Body Mass Index In School Children Research Articles

Body mass index of schoolchildren under exposure to endogenous and exogenous risk factors (on the example of the republic of Bashkortostan)

High prevalence of obesity and overweight among population poses a serious threat for public health. A survey was accomplished in 13 schools in Bashkortostan to estimate the nutritional status as per body mass index (BMI) of schoolchildren and their parents. Next, we analyzed relationships between participants’ nutritional statuses as per BMI and their age, sex, place of residence (urban / rural) and parental nutritional status as per BMI for children. Among children, 50.0 % had normal body weight, 18.4 % had overweight, 16.9 % had underweight, 8.8 % were emaciated, and 5.9 % were obese. Among parents, these shares equaled 46.4, 33.1, 2.5, 1.3, and 16.7 % respectively. The profound analysis established that boys (as compared with girls) were overweighed and had BMI higher than its healthy range in general (overweight + obesity) statistically significantly more frequently; prevalence of obesity and also BMI higher than its healthy range in general was identified statistically significantly higher among fathers as opposed to mothers. In addition, it turned out that if parents either had BMI higher than its healthy range or were emaciated, their children had similar disorders statistically significantly more frequently. At the same time, if parents had normal body weight, their children were overweighed statistically significantly less frequently. The age of 15–17 years turned out to be associated with declining prevalence of obesity in boys (young males) and declining prevalence of elevated BMI in general in girls (young females). At the same time, a share of people with overweight and elevated BMI in general was statistically significantly higher among mothers older than 37 years. When considering places of residence, we established that both girls and mothers who lived in rural areas had BMI higher than its healthy range statistically significantly more frequently than their urban counterparts.

A study on assessment of correlation between obesity and blood groups among school children of Gujarat, India

Background: Obesity is a positive risk factor in development of hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder diseases, coronary heart diseases, and few types of cancers. Body mass index (BMI) is an inexpensive and easy screening method for weight category: Underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity. Only a few studies have been conducted until now which focuses on finding any relationship between BMI and blood group of school going children. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this were as follows: (a) To find out BMI in school children of study center and (b) to find out correlation of BMI with blood groups and other variables of participants. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted among 101 children of school going age group 10–15 years at one of the private schools of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. A questionnaire was prepared which included sections of demographic details, blood group, diet history, and family history. Results: About 50% of participants were from of either age 13 or 14. There was almost same proportion of participants of both sexes. About 70% of participants were found to be underweight, while about 15% were overweight. Overweight category of BMI is most commonly seen in children having blood group “A” while no child of “O” blood group was found to be overweight. This association was statistically significant. Conclusion: Almost 70% of participants were underweight, while about 15% were overweight. Overweight was most commonly seen in children having blood group “A.” No child of “O” blood group was found to have overweight.

Correlation of dental caries status with BMI in school children of age 3-16 years- An institutional study.

The study investigates the correlation of dental caries status with body mass index (BMI) in school children of age 3 to 16 years. Obesity is a rising global health epidemic. Dental caries has been the predominant disorder in modern society. Obesity and dental caries are major health problems with multifactorial characteristics and similar risk factors, such as diet, lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating pattern, not enough sleep, and high amount of stress etc. Various studies have documented diverse outcomes linked to BMI and dental caries. A cross-sectional study was implemented on 756 participants. Among the study participants, 475 (62.8%) were boys and 281 (37.2%) were girls. The decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index has been used to assess the prevalence of dental caries. Information of the study participant's height and weight was reported using a standardized measuring scale and weighing machine; after that, the BMI was measured. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data. The mean DMFT of the study participants in normal-weight children was 2.3. There was a positive correlation between the dental caries status and BMI, with a significant value of 0.27. Diet counselling and regular dental check-ups should be prescribed to prevent dental caries from occurring and monitor children's healthy weight. Balanced nutrition needs to be provided to children by school authorities and parents.

Age- and Sex-Specific Physical Fitness Reference and Association with Body Mass Index in Hong Kong Chinese Schoolchildren.

There is lacking a population-based study on the fitness level of Hong Kong schoolchildren, and it seems that increasing childhood obesity prevalence has shifted the classification of healthy fitness, with 'underfit' as normal. This cross-sectional territory study aimed to develop an age- and sex-specific physical fitness reference using a representative sample of children aged 6-17 and to determine the associations with body mass index in schoolchildren. The study analyzed Hong Kong School Physical Fitness Award Scheme data covering grade 1 to grade 12 students' physical fitness and anthropometric measurements from 2017 to 2018. This reference was established without the impact due to COVID-19. Four aspects of physical fitness tests were measured using a standardized protocol, including (i) upper limb muscle strength, (ii) one-minute sit-up, (iii) sit-and-reach, and (iv) endurance run tests. The generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape was used to construct the reference charts. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean differences in age, weight, and height, and a Pearson's chi-square test was used to examine the distributions of sex groups. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the group differences in BMI status, followed by the Dunn test for pairwise comparisons. A 5% level of significance was regarded as statistically significant. Data of 119,693 students before the COVID-19 pandemic were included in the analysis. The association between physical fitness level and BMI status varied depending on the test used, and there were significant differences in fitness test scores among BMI groups. The mean test scores of the obese group were lower in most of the tests for both boys and girls, except for handgrip strength. The underweight group outperformed the obese group in push-ups, one-minute sit-ups, and endurance run tests, but not in handgrip strength. In conclusion, a sex- and age-specific physical fitness reference value for Hong Kong Chinese children aged 6 to 17 years old is established, and this study demonstrated a nonlinear relationship between BMI status and physical fitness. The reference will help to identify children with poor physical fitness to offer support and guidance on exercise training. It also serves as a baseline for assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hong Kong students' physical fitness.

