Body Sensor System Research Articles

An Energy Efficiency Based Secure Data Transmission in WBSN Using Novel Id-Based Group Signature Model and SECC Technique

<p>A wireless network composed of wearable sensing along with computing systems connected via a wireless communication channel is termed Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN). It enables continuous monitoring through sensors for medical and nonmedical applications. WBSN faces several security problems such as loss of information, access control, and authentication. As WBSN collects vital information and operates in an unfriendly environment, severe security mechanisms are needed in order to prevent the network from anonymous interactions. The different security threats are evaluated with the support of the data transmitted via the sensor networks amongst smart wearable devices. The whole network lifetime together with the Data Transmission (DT) quality is mitigated whilst performing DT utilizing sensor networks, which consume more energy. Hence, in this paper, an energy-efficient secure data transmission mechanism is proposed in WBSN using a novel authentication id-based group signature model and SECC technique. At first, the Group Manager (GM) is selected from the sensors in the remote body sensor system using Normalized Opposition Based Learning BAT Optimization Algorithm (NOBL-BOA). Afterward, clustering with Information Entropy induced K-Means Algorithm (IEKMA) takes place to improve energy efficiency. Next, to provide security to the WBSN, message authentication is carried out based on novel authentication ID-based group signature protocol. Finally, Secret key induced Elliptic Curve Cryptography (SECC) is used to encrypt the message for secure transmission. The simulation results reveal that in comparison with existing works, the proposed work achieves improved security and energy efficiency.</p> <p> </p>

Body Sensor Networks Architecture and security issues in Healthcare application

This paper exhibits the idea of Body Sensor Systems (BSNs) which can be broadly utilized in healthcare applications and all. It investigates systems and related applications for medical issues and discussed vital challenges and metrics of BSNs. Of late, miniaturized health observing gadgets have turned out to be essentially plausible with other current advances in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Embedded Designing technologies for computing. However, BSN provides the means to analyze the low cost which can sense the existing environment as well as their wireless nature for which it turns out to be suitable to develop the subject. Sooner or later, the reconciliation of a huge swath of Wireless Network into existing specific medical technology and so forth can be seen. These kinds of systems, by and large, comprise radio frequency-based correspondence abilities. Every sensor in a sensor network comprises of the three kinds of subsystems: first is the sensor subsystem which can sense the environment, the second subsystem helps to apply the calculations on the detected information as well as the third subsystem handles the exchanging of the messages with their neighboring sensors. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of small wireless computers that sense, process and impart environmental stimuli including temperature, etc.

Reliability analysis of IoT systems with competitions from cascading probabilistic function dependence

This paper models an Internet of Things (IoT) system subject to probabilistic functional dependence (PFD), which takes place when the failure of one component (trigger) causes other system components (dependent components) to become isolated or inaccessible with certain probabilities. Competitions in the time domain between the trigger failure and dependent components’ propagated failures may lead to dramatically different system statuses. The PFD behavior abounds in IoT systems involving relayed wireless communications (e.g., body sensor systems, smart homes). The existing works assume single-level PFD and zero failure propagation time. In practice, however cascading PFD may take place in IoT systems with multi-level configurations. Due to the cascading effect, a component may play a dual role as both a trigger and a dependent component simultaneously, creating correlations among different PFD groups. In addition, the failure originating from a component may take some random time to become effective. In this work, we make contributions by proposing a combinatorial hierarchical methodology for reliability analysis of IoT systems subject to cascading PFD and random failure propagation time. The suggested methodology is applicable to arbitrary types of failure time and propagation time distributions. An example smart home sensor system is analyzed to demonstrate the proposed methodology.

