship display, such as antennal tapping. Only in C. montrouzieri mounting attempt showed a higher frequency from the backside without affecting male mating success. This research adds baseline knowledge about the courtship and mating behavior of the biocontrol population of coccinellids, contributing to the identification of potentiallyuseful benchmarks (e.g., body shaking, leg tapping) for monitoring prolonged mass-rearing processes, thusreducing mating failures.

Spatiotemporal understanding of behaviors of laying hens using wearable inertial sensors

Automatic detection of behaviors and locations has been increasingly needed in the management of non-cage systems where hen behaviors are highly diverse and active. Here we show a technology to spatiotemporally understand behaviors using a wearable inertial sensor, containing a three-axis accelerometer and three-axis angular velocity sensor (i.e., gyroscope), and a marker. Using supervised machine learning, we first developed a tool that automatically classified and counted 11 behaviors, including comfort behaviors such as head scratching and tail-wagging with small movements as well as dust-bathing with dynamic movements. As expected, these behaviors were observed more frequently in floor pens than in conventional cages (all P < 0.01). We also spatially mapped the behaviors in floor pens and visualized the behavioral frequency in each resource by detecting the colored markers on the sensor. Furthermore, using the time-series information included in the sensor data, we analyzed the behavioral transition from one behavior to another. The behavioral transitions were more complex in floor pens, and the number was higher in body shaking, tail-wagging, resting, litter scratching, dust-bathing, preening, and moving in floor pens than in conventional cages (all P < 0.05). Our tools presented deeper insights into where and what hens behaved and also suggested that connectivity between behaviors, as well as observing the frequency of a behavior, can be an important indicator for welfare assessment in laying hens.

Natural mechanism of superexcellent vibration isolation of the chicken neck

No matter how the chicken's body shakes, its head can always remain relatively motionless, leading to the intuitive impression that the S-configuration of the chicken neck possesses an unparalleled vibration isolation capability. However, this viewpoint has not been rigorously substantiated. To unravel the vibration isolation mechanism inherent in the chicken neck, this study introduces a multi-modular S-configurational model inspired by its biological structure. Utilizing Newton's law and Lagrange's equations, both the static and dynamic models for the S-configurational model are formulated. Furthermore, we incorporate actuators into the model and develop a bionic attitude control method. Surprisingly, numerical simulations reveal that the S-configuration of the chicken neck does not exhibit any passive vibration isolation function, challenging the intuitive impression. Instead, the motionless of a chicken head results from active control implemented by the corresponding chicken neck. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the vibration attenuation function of the neck of birds.

The Neuroanatomical Basis of the 5-HT Syndrome and Harmalineinduced Tremor.

The 5-HT syndrome in rats is composed of head weaving, body shaking, forepaw treading, flat body posture, hindlimb abduction, and Straub tail. The importance of the brainstem and spinal cord for the syndrome is underlined by findings of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT)-induced denervation supersensitivity in response to 5-HT-stimulant drugs. For head weaving and Straub tail, supersensitivity occurred when the neurotoxin was injected into the cisterna magna or spinal cord, for forepaw treading in cisterna magna, and for hindlimb abduction in the spinal cord. Although 5,7- DHT-related body shaking increased in the spinal cord, the sign decreased when injected into the striatum, indicating the modulatory influence of the basal ganglia. Further details on body shaking are provided by its reduced response to harmaline after 5-HT depletion caused by intraventricular 5,7-DHT, electrolytic lesions of the medial or dorsal raphe, and lesions of the inferior olive caused by systemic injection of 3-acetylpyridine along with those found in Agtpbp1pcd or nr cerebellar mouse mutants. Yet the influence of the climbing fiber pathway on other signs of the 5-HT syndrome remains to be determined.

