MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs and play a crucial role in the regulation of inflammation. White adipose tissue (WAT) covers the body and internal organs in subcutaneous and visceral fat depots, respectively, and represents an important source of circulating miRNAs. The role of WAT and its miRNAs in the context of polytrauma is incompletely understood. However, evidence is accumulating that WAT contributes to the severe inflammatory response observed in polytrauma patients. Therefore, we analyzed the miRNA expression in inguinal WAT depots in a standardized mouse model of polytrauma and hemorrhagic shock (PT+HS). Here, we identified miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p to be upregulated upon PT+HS. In an in-vitro model of human white adipocytes, we found miR-146a-5p to be upregulated by IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation. Both, miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p, in turn, dampened IL-1β-induced inflammation in human adipocytes. Using target gene prediction tools, we further confirmed IRAK1 as target of miR-146a-5p, and potentially also miR-146b-5p, underlining the importance of IRAK1 in IL-1β-induced proinflammatory signaling. Thus, miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p act as suppressors of IL-1β-induced proinflammatory signaling in human adipocytes during trauma, and blockage of IL-1β or mimics of miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p might represent a potential future therapeutic avenue for severe traumatic and inflammatory conditions.

Feral birds pose a significant concern to many authors, as they can serve as long-distance vectors for various microorganisms that may be transmissible to animals and poultry. This study aimed to identify bacterial infections in feral pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica), their potential role in spreading bacterial pathogens to various Egyptian livestock and the zoonotic significance of this bird species. We conducted the study on 80 healthy feral pigeons, collected from a non-urban area (Ismailia city) in Egypt during the hunting season from October 2022 to July 2023. We kept the birds in the lab for 72h, conducting a thorough clinical examination and collecting tissue specimens from various organs of the body. The observed histological lesions were various and numerous, with variable incidences in different body organs. Bacteriological examination revealed the isolation of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Salmonellae, Shigella, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas. We concluded that feral pigeons could significantly contribute to transmitting some bacterial pathogens to humans, poultry farms and other farm animals.

<span lang="EN-US">Tuberculosis is one of the biggest threats that has been remaining a contagious disease since its discovery, posing a significant risk to millions of lives. Many people yield to TB because of incomplete treatments or the lack of preventive measures. An effective pulmonary TB diagnostic system has remained a big challenge. As it is a contagious disease, it mainly affects the lungs and other vital organs of the human body. We find DL as a subset of ML that runs an incurable disease diagnostic system with multi-neural architectures. In recent ages, a neural model can detect more accurately and quickly resulting in classified labels as normal and positive TB cases. It helps medical practitioners to identify bacterial infections in the early stage. It has also enabled proper diagnosis and treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Through this paper, an enhanced detection model to classify TB and non-TB cases using clinical X-ray images has been proposed. The augmented histogram equalized X-rays were applied to top state-of-the-art classifiers. The evaluation matrics have been compared with and without histogram equalization and a comparative study is done to find the best CNN classifiers. The Resnet 50 and ResNet169 have shown the higest accuracy on preprocessed chest X-rays with 99.6% and 99.48% respectively. </span>

Synthetic biology strategies for engineering probiotics and commensal bacteria for diagnostics and therapeutics.

Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) is an emerging magnetic resonance technique that enables non-invasive investigation of in vivo metabolism without the use of ionizing radiation. By administering various deuterium-labeled substrates, different metabolic pathways and fluxes can be probed. To date, most DMI studies have focused on cerebral metabolism; however, its application is rapidly expanding to include metabolic processes in other body organs and tissues, as well as non-brain tumors. This review summarizes the current state of in vivo DMI research beyond the brain, covering studies of the liver, non-brain tumors, and other organs, such as pancreas, kidney, and heart. With ongoing methodological developments and increasing emphasis on clinical translation, DMI holds considerable promise as a versatile tool for studying human metabolism and for future clinical implementation.

Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It continuously encounters environmental toxicants, including airborne pollutants, which may induce many skin disorders, such as psoriasis. However, evidence on the association between airborne pollutants and psoriasis prevalence in China remains limited. We used nationwide inpatient diagnostic data on psoriasis from 2021 to 2023, encompassing 149 744 cases across 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China, along with corresponding air pollution data. We analysed the spatial distribution and clustering patterns of psoriasis using the spatial autocorrelation analysis. We employed Pearson correlation analysis and Geodetector to explore the spatial heterogeneity of psoriasis and its association with airborne pollutants at the provincial level. We assessed the explanatory power of individual airborne pollutants and their combined effects on psoriasis prevalence. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that PM10 (r = 0.604), PM2.5 (r = 0.429), air quality index (AQI) (r = 0.542), and NO2 (r = 0.476) have significant positive correlations with psoriasis prevalence. Psoriasis and its subtypes exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity and diverse clustering patterns across regions. Geodetector identified PM10 (q = 0.357; P = 0.000), AQI (q = 0.315; P = 0.000), and O3 (q = 0.264; P = 0.000) as key contributors to this spatial heterogeneity. Interactive detection analysis further revealed that the combined effects of specific pollutant pairs, including PM2.5 and SO2 (q = 0.790), PM10 and SO2 (q = 0.727), as well as O3 and SO2 (q = 0.704), played a pivotal role in explaining the prevalence of psoriasis. The other combinations also showed an important impact on psoriasis subtypes, including psoriasis vulgaris (PM2.5 and SO2) (q = 0.792), psoriasis erythematous (PM2.5 and SO2) (q = 0.852), psoriatic arthritis (PM10 and O3) (q = 0.840), and nail psoriasis (PM10 and O3) (q = 0.789). The airborne pollutants influence psoriasis prevalence and its subtypes. With the largest global study of the Asian population, we provide novel insights into the impact of air pollution on psoriasis, guiding future public health policies and clinical interventions.

Background: Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood, with signs of entering adolescence including physical and psychological changes. The adolescent phase is marked by physiological maturation such as the growth of tissues and body organs. This requires adolescents to have sufficient nutritional intake. If the intake is inadequate, it can lead to disturbances in the body's metabolic processes. Nutrient deficiencies, particularly iron (Fe), can cause nutritional anemia. Low hemoglobin levels can occur due to insufficient nutrient intake from food, especially nutrients that support hemoglobin formation. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between hemoglobin levels and BMI scores in female adolescents at SMA N 3 Boyolali. Method: The research design was correlational analytic, with a sample of 76 female students at SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali. The sampling technique used random sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instruments included a digital hemoglobinometer, a digital step-on scale, and a microtoa. Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank test. Results: Bivariate analysis using the Spearman Rank statistical test showed r = 0.343 with a p-value of 0.002 < 0.05, indicating that Ha was accepted. An r of 0.343 is equivalent to 34.3%, indicating a low strength of association. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between hemoglobin levels and BMI scores in adolescent girls.

The skin is the outermost organ of the human body and functions as a protective barrier against environmental factors, making it susceptible to wounds caused by physical trauma and microbial infections. One pathogenic bacterium frequently associated with skin disorders such as boils, acne, and wound infections is Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, topical formulations are required to prevent and manage infection. The combination of chitosan, nanosilver, and black cumin oil exhibits antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and antibacterial activity of a chitosan–nanosilver–black cumin oil gel against Staphylococcus aureus. The gel was formulated in five variations containing black cumin oil concentrations of 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7%. Chemical characterization was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy to identify functional groups, while nanosilver particle size was analyzed using a Particle Size Analyzer. Physical evaluation included a pH measurement to assess compatibility with the skin's pH. Antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method, measuring inhibition zone diameters. The Particle Size Analyzer results showed an average nanosilver particle size of 31.54 nm. FTIR analysis of the chitosan–nanosilver system confirmed the presence of O–H, N–H, C–H, and C=O functional groups, while FTIR characterization of black cumin oil confirmed the presence of functional groups associated with C–H stretching, C=O, C–O, and =C–H bending. The formulated gel exhibited a pH of 5.12–5.72, within the physiological pH range of human skin. Antibacterial testing demonstrated that inhibitory activity increased with increasing black cumin oil concentration, with the largest inhibition zone observed in the 7% formulation (21.67 mm). These findings indicate that chitosan–nanosilver–black cumin oil gel has potential for development as an antibacterial formulation.