Incorporating the Qualitative Variable Comfort into the Design of a Wearable Body Sensor System

The design of mechatronic devices commonly includes qualitative design objectives that can play a significant role in the consumer appeal and the success of the product. This article presents an approach to incorporate the qualitative design objective comfort into the design process of a wearable device by determining the most suitable locations to mount such hardware. The objective is modeled through multiple criteria to represent comfort. The model is formulated through the theory of fuzzy measures and the Choquet integral. The fuzzy measures are determined through two different and new methods. One method uses a least squares algorithm and the other determines fuzzy measures using a preference ranking of alternatives. In this approach, the preference rankings are locations, ordered from the most comfortable to the least comfortable. This order of locations can be replicated with the determined fuzzy measures and Choquet integral, to build the comfort model. An error that quantifies the inaccuracy in the order of preferred to nonpreferred alternatives is introduced. The comfort model that is established in this article is validated using a training set and a test set. A comparison between the two methods that determine the fuzzy measures is presented.

Deformation‐Resilient Embroidered Near Field Communication Antenna and Energy Harvesters for Wearable Applications

E‐Textiles have gained increasing momentum in wearable electronics recently. Conductive‐yarn‐based embroidered devices, with the advantages of being soft, deformable, breathable, and protective for the skin, play an important role in replacing many metallic counterparts. However, embroidered devices face many new challenges in their design methodology and fabrication processes, such as high resistivity and low Q value of the conductive yarns, as well as deformation of device geometries during wearing. Herein, a strain‐free, deformation‐resilient embroidery process for near field communication (NFC) coil antennas is introduced. Coil geometry can endure extreme deformation by stretching with up to 50% elongation, bending with curvature as small as 16 mm in radius, and can still maintain a relatively small variation in its inductance, resonant frequency, Q value, as well as its energy‐harvesting capabilities. The embroidered coil antenna is used in an NFC‐based battery‐free body sensor system. Experiments demonstrate that the system can maintain a stable performance (voltage supply, temperature sensing, and reading range) under various deformation conditions.

An Approach to Optimize Multiple Design Objectives With Qualitative and Quantitative Criteria for a Wearable Body Sensor System

This paper presents an approach to optimize multiple design objectives that have qualitative and quantitative design variables, with specific application for a wearable body sensor system. The methodology incorporates a way to group the qualitative and quantitative design variables and the design objectives that are present in the problem and the establishment of the domains that exist in such a design problem. Design indices are the objective functions that represent the qualitative design goals. The design space is systematically reduced thereby making it easier to decide on an optimal design solution, specifically to pick a good solution from the non-dominated solutions. A technique of fuzzy logic is used to assign weights to the subjective and non-crisp design criteria. With the method presented in this paper it is illustrated how to design a wearable body sensor system with respect to comfort and reliability. Specifically, the design of an electroencephalography/electrooculography monitoring system for sleep monitoring is considered, where the presented approach provides a systematic way to find an appropriate number and type of components, their locations, and how they are connected and structured.

Towards Real-Time Multi-Sensor Golf Swing Classification Using Deep CNNs

In recent years, smart sports equipment and body sensor systems have become popular in professional and amateur sports. One of a few remaining problems in real-time applications is the discovery of knowledge from the embedded sensors data. In sports training, such knowledge helps accelerated motor learning. The authors start with exploring the possibilities of the classification of golf swing performance with the 1-D convolutional neural network (CNN) in real-time. They thoroughly investigate multiple golf swing data classifiers based on CNNs fed with multi-sensor signals. The authors test the possibilities of real-time performance of CNN methods on the multi-length sequences. In addition, they thoroughly evaluate the performance of their well-trained CNN-based classifier on the aforementioned test set in terms of common indicators. Experiments and corresponding results show that the authors' models can satisfy the real-time requirement of the accuracy of the classification and outperform support vector machine (SVM).

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Security Aware Trusted Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Sensor Networks

Wireless body sensor networks are relied upon to develop human-focused applications in expansive scale detecting and recognizing situations. Vitality reserve funds get to be a standout amongst the most imperative components of the sensor hubs to draw out their lives in such systems. To reduce the information misfortune, securable routing also important in the wireless body sensor system. In the paper, we have proposed security aware trusted cluster established routing protocol designed for WBS systems. Every humanoid body in the system remains assembled as a cluster, and cluster head is chosen to take into account our exhibited particle swarm optimization. For securable directing, we have exhibited fluffy based trust induction model. To diminish a number of transmissions or clog, we introduced self-adaptive greedy buffer allocation and scheduling algorithm. Reproduction comes about demonstrate that our proposed work has better residual energy, lifetime furthermore has the better delivery ratio. Our proposed work is contrasted and the current work saving energy clustering algorithm scheme.