Automation of vessel slamming avoidance processes

The object of the research is the processes of slamming automatic avoidance when the vessel is sailing in a storm. During stormy sailing, the vessel is subjected to external influences from wind and waves, which lead to strong dynamic loads on the hull, increase in heel and trim angles, flooding of the deck. The vessel's speed decreases, its controllability deteriorates. Slamming is one of the most dangerous phenomena in storm sailing. The appearance of slamming depends on many factors: the size and shape of the vessel's hull, the draft of the bow, the state of the sea, the vessel's course and speed. Slamming is characterized by impacts of the bow and the bottom of the vessel's hull against the water when moving towards waves, the length of which is approximately equal to the length of the vessel. Impacts are accompanied by body shaking, due to a sharp increase in the load on the bottom, and a slowly fading vibration. Hydrodynamic shocks on the bottom and general vibration are the reasons for the violation of the local and general strength of the hull. Slamming and other dangers of stormy sailing are the cause of strong psycho-emotional stress of boatmen, contribute to the accumulation of fatigue, which is a prerequisite for accidents. In the article, a method of automatic control of the vessel to prevent slamming was developed. The obtained results are explained by the use of an on-board computer, the construction of a dangerous area of slamming in on-board computer, the use of a gradient method of finding the optimal trajectory in time of the phase point output from the dangerous area, and the maintenance of the optimal trajectory by means of an automatic control system. The use of the developed method allows you to automatically avoid slamming, reduce the influence of the human factor on control processes, reduce crew fatigue, reduce the risks of losing the ship and cargo, and increase the safety of navigation. The developed method can be used on vessels, provided it is integrated into the existing automated system of the on-board computer to solve the problem of automatic avoidance of slamming during stormy sailing

A Non-Contact and Fast Estimating Method for Respiration Rate of Cows Using Machine Vision

Detecting respiration rate (RR) is a promising and practical heat stress diagnostic method for cows, with significant potential benefits for dairy operations in monitoring thermal conditions and managing cooling treatments. Currently, the optical flow method is widely employed for automatic video-based RR estimation. However, the optical flow-based approach for RR estimation can be time-consuming and susceptible to interference from various unrelated cow movements, such as rising, lying down, and body shaking. The aim of this study was to propose a novel optical flow-based algorithm for remotely and rapidly detecting the respiration rate of cows in free stalls. To accomplish this, we initially collected 250 sixty-second video episodes from a commercial dairy farm, which included some episodes with interfering motions. We manually observed the respiration rate for each episode, considering it as the ground truth RR. The analysis revealed that certain cow movements, including posture changes and body shaking, introduced noise that compromises the precision of RR detection. To address this issue, we implemented noise filters, with the Butterworth filter proving highly effective in mitigating noise resulting from cow movements. The selection of the region of interest was found to have a substantial impact on the accuracy of RR detection. Opting for the central region was recommended for optimal results. The comparison between the RR estimated by the modified cow respiration rate (MCRR) algorithm and the ground truth RR showed a good agreement with a mean absolute relative error of 7.6 ± 8.9% and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.86. Additionally, the results also indicated that reducing the original frame rate from 25 to 5 frames per second and adjusting the image pixel size from 630 × 450 to 79 × 57 pixels notably reduced computational time from 39.8 to 2.8 s, albeit with a slight increase in mean absolute relative error to 8.0 ± 9.0%.

PSX-21 Evaluation of the Effect of Extended-Term Delivery of Local Anesthetic on Mitigating the Pain Caused By Castration