Nimodipine dosing and pharmacokinetic variability in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.

Heptazine or tri-s-triazine, is one of the oldest known nitrogen-containing heterocycles that kindled a new arena in biomedical research in the recent past due to their rich fascinating properties. Here, we report design and development of self-assembled nano biomaterials consisting of heptazine-derived π-conjugated azobenzene for photo-activated glioma therapy. The model anti-cancer drug, Docetaxel is co-assembled with heptazine-derived π-conjugated Azobenzene and Fmoc-Isoleucine-OH to form stable Tubular nanostructures (Dtx@AI-Ts). Due to the presence of photoisomerizable azobenzene moiety, AI-Ts exhibit a light-induced transformation to nanotubes of lesser dimensions upon 405 nm light irradiation, thereby improving drug release and enhancing their applicability as nano-drug delivery systems. This structural adaptability, coupled with the material's ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light activation, helps to achieve higher therapeutic efficacy against glioma. In vitro therapeutic efficacy investigated in terms of cell viability (MTT assay) and oxidative stress generation demonstrates an enhanced therapeutic outcome with Dtx@AI-Ts in C6 glioma cells. Further, in the C6 syngeneic glioma rat model, a prompted tumor depletion (∼90%) is observed post 21-days of therapy, along with good compatibility toward healthy body organs. Thus, this work establishes the potential of smart self-assembled drug loaded photo-responsive nanomaterials toward enabling advanced glioma treatment.

The liver is one of the most vital organs of the human body, playing a fundamental role in regulating numerous physiological processes, including metabolism, secretion, storage, and detoxification of endogenous and exogenous substances. Due to these essential functions, liver diseases remain a major public health concern and a significant global medical problem. Despite substantial advances in modern medicine, no fully effective pharmacological agents currently exist that can reliably stimulate liver function, provide complete organ protection, or promote full regeneration of hepatocytes. Consequently, hepatoprotective agents with the potential to restore liver function and protect hepatocytes are being actively studied. This review encompasses a wide range of modern hepatoprotective and anticholestatic agents, including N-acetylcysteine, glycyrrhizic acid, polyene phosphatidylcholine, bicyclol, silymarin, ursodeoxycholic acid, S-adenosylmethionine, and cholestyramine. Promising natural compounds — flavonoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, saponins, and lignans — which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activity, are also discussed. The review summarizes findings from clinical and experimental studies, highlighting the efficacy of several substances and emphasizing the need for further high-quality research before their widespread implementation in clinical practice.

Exposure to malathion has been linked to various toxicities that can affect nearly every organ in the human body. This study aimed to examine how malathion toxicity affects certain sero-biochemical and hematological parameters in chickens in order to determine the harmful effects on the blood, liver, and kidneys. Two experiments were conducted as part of the study design. Experiments 1 and 2 were used to determine the LD50 value and the hazardous dose in chickens, respectively. In the first experiment, 10 groups of 30 birds each were used. Over a period of 4 weeks, each group was divided into five subgroups (with six birds in each replicate), and one group served as a control. In the second experiment, six groups of birds and one control group of 10 chicks each were used (60 + 10 birds). The LD50 in this study was found to be 620 mg/kg of body weight. As the hazardous dose of malathion increased, the levels of hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) gradually decreased. Compared to the control group, all treatments had significantly higher red blood cells (RBC) and total leukocyte counts (TLC) (p < 0.01). Albumin and glucose concentrations increased in tandem with the increases in malathion dosages. Significant increases were observed in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Bilirubin, creatinine, and urea levels progressively increased when dosages were increased. Triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels exhibited modest decreases as dosages increased. Toxic levels of malathion had a severe impact on magnesium and inorganic phosphate levels. Hepatic, renal, and hematological functions are sensitive markers of malathion toxicity. The findings of the study provide a fundamental basis for understanding the acute toxicity of malathion in chickens. This study provides useful information for regulatory monitoring and risk assessment.