Fast Gait Mode Detection and Assistive Torque Control of an Exoskeletal Robotic Orthosis for Walking Assistance

Gait modes, such as level walking, stair ascent/descent, and ramp ascent/descent, show different lower-limb kinematic and kinetic characteristics. Therefore, an accurate detection of these modes is critical for a wearable robot to provide appropriate power assistance. In this paper, a fast gait-mode-detection method based on a body sensor system is proposed. A fuzzy logic algorithm is used to estimate the likelihoods of gait modes in real time. Since the proposed fast gait mode detection makes it possible to select appropriate kinematic and kinetic models for each gait mode, assistive torques required for assisting the human motions can be obtained more naturally and immediately. The proposed methods are all verified by experiments with a lower-limb exoskeletal assistive robot with transparent actuation by series elastic actuators, called the exoskeletal robotic orthosis for walking assistance. Four healthy subjects participated in the experiments. All subjects were asked to perform different gait modes using their normal and simulated abnormal gaits, i.e., blocking the knee joint of one leg during walking. Latency and success rate of gait mode detection are selected as performance criteria. The effectiveness of the proposed gait-mode-based assistive strategy is evaluated using electromyography muscular activities.

Tablet PC Enabled Body Sensor System for Rural Telehealth Applications.

Telehealth systems benefit from the rapid growth of mobile communication technology for measuring physiological signals. Development and validation of a tablet PC enabled noninvasive body sensor system for rural telehealth application are discussed in this paper. This system includes real time continuous collection of physiological parameters (blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature) and fall detection of a patient with the help of a body sensor unit and wireless transmission of the acquired information to a tablet PC handled by the medical staff in a Primary Health Center (PHC). Abnormal conditions are automatically identified and alert messages are given to the medical officer in real time. Clinical validation is performed in a real environment and found to be successful. Bland-Altman analysis is carried out to validate the wrist blood pressure sensor used. The system works well for all measurements.

An Acceleration-based Packet Transmission Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Systems

A wireless body sensor system (WBSS) provides diverse healthcare services by attaching sensors to the arms, abdomen, and feet of a user and by swiftly obtaining the user’s movement and health-related information. In order to overcome the battery limitations of sensors and the variations in wireless channels in such WBSSs, much research is being conducted. This paper aims to propose a new packet transmission power control (TPC) mechanism that judges wireless channel conditions using acceleration values and inhibits packet transmission when the channel is unstable, thereby reducing energy consumption. The TPC mechanism proposed in this paper was able to save energy efficiently while not increasing the delay time much when the channel condition changed.

에너지 효율을 위한 인체 센서 시스템의 전송 전력 조절 모델 분석

무선 인체 센서 네트워크 시스템은 기존의 센서 네트워크 시스템과는 달리 장치가 소형이고 배터리 용량이 매우 제약적이다. 그리고 링크 채널의 특성, 센서 노드를 장착한 사람의 움직임, 부착된 센서 노드의 위치, 전송 전력을 조절하는 알고리즘 등에 따라 다양한 채널 환경이 형성될 수 있다. 따라서 이와 같은 제약사항 및 환경을 극복하고 센서 노드의 에너지를 효율적으로 관리하기위해 본 논문에서는 사람의 움직임과 센서 노드의 위치, 전송 전력 조절 알고리즘을 종합적으로 고려한 상태에서 최적의 전송 전력세기 값을 찾기 위한 실험을 수행한다. 그리고 실험의 결과를 바탕으로 에너지 소모와 패킷 전송률 측면에서 분석을 실시한다. 이를 통해 본 논문은 무선 인체 센서 네트워크 시스템에 적합한 수신 신호 세기 값과 그 값에 접근하기 위해 허용할 수 있는 수신 신호 세기의 범위 설정에 따른 효율성을 비교 평가한다. In wireless body sensor system(WB-SNSs), unlike existing sensor network system, the size of device is small and amount of battery is considerably limited. And various channel environments can be made by link channel characteristic, human movements, sensor placements, transmission power control(TPC) algorithms and so on. In this paper, therefore we take diverse experiments with totally considerated environments to overcome these restrictions and to manage the energy efficiently and find the value of target received signal strength indicator(RSSI) based on diverse factors such as human movements, sensor placements, and TPC algorithms. And we conduct analysis in terms of energy consumption and packet delivery rate(PDR) based on the experimental results. Through these analysis, we compare and evaluate the efficiency according to setup values of Target RSSI and Target RSSI range suitable for wireless body sensor network system.