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the extended-term delivery of anesthesia on the physiological and behavioral signs of pain caused by band castration in 1-month-old bull calves. Forty-eight calves (37.04 ± 8.98 days of age) were homogenously assigned by age to one of three band castration protocols (n = 16/protocol); 1) regular elastrator bands (REG), 2) regular elastrator bands preceded by two 2-mL injections of lidocaine (REG+L; LIDO-2 with epinephrine, Rafter 8 Products Inc, Calgary, Canada), and 3) lidocaine elastrator bands (LBAND; Care-Ring, Chinook Contract Research Inc., Calgary, Canada). During the castration procedure, two observers scored (from 1 to 10) how much pain each animal was experiencing (visual analog score, VAS), number of body shakes and leg kicks for each calf. Calves were weighed on d -1, 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Hair cortisol concentration was measured on d -1, 28, and 56. Saliva cortisol concentration was measured right after castration, 60, 120, 240 minutes after castration, on d 1 and weekly thereafter until d 56. Flight speed (FS) was recorded on d -1, right after castration, 60, 120, 240 minutes after castration, d 1, and weekly thereafter until d 56. Calf behaviors in the pen indicative of pain and discomfort were recorded on d 0, 1, and weekly thereafter until d 56. The REG+L calves tended to have decreased (P = 0.09) VAS scores than REG calves. The average daily gain was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) from d 42 to 56 than from d 1 to 42, and from d 1 to 28 compared with d 28 to 42 in all treatment groups. The REG calves had decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) hair cortisol concentrations than both REG+L and LBAND calves. Saliva cortisol concentrations were greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) 60 minutes after castration than any other sample time in all treatment groups. There was an interaction between treatment and time (P = 0.04), where only LBAND had a greater FS immediately after castration compared with d -1. When calves were observed in the pen there were no treatment effects (P &amp;gt; 0.10) but only time differences (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the frequency of head turns, oral behaviors, tail flicks, and number of standing and walking bouts. The behavioral and physiological parameters assessed showed expected results on the effects of band castrating calves, while the administration of lidocaine via REG+L or LBAND did not show any pain mitigation effect compared with the standard industry banding method (REG).

A Case Report of Korean Medicine Treatment for an Intractable Hiccup Patient with Unknown Cause after a Traffic Accident

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to report a case of a woman with intractable hiccups after a traffic accident through Korean medicine treatment.Methods: A combination of treatments, including herbal medicine (&lt;i&gt;Soshiho-tang&lt;/i&gt;), pharmacopuncture, acupuncture, Chuna, cupping, and moxibustion, was administered to the patient for 21 days. The frequency and duration of hiccups, the degree of body shaking, and total sleep time were measured daily. The accompanying symptoms were measured daily using the Visual Analogue Scale.Results: After Korean medicine treatment, Hiccup symptoms disappeared. Further, the degree of clinical symptoms and QOL improved significantly after Korean medicine treatment. No adverse events were observed.Conclusions: This study suggests that Korean medicine treatment can be an effective treatment for intractable hiccups after traffic accidents.

College Canines: Investigating the Behavioral and Physiological Impacts of Various College-Housing Environments on Companion Dogs

Companion animals are becoming a more familiar sight on college campuses, and they are often viewed as an essential element of wellness by students and institutions of higher education. While previous studies have investigated the behavioral and physiological impacts of bringing a pet to campus on the owners, impacts on the pets themselves have yet to be explored. Previous studies do suggest, however, that when dogs are left alone, they display more anxiety-related behaviors such as barking, destruction, lip-licking, body shaking, and higher levels of alertness. The present study investigated the difference in anxiety-related behaviors between on-campus dwelling dogs (n = 18) and off-campus dwelling dogs (n = 12) when exposed to a novel environment, and the physiological baseline of the dogs. Specifically, a saliva sample was collected from each dog before they were placed into a novel room for three minutes and their behavior was coded. Overall, there were no significant differences found between the two groups in either the anxiety-related behaviors observed or salivary cortisol levels. The implications of our findings for campus dogs will be discussed. KEYWORDS: Companion Animals; Dogs; Behavior; Cortisol; Higher Education; Dog Welfare; Service Animals; Animal-Assisted Interventions; Student Mental Health

Motion impedance cardiography denoising method based on canonical correlation analysis and coherence analysis