This review emphasizes the significance of insect cell lines in transcriptomic research, highlighting their role as vital tools for uncovering cellular and molecular mechanisms of insect physiology, immune responses, and adaptation to environmental stressors. Cell lines derived from tissues such as the midgut, fat body, nervous system, and reproductive organs enable researchers to examine gene expression changes in a controlled setting, making discoveries that are difficult to achieve through whole-organism studies. High-throughput sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have identified genes linked to detoxification, stress response, development, and immune defense, offering valuable insights for future applications in agriculture, pest control, and biotechnology. To organize this information clearly, we have summarized key findings in a table, providing an accessible overview of each cell line's important roles in transcriptomic research. This method not only highlights the adaptability of insect cell lines in functional genomics but also underscores their usefulness as model systems in pest management, virology, and bioengineering. Through utilizing transcriptomics, insect cell lines continue to advance our understanding of insect biology and foster the development of innovative strategies for sustainable crop protection and biotechnological use.

Small-bodied, freshwater fish are often used in parasitological studies because they host a variety of parasites. As a result, it is important to have an accessible resource for the collection, housing, and examination of helminth parasites. Fish may be collected using passive (e.g., minnow traps or fyke nets) or active (e.g., seine netting or electrofishing) sampling methods depending on the species and water body being sampled. It is best to keep fish alive (e.g., in aquaria) until immediately prior to euthanasia for dissection. Using an overdose of anesthetic is the preferred method of sacrificing hosts as it limits distress and tissue damage. During dissections, the host should be separated into sections, e.g., the head, eviscerated body, and internal organs, to ensure accurate accounting of infection sites. If monogeneans are of interest the body surface and gills should be thoroughly examined. Natural history collections are also a source of small-bodied fish hosts that can be used to describe historical host-parasite interactions and changes in parasite communities. However, using natural history collections presents issues that require careful consideration, including what specimens are available, where the specimens are housed, obtaining permission from curators, and performing examinations on preserved specimens. Providing an easily accessible resource for recovering helminth parasites from small-bodied fish will allow researchers without backgrounds in parasitology to undertake quality parasitological studies.

Abstract Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are metal nanoparticles that are relatively cheap and extensively utilized in polymers, coatings, ceramics, films, electronics, industrial catalysts, electronic supplies, and environmental remediation. The increased human prolonged exposure induced toxicity in different body organs. Curcumin (Cur) exhibited antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and does not have detrimental effects when utilized in therapeutic applications. Therefore, the current work explored the therapeutic effect of curcumin in bulk and nano form (CurNPs) to protect the liver against CuONPs-induced toxicity, DNA damage, antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation and inflammation in rat liver tissues. Sixty adult male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups [G1, control; G2; Cur; G3, CurNPS; G4, CuONPs; G5, CuONPs + Cur; G6, CuONPs + CurNPS]. This study revealed that CuONPs induced a substantial elevation in liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), liver malondialdehyde (MDA), DNA fragmentation, Proliferating cell nucleus antigen (PCNA), apoptotic P53 expressions, whereas a dramatic decline in albumin, total proteins, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) in liver homogenate were observed when compared to control. Interestingly, upon treatment with Cur or CurNPs, a restoration in biochemical parameters and histological with superior therapeutic effect for CurNPs better than Cur. Graphical Abstract