Adjusting Control Packet Transmission Intervals in Low Power Sensor Systems

In order to construct an efficient wireless sensor system, it is necessary to increase the lifetime of its battery-operated sensor nodes. To this end, a wireless body sensor system adopts a transmission power control (TPC) mechanism. However, existing TPC mechanisms adjust the transmission power level (TPL) according to the received signal strength indication (RSSI) value of the most recently received data packet. Therefore, they do not effectively cope with dynamically changing wireless body channel environments. In particular, when a wireless channel is unstable, changes in the TPL should be avoided to prevent energy consumption due to unnecessary transmission and reception of control packets. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new TPC mechanism that adaptively changes the control packet transmission interval on the basis of the current channel condition. Further, actual sensors are used to experimentally verify that the proposed mechanism (1) performs well in all channel environments and (2) facilitates the construction of an efficient wireless body sensor system.

Performance Evaluation of Zigbee Transceiver for Wireless Body Sensor System

A cost effective impedance measurement system and a low cost transceiver device has been presented for wireless body sensor systems.The proposed device has an analog front end to measure bioimpedance and ZigBee device which provides reliable wireless communication.Bioelectric Impedance measurement enables to characterize the state of tissues.Tetrapolar method is an advance method for measuring impedance since it is a very easy and simple method for practical implementation.The principle of modified tetrapolar method and its wireless transimission through zigbee has been investigated here.Different modulation technique has been applied and it has been found that MSK based transceiver is an efficient one since it has low bit error rate and it produce constant envelope carrier signals which have no amplitude and phase varations,hence it will be a more power saving technique.

Empirical Analysis of Wireless Body Sensor Systems with Multipath Channels

In wireless body sensor system, various multipath environments can be established because sensor nodes can be moved to many locations as it is deployed in parts of the human body. This study compared and analyzed changes of the received signal strength (RSS) in various experimental locations, such a ground site, corridor, and room, as an actual sensor device is attached to a human body. Experimental results showed that the room, which contained many multipaths, exhibited the best RSS. The ground site, which had the lowest number of multipaths, registered the worst RSS. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that the design of body sensor systems should consider the presence of multipaths in various experimental locations.

Phase unwrapping algorithms for use in a true real-time optical body sensor system for use during radiotherapy

An evaluation of the suitability of eight existing phase unwrapping algorithms to be used in a real-time optical body surface sensor based on Fourier fringe profilometry is presented. The algorithms are assessed on both the robustness of the results they give and their speed of execution. The algorithms are evaluated using four sets of real human body surface data, each containing five-hundred frames, obtained from patients undergoing radiotherapy, where fringe discontinuity is significant. We also present modifications to an existing algorithm, noncontinuous quality-guided path algorithm (NCQUAL), in order to decrease its execution time by a factor of 4 to make it suitable for use in a real-time system. The results obtained from the modified algorithm are compared with those of the existing algorithms. Three suitable algorithms were identified: two-stage noncontinuous quality-guided path algorithm (TSNCQUAL)-the modified algorithm presented here-for online processing and Flynn's minimum discontinuity algorithm (FLYNN) and preconditioned conjugate gradient method (PCG) algorithms for enhanced accuracy in off-line processing.