Impedance cardiography (ICG) is an attractive noninvasive method for measuring stroke volume and cardiac output. However, it is easily disturbed by the artifacts such as respiration and body shaking. Considering the correlation between physiological and motion signals, and the synchronization relationship among the physiological signals, this paper introduces an ICG denoising method based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and coherence analysis to remove the artifacts during the measurement. First, the CCA extracts the shared components between the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the motion signal, as well as the shared components between ICG and the motion signal. Then, set those shared components to zero to suppress the primary motion artifacts. Next, the coherence analysis was used to calculate the synchronization relationship between obtained ECG and ICG components. Finally, the components with strong synchronization relationships were used to reconstruct the ICG signal. The denoising method was evaluated for 54 subjects during lying and walking. Experimental results show that after removing the artifacts, the signal quality index beat contribution factor (BCF) was increased from the original 78.1% to 97.8%, and the physiological parameters measured based on the proposed method were in good agreement with those measured by the standard instrument. The proposed denoising method effectively improves the reliability of analysis and diagnosis on cardiovascular diseases relying on ICG signals.

Sows' Responses to Piglets in Distress: An Experimental Investigation in a Natural Setting.

Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) possess complex socio-cognitive skills, and sows show high inter-individual variability in maternal behaviour. To evaluate how females-reared under natural conditions-react to the isolation calls of their own piglets or those of other females, we conducted observations and experimental trials. In January-February 2021, we conducted all-occurrences sampling on affiliation, aggression, and lactation (daily, 7:30-16:30 h) on six lactating and four non-lactating females at the ethical farm Parva Domus (Turin, Italy). The trials (30 s each, n = 37/sow) consisted of briefly catching and restraining a piglet. We recorded the sow response (none/reactive/proactive movement towards the piglet; self-directed anxiety behaviours such as body shaking) before and during the trial and under control conditions. Increased levels of anxiety behaviour in sows were accompanied by an increased frequency of responses. Less aggressive sows and lactating sows showed the highest frequencies of response. Finally, the isolation calls' maximum intensity had an influence on the type of response observed, with higher proactive response frequencies following lower intensity isolation calls. Our results suggest that being under lactation could play a key role in increasing sow response levels and that specific acoustic features may influence the response.

Machine learning based canine posture estimation using inertial data.

The aim of this study was to design a new canine posture estimation system specifically for working dogs. The system was composed of Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) that are commercially available, and a supervised learning algorithm which was developed for different behaviours. Three IMUs, each containing a 3-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer, were attached to the dogs' chest, back, and neck. To build and test the model, data were collected during a video-recorded behaviour test where the trainee assistance dogs performed static postures (standing, sitting, lying down) and dynamic activities (walking, body shake). Advanced feature extraction techniques were employed for the first time in this field, including statistical, temporal, and spectral methods. The most important features for posture prediction were chosen using Select K Best with ANOVA F-value. The individual contributions of each IMU, sensor, and feature type were analysed using Select K Best scores and Random Forest feature importance. Results showed that the back and chest IMUs were more important than the neck IMU, and the accelerometers were more important than the gyroscopes. The addition of IMUs to the chest and back of dog harnesses is recommended to improve performance. Additionally, statistical and temporal feature domains were more important than spectral feature domains. Three novel cascade arrangements of Random Forest and Isolation Forest were fitted to the dataset. The best classifier achieved an f1-macro of 0.83 and an f1-weighted of 0.90 for the prediction of the five postures, demonstrating a better performance than previous studies. These results were attributed to the data collection methodology (number of subjects and observations, multiple IMUs, use of common working dog breeds) and novel machine learning techniques (advanced feature extraction, feature selection and modelling arrangements) employed. The dataset and code used are publicly available on Mendeley Data and GitHub, respectively.

Sensor-supported measurement of adaptability of dogs (Canis familiaris) to a shelter environment: Nocturnal activity and behavior.