Abstract: The transdermal approach is a useful method for achieving localised or systemic effects. The use of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems has seen a positive transformation, especially when it comes to the non-invasive method of medication delivery via the skin. It enhances the penetrant properties of vital drugs and bioactive candidates. Invasomes are nano-sized vesicular structures that elevate skin penetration by disturbing the lipids of the epidermis, interacting with matrix proteins, and enhancing the partitioning of the drug molecule in the skin layer. Invasomes have a great potential for penetration due to their penetrative stimulants, terpene, and ethanol. A lot of benefits are offered by invasomes, such as increased comfort and compliance from patients and improved medication efficacy. Unlike liposomal vesicles, invasomes are newly engineered liposomes composed of volatile oil molecules. Additionally, ethanol can be found in the compartments in trace amounts in both the hydrous centre and the fatty shell. Effective research and development are necessary for the medication to be transported to the skin, one of the primary and most vital organs in the human body. Though the outer layer of skin is considered a multifunctional organ of the human body, transmission through the skin is limited by the stratum corneum (SC). Many carrier platforms have been formulated to overcome this barrier, which has a significant impact on the active agent. The paper elaborates on invasomes, their structure, invasion mechanism, and applications in drug delivery.

In recent years, more and more people are aware about their health conditions, and the measures and technologies of monitoring people’s health conditions have updated at the same time. Diabetes is a type of disease that would cause severe effects to other organs in the human body and there is an increasing number of patients with diabetes in recent years. Hence preventing diabetes or monitoring the glucose content in diabetes patients is crucial. Electrochemical biosensors are the devices that can be used for disease monitoring, diabetes is the disease that is included. For monitoring the glucose levels continuously and providing comprehensive safeguarding to the patients, Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) which is based on the electrochemical technology is employed. This essay gives a general introduction to electrochemical biosensors and their relative practical applications. Overall, the electrochemical biosensor demonstrates its application in a real-time monitoring of the glucose level in the human body. This research focuses on the principles of converting information from the working electrodes in electrochemical biosensors into electrical signals, the principle of recognizing target analyte in the testing sample and the principle of CGM system and its practical performance.

Background Oxidative/anti-oxidative stress unbalance is one of the mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Anion has been shown to be effective to eliminate reactive oxygen species, yet it is unknown if inhalation of anion (IA) can be beneficial for COPD intervention. Methods COPD model mice were established by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure in combination with tracheal instillation of LPS, and treated with various dosages of IA for 120 days. Pulmonary function, inflammatory mediators, anti-oxidatives and collagen deposition level were measured to evaluate the therapeutic effects of IA in COPD model mice. The pathological morphology and structure of lung, liver, renal, spleen, heart, and brain were analyzed to assess the safety of IA. Results IA improved COPD mice pulmonary function, reversed the decrease in SOD in blood serum and lung tissue, and increased the anti-oxidative stress protein NQO1 expression. IA could also decrease the collagen deposition and Smad2/3 phosphorylation in COPD mice lung. Additionally, IA did not affect the pathological structure and the index of major body organs. Conclusions This preclinical study demonstrated that IA is beneficial for COPD treatment, likely by increasing the anti-oxidative capacity and inhibiting Smad2/3 activation in lung tissue.

Non-coding RNAs as prognostic biomarkers in autoimmune disease.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) offer significant therapeutic potential; however, extrahepatic applications, particularly to the skin, remain a challenge. Limited work has explored siRNA therapies for the skin, the largest organ in the human body, where dermatological conditions affect over one-third of the population worldwide. The skin's external location makes it easily accessible for direct, local administration. Here, we present the in vivo intradermal delivery of therapeutic siRNAs into a porcine model whose skin structure most closely resembles that of human skin, demonstrating functional, and sustained gene silencing. We characterize two siRNA conjugates in human ex vivo and porcine in vivo skin models, showing that increased hydrophobicity significantly enhances skin retention and efficacy of siRNAs. Using a validated JAK1-targeting compound, we demonstrate that local delivery of siRNA enables accumulation across multiple cell types and suppression of JAK1-dependent inflammatory pathway in human skin ex vivo. In porcine models, intradermal injections result in prolonged skin siRNA retention for more than eight weeks, limited systemic tissue exposure, and sustained gene silencing for at least one month. These results underscore the importance of tailored siRNA conjugate design for achieving optimal skin biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy, providing a foundation for siRNA-based treatments for a broad range of dermatological conditions.