Mechanically Flexible Wireless Multisensor Platform for Human Physical Activity and Vitals Monitoring

Practical usability of the majority of current wearable body sensor systems for multiple parameter physiological signal acquisition is limited by the multiple physical connections between sensors and the data-acquisition modules. In order to improve the user comfort and enable the use of these types of systems on active mobile subjects, we propose a wireless body sensor system that incorporates multiple sensors on a single node. This multisensor node includes signal acquisition, processing, and wireless data transmission fitted on multiple layers of a thin flexible substrate with a very small footprint. Considerations for design include size, form factor, reliable body attachment, good signal coupling, low power consumption, and user convenience. The prototype device measures 55 15 mm and is 3 mm thick. The unit is attached to the patient's chest, and is capable of performing simultaneous measurements of parameters, such as body motion, activity intensity, tilt, respiration, cardiac vibration, cardiac potential (ECG), heart rate, and body surface temperature. In this paper, we discuss the architecture of this system, including the multisensor hardware, the firmware, a mobile-phone receiver unit, and assembly of the first proof-of-concept prototype. Preliminary performance results on key elements of the system, such as power consumption, wireless range, algorithm efficiency, ECG signal quality for heart-rate calculations, as well as synchronous ECG and body activity signals are also presented.

High quantum efficiency annular backside silicon photodiodes for reflectance pulse oximetry in wearable wireless body sensors

The development of annular photodiodes for use in a reflectance pulse oximetry sensor is presented. Wearable and wireless body sensor systems for long-term monitoring require sensors that minimize power consumption. We have fabricated large area 2D ring-shaped silicon photodiodes optimized for minimizing the optical power needed in reflectance pulse oximetry. To simplify packaging, backside photodiodes are made which are compatible with assembly using surface mounting technology without pre-packaging. Quantum efficiencies up to 95% and area-specific noise equivalent powers down to 30 fW Hz-1/2 cm-1 are achieved. The photodiodes are incorporated into a wireless pulse oximetry sensor system embedded in an adhesive patch presented elsewhere as ‘The Electronic Patch’. The annular photodiodes are fabricated using two masked diffusions of first boron and subsequently phosphor. The surface is passivated with a layer of silicon nitride also serving as an optical filter. As the final process, after metallization, a hole in the center of the photodiode is etched using deep reactive ion etch.

IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATING A WIRELESS BODY SENSOR SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ACQUISITION AT HOME

Advances in embedded devices and wireless sensor networks have resulted in new and inexpensive health care solutions. This paper describes the implementation and the evaluation of a wireless body sensor system that monitors human physiological data at home. Specifically, a waist-mounted triaxial accelerometer unit is used to record human movements. Sampled data are transmitted using an IEEE 802.15.4 wireless transceiver to a data logger unit. The wearable sensor unit is light, small, and consumes low energy, which allows for inexpensive and unobtrusive monitoring during normal daily activities at home. The acceleration measurement tests show that it is possible to classify different human motion through the acceleration reading. The 802.15.4 wireless signal quality is also tested in typical home scenarios. Measurement results show that even with interference from nearby IEEE 802.11 signals and microwave ovens, the data delivery performance is satisfactory and can be improved by selecting an appropriate channel. Moreover, we found that the wireless signal can be attenuated by housing materials, home appliances, and even plants. Therefore, the deployment of wireless body sensor systems at home needs to take all these factors into consideration.

Cooperative Communications in Ultra-Wideband Wireless Body Area Networks: Channel Modeling and System Diversity Analysis

In this paper, we explore the application of cooperative communications in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless body area networks (BANs), where a group of on-body devices may collaborate together to communicate with other groups of on-body equipment. Firstly, time-domain UWB channel measurements are presented to characterize the body-centric multipath channel and to facilitate the diversity analysis in a cooperative BAN (CoBAN). We focus on the system deployment scenario when the human subject is in the sitting posture. Important channel parameters such as the pathloss, power variation, power delay profile (PDP), and effective received power (ERP) crosscorrelation are investigated and statistically analyzed. Provided with the model preliminaries, a detailed analysis on the diversity level in a CoBAN is provided. Specifically, an intuitive measure is proposed to quantify the diversity gains in a single-hop cooperative network, which is defined as the number of independent multipaths that can be averaged over to detect symbols. As this measure provides the largest number of redundant copies of transmitted information through the body-centric channel, it can be used as a benchmark to access the performance bound of various diversity-based cooperative schemes in futuristic body sensor systems.