Every shelter dog is faced with the challenge to adapt to a kennel environment. To monitor the welfare of individual shelter dogs, evaluating behavioural and physiological parameters, potentially useful as indicators for adaptability of individual dogs is crucial. Nocturnal activity, i.e. resting patterns, has already been identified as a candidate indicator of adaptability and can be easily measured remotely with the help of sensors. We investigated the usefulness of a 3-axial accelerometer (Actigraph®) to monitor nocturnal activity in shelter dogs every night during the full first two weeks in-shelter starting directly at shelter intake, as a measure of welfare. Additionally, urinary cortisol/creatinine ratio (UCCR), body weight and behaviour data were collected to evaluate stress responses. A control group of pet dogs in homes, matched to the shelter dog group, was also monitored. Shelter dogs had higher nocturnal activity and UCCRs than pet dogs, especially during the first days in the shelter. Nocturnal activity, both accelerometer measures and activity behaviour, and UCCRs decreased over nights in the shelter. Smaller dogs had higher nocturnal activity and UCCRs than larger dogs and showed less autogrooming during the first nights. Dogs with no previous kennel experience had higher nocturnal activity and UCCRs, and showed less body shaking, than dogs with previous kennel experience. Overall, sheltered dogs also showed less body shaking during the first night. The number of dogs showing paw lifting decreased over days. Age class and sex effected only few activity behaviours. Shelter dogs significantly lost body weight after 12 days in the shelter compared to the moment of intake. Shelter dogs had disrupted nocturnal resting patterns and UCCRs compared to pet dogs and seem to partly adapt to the shelter environment after two weeks. Sensor-supported identification of nocturnal activity can be a useful additional tool for welfare assessments in animal shelters.

Three-Dimensional Human Pose Estimation from Sparse IMUs through Temporal Encoder and Regression Decoder

Three-dimensional (3D) pose estimation has been widely used in many three-dimensional human motion analysis applications, where inertia-based path estimation is gradually being adopted. Systems based on commercial inertial measurement units (IMUs) usually rely on dense and complex wearable sensors and time-consuming calibration, causing intrusions to the subject and hindering free body movement. The sparse IMUs-based method has drawn research attention recently. Existing sparse IMUs-based three-dimensional pose estimation methods use neural networks to obtain human poses from temporal feature information. However, these methods still suffer from issues, such as body shaking, body tilt, and movement ambiguity. This paper presents an approach to improve three-dimensional human pose estimation by fusing temporal and spatial features. Based on a multistage encoder-decoder network, a temporal convolutional encoder and human kinematics regression decoder were designed. The final three-dimensional pose was predicted from the temporal feature information and human kinematic feature information. Extensive experiments were conducted on two benchmark datasets for three-dimensional human pose estimation. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, the mean per joint position error was decreased by 13.6% and 19.4% on the total capture and DIP-IMU datasets, respectively. The quantitative comparison demonstrates that the proposed temporal information and human kinematic topology can improve pose accuracy.

TOXIC SYMPTOMS IN WISTAR STRAIN RATS ON SINGLE AND REPEATED DOSAGE FROM THE EXTRACT OF RED BETEL LEAF (Piper crocatum) AS A TOXICITY TEST OF PERIODONTAL POCKET THERAPY

Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) is one of the potential medicinal plants known to have properties to cure various diseases. The main components of betel leaf exhibit antiseptic, bactericidal, and antioxidant effects. The betel leaf was concentrated into an essential oil containing the antiseptic chemical. The antibacterial power of betel leaf essential oil is due to the content of phenolic compounds and their derivatives that can denature bacterial cell proteins, so it was considered to have potential as a material that could develop for periodontal therapy. After going through the stages of toxicity testing and repeated dose in terms of mortality, changes in body weight, and relative organ index of Wistar strain rats, the study continued to observe the effects that occurred after using single and repeated doses of 100, 400, and 1000 mg/kg BW in vivo using red betel leaf extract with the parameters of observing the behavior of rats studied for 14 days. Observation of the behavior of the test animals on toxic symptoms at each visit consisted of motor activity, straub phenomenon, piloerection, ptosis, corneal reflex, pineal reflex, lacrimation, vasodilation, catalepsy, dangling, reestablishment, walking backwards, circular walking, flexion, haffner, writhing, grooming, tremor, body shaking, vocalizations, urination, defecation, heart rate, salivation, mortality, posture, and breath changes before and after dosing for 14 days. From the observations, the analysis of the data obtained is primary data. Primary data in the form of qualitative data was obtained from data on effects that occurred after the rats were given a dose. After processing the data, the data is presented in tabular and narrative form based on the observations by showing the test dose used, the number of animals showing a toxic effect, the time of onset of a toxic effect and the percentage of animals in a group showing a toxic result. Based on the results of the study, red betel leaf extract with doses of 100, 400, and 1,000 mg/kg BW which was observed on the first and 14th days, did not cause toxic symptoms in all groups of rats, both on single administration and repeated administration for 14 days.

Alleviation of Catching and Crating Stress by Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis in Pekin Ducks.

Catching and crating may elicit stress and fear reactions in poultry because the procedures involve human contact and exposure to a novel environment. This study determined the effects of dietary probiotic supplementation on physiological stress, underlying fear, and growth performance of Pekin ducks subjected to catching and 4 h of crating. The study used a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement; the main factors were diet (basal or basal + probiotic) and crating durations (0 or 4 h). From 1 to 21 days of age (doa), birds were fed a basal or basal + probiotic (CLOSTAT® (Bacillus subtilis) (Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA, USA), 1 g/kg) diet. At 21 doa, an equal number of ducklings from each dietary group were caught and crated for 4 h or left undisturbed in the home pens. Birds were examined for serum corticosterone (CORT), heat shock protein (HSP) 70, creatine kinase (CK), triglyceride (TG), glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHOL), and lactate (LAC) concentrations, heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (HLR), tonic immobility (TI) duration, open-field (OF) test, body weight (BW), and feed conversion ratios (FCR). Diet had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on CORT among the non-crated ducks. However, after catching and crating, birds fed the control diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher CORT than their probiotic-supplemented counterparts. Catching and crating significantly (p < 0.05) elevated HSP70, HLR, GLU, and CHOL but reduced TG in ducks. Birds fed the probiotic-supplemented diet showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower HSP70, HLR, TG, and CK than those fed the control diet. Probiotic-supplemented ducks showed reduced fear-related behaviours, including TI durations, ambulation latency, and body shaking. Diet had a negligible effect on body weights and FCR of ducks at 21 doa. In brief, catching and crating for 4 h augmented Pekin ducks’ physiological stress and fear reactions, and supplementing birds with probiotics was beneficial in ameliorating these detrimental effects.

Nigerian indigenous hens show more discomfort-related behavior with visual separation than physical separation from their chicks: An exploratory study.

The Nigerian indigenous hens exhibit their full natural behavior repertoires, including maternal care. The strong maternal bond between the hen and her chicks is established prior to hatching. Maternal care of chickens is essential for both exotic and indigenous chickens. This study compared the behaviors of six hen-chick pairs in a physical (PHY) and visual (VIS) separation test for 10 min. All the six hen-chick pairs were subjected to PHY separation on the 8th day of post-hatch and a VIS separation on the 12th day of post-hatch. The PHY separation involved the use of a wire mesh to separate the hen from her chicks, while the VIS separation involved the use of a trampoline to separate the hen from her chicks. The hen's behavior was recorded during the 10-min separation period. Behaviors recorded included sitting, body shaking, pecking, movements toward the chicks, jumping, pacing, defecation, movements away from the chicks, and preening. We further grouped these nine behaviors into two categories: discomfort-related (pacing, movement toward chicks, body shaking, defecation, and jumping) and comfort-related (sitting, pecking, preening, and movement away from the chicks) behaviors. Before and after each separation, the hens were gently restrained, and a drop of blood was sampled from the wing vein to determine the blood glucose level. Their heart rate and eye temperature were also measured. A two-related samples test (Wilcoxon) was used to compare the behavior of the hens when subjected to the PHY and VIS separation. Eight out of the nine behaviors monitored did not differ between the separation types. However, the frequency of pacing by the hens was greater (z = -2.201, P = 0.028) in the VIS separation than in the PHY separation. Also, discomfort-related behavior was greater (t (5) = -2.717, P = 0.042) during the VIS separation than the PHY separation. Comfort-related behavior did not differ between the separation types. The change in eye temperature, heart rate, and blood glucose was similar in the two separation types. In conclusion, Nigerian indigenous hens displayed more discomfort-related behavior to the VIS separation from their chicks, but this was not associated with physiological responses indicative of stress.

ROLLOVER PREVENTION BY MAXIMUM LATERAL FORCE BASED ON THE DETECTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL CENTER OF GRAVITY

The center of gravity (COG) height is an important factor affecting rollover. Earlier studies by the authors assessed the theory of Detection of Three-Dimensional Center of Gravity (D3DCG), which provides an innovative and accurate method for COG height detection. This report describes development of D3DCG, which can be used to prevent rollover accidents by calculating the maximum height of COG and the maximum lateral force that can exist without causing rollover.&#x0D; For a fixed total weight of a vehicle, the COG height has an upper limit. Based on the law of energy conservation, if the COG height is lower than that upper limit, then the vehicle has potential energy against rollover. When the vehicle is running, road disturbances make its body shake. Some potential energy transfers to the spring energy to provide a restorative force and to make the COG return to its original position. Therefore, when the COG height reaches its maximum value, the potential energy disappears, causing rollover. The highest COG can be expressed according to the principle of the balance of rotational torque. To verify this theory, a COG adjustable experiment is designed with a table-top D3DCG device and a tower object. The total object weight does not change, but its COG height increases until the object cannot maintain stability on the device anymore. Comparison of the real COG and the highest COG confirmed that only when the COG is lower than the highest COG, the object will not roll over.&#x0D; If a lateral force is acting on a moving object such as a vehicle, then the object will tilt. At the same time, the restoring moment will resist the rolling moment. According to the theory of D3DCG, the lateral force has relation with the rolling angle. When the vehicle starts to roll over, based on the physical structure of moving vehicle, the critical lateral force can be represented by the rolling angle. Therefore, by eliminating the rolling angle as an unknown variable, the maximum lateral force can be expressed by two known variables: the actual COG height and the maximum height of COG. To verify this theory, a remotely controlled truck is made to rotate in a random rotation radius. Then its speed increases gradually until it rolls over. The real-time lateral force is recorded and compared with the calculated maximum lateral force. Results indicate that rollover occurs when the real-time lateral force reaches the maximum lateral force.&#x0D; This study examines a novel method of rollover prevention without knowing either the total weight, the vehicle speed or turning radius. The accuracy of this theory was well confirmed by comparing the real-time lateral force and the calculated maximum lateral force based on D3DCG.

WITHDRAWN

SESSION TITLE: Drug-Induced Lung Injury Pathology Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Nitrofurantoin is a common antibiotic prescribed for urinary tract infections. Acute pulmonary toxicity from nitrofurantoin can present in many ways that can be confused with a COPD exacerbation. This case gives us insight into a unique diagnosis of acute nitrofurantoin pulmonary toxicity on a patient who became immediately symptomatic after taking the medication. CASE PRESENTATION: An 80 y/o patient with COPD and DM presented to the hospital due to sudden onset shortness of breath. His symptoms began immediately after starting nitrofurantoin for an UTI. His symptoms were chest tightness, cough with sputum production, and body shakes. On admission, the patient was hemodynamically stable, but hypoxic requiring 10L NC to maintain an oxygen saturation of 90%. Laboratory evaluation demonstrated an elevated white count (12K/uL), eosinophils (5.6%), AST/ALT (209/380 U/L), and a lactic acid of 3.1 mmol/L. His sputum culture, coccidioidomycosis, viral panel, and blood cultures were negative. A CTA of his lungs showed emphysematous changes with bilateral ground glass opacities and no pulmonary embolism. Physical exam was relevant for end expiratory wheezing. The patient was started on bronchodilators and steroids for a COPD exacerbation on admission but failed to respond to treatment. Pulmonology was consulted for the persistent hypoxia. We found after chart review that the patient had prior admissions for COPD exacerbations that correlated with him starting nitrofurantoin as an outpatient. We decided to stop treating him for a COPD exacerbation, resume his home inhalers, and stop the nitrofurantoin. The patient was titrated off his oxygen within 24 hours and all his laboratory values were normalized. A follow up CT Chest showed resolution of the ground glass opacities. DISCUSSION: Nitrofurantoin toxicity is described in literature as hepatoxicity, pulmonary fibrosis, and rarer instances of acute pulmonary toxicity such as the case reported here (1). Our case highlights how nitrofurantoin toxicity can mimic a COPD exacerbation and if this diagnosis is not considered, patients have prolonged hospitalization or improper treatment. Most cases of pulmonary toxicity from nitrofurantoin usually respond well to stopping the antibiotic, like our patient (2). While nitrofurantoin has an excellent safety profile, it is important to be aware that there have been fatalities from pulmonary toxicity from nitrofurantoin (3). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary toxicity from nitrofurantoin can easily mimic a COPD exacerbation or a pneumonia. The symptoms from an acute toxicity usually occur within several hours to days of taking the antibiotic. When patients are admitted for acute hypoxia and infectious workup is negative, there needs to be a thorough review of medications and if nitrofurantoin is listed, it should be discontinued and listed to not be used again. Reference #1: Huttner A, Verhaegh EM, Harbarth S, Muller AE, Theuretzbacher U, Mouton JW. Nitrofurantoin revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015 Sep;70(9):2456-64. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkv147. Epub 2015 Jun 11. PMID: 26066581. Reference #2: Khan TMA, Ansari Y, Siddiqui AH, Matthew H, Siddiqui F. Nitrofurantoin-associated Acute Pulmonary Toxicity Mimicking Severe Sepsis with Significantly Elevated Procalcitonin. Cureus. 2019;11(8):e5516. Published 2019 Aug 29. doi:10.7759/cureus.5516 Reference #3: Livanios K, Karampi ES, Sotiriou A, Tavernaraki K, Styliara P, Kainis E. Nitrofurantoin-induced acute pulmonary toxicity. Respirol Case Rep. 2016;4(1):25-27. Published 2016 Jan 14. doi:10.1002/rcr2.131 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Adnan Abbasi No relevant relationships by Bhargav Patel

Gait rehabilitation training robot: A motion-intention recognition approach with safety and convenience

Motion-intention recognition is a vital prerequisite in active training when employing a gait rehabilitation training robot. To accurately recognize the motion intention of the elderly and the people with inconveniences in the human–robot interaction process, a novel approach of motion intention recognition with safety, accuracy, and convenience, including directional intention recognition (DIR) and speed intention recognition (SIR) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the structures of the gait rehabilitation training robot and its motion-intention recognition system are illustrated. To ensure that the user walks in any desired direction safely and naturally, an improved distance-type fuzzy reasoning algorithm combined with a shake-intent filter and second-order optimization algorithm is proposed. It effectively eliminates the control error caused by body shaking and usage habits in human–robot interaction. Furthermore, by extracting from the pressure sensor data, a novel algorithm, taking advantage of the Gaussian probability density function (PDF)’s characteristics, is proposed for SIR, which does not increase the system complexity. Finally, a multi-directional fuzzy reasoning experiment and a human–robot interaction experiment are implemented. The results show that the algorithm can accurately recognize the motion direction intention and motion speed intention of people with weak motion capability, which also improves the safety and convenience of the interaction approach. The proposed method can be integrated into a walker with similar structures, and the whole system can be applied in hospitals, families, and other places for assisting the elderly and the disabled.