Индекс массы тела у российских школьников во втором десятилетии ХХI века

The aim of the study is to establish a trend in the body mass index of schoolchildren in different regions of the country. The study was carried out in 2021 as part of the all-Russian monitoring of the physical development of schoolchildren aged 7–17 years (the number of boys - 30,965, the number of girls - 33,290). The statistical software package Statistica 13 PL has been used for data processing. BMI indicators have been established for Russian schoolchildren. Some regional differences in BMI indicators and the influence of the organization of medical support factor in the region have been shown. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the BMI of schoolchildren and the availability of doctors and nurses per 10,000 of population were -0.63 and -0.39 (p ≤ 0.05). The age and gender standards for BMI for Russian schoolchildren have been updated. A trend towards higher BMI rates in various subjects of the Russian Federation has been revealed, which may be due, among other things, to indicators characterizing the organization of the medical population in the region.

Association between physical fitness components and fluid intelligence according to body mass index in schoolchildren

Physical fitness is considered a protective factor for children’s general health and has been related to enhanced cognitive functioning. However, it appears that cognition could be affected in children with overweight or obesity. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between physical fitness components and fluid intelligence in normal-weight and overweight/obese children. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 317 schoolchildren participated (165 boys, 52.05%), aged between six and 11 years old (1st to 5th grade), belonging to a public school in the south of Brazil. Psychologists evaluated fluid intelligence through the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrix Test. The physical fitness evaluation followed the procedures of the “Brazil Sports Project”. Weight and height were measured to determine body mass index and generalized linear regression analyses were used with a 95% confidence interval. Our results showed that agility was inversely associated with fluid intelligence only in the overweight/obese group (β = −1.506; p = 0.01). Cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness were not associated with fluid intelligence. In conclusion, agility was the only physical fitness component related to fluid intelligence, and this relationship was found exclusively in overweight/obese schoolchildren.

Construction of a New Reference Data for Body Mass Index of Schoolchildren in Yazd (Iran)

Background: Monitoring and evaluating physical growth in children is an important way to determine their nutritional and health status. Health personnel can diagnose growth impairment and malnutrition in children by growth monitoring from growth indices. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the cut-off points of body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents and compare them with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 4,320 students (6 - 11 years old) were selected by cluster sampling in 24 primary schools. A class (a cluster) was randomly selected from each base in each school. Then, 30 students from each class were randomly selected. The height and weight of students were measured, and then BMI was calculated for students. After data collection, height, weight, and BMI tables were calculated based on age and sex and compared with the WHO standards using the LMSchartmaker Pro software 2.3. Results: The results showed that height, weight, and BMI percentiles in both gender were close to NCHS standards features in all ages, but some percentiles were higher in children in Yazd than NCHS standardsNCHS standards, including the 97th percentile of height for boys, the 97th percentile of BMI for both gender, the 97th percentile of weight for boys, the 75th percentile of weight for boys aged 9 and 10 years, and the same percentile in girls ages 7 - 11 and 9 - 11 years, respectively. Conclusions: According to the results, the researchers recommend using the indices of the present study according to the differences observed between height, weight, and BMI in children studied with NCHS standards.

Home and school environmental correlates of childhood BMI

BackgrouandActive commuting to school can be a substantial opportunity to provide the necessary daily physical activity for children and to counteract childhood obesity. This paper examines the associations of urban form, in general, and street network design, in particular, with body mass index (BMI) in children aged between 12 and 16, controlling for socio-economic features (gender, educational attainment, income, and auto ownership) and daily physical activity (access mode to/from school and walking behaviour). MethodsData were drawn from questionnaires conducted in 20 elementary schools located in the Anatolian part of İstanbul, Turkey. Randomly selected 6th, 7th, and 8th grade students (N = 1784) completed questionnaires regarding their commuting modes to/from school while their parents (N = 1118) completed questionnaires about their socio-economic characteristics and their children's daily physical activity. Each student's BMI was calculated by measured height and weight data. Home- and school-environments (800-and 1600-m buffers around the respondent and school) were evaluated through GIS-based land-use data and segment-based street connectivity measures. Selected street segments within school-environments were also audited with regard to pedestrian environment characteristics. ResultsFindings indicate that children who actively commuted to/from school had lower BMIs than non-active commuters. More importantly, it is shown that increased street network connectivity measured at the segment-level is significantly associated with reduced BMI in school children. In fact, connectivity measures appear to be the strongest correlates of BMI. ConclusionsThis study provides important evidence for planners, urban designers, and policy makers on the significance of built environment, in general, and street network configuration, in particular, within home- and school-environments. One rule of thumb would be to design a well-connected street network with relatively denser connections and reduced direction changes within the neighbourhood – not only within a couple of blocks of homes and schools but also within their larger fabric (800–1600 mt buffers).

Association of the indices of circulating leptin with gastritis clinical morphological signs depending on body mass index in schoolchildren without obesity

Association of the indices of circulating leptin with gastritis clinical morphological signs depending on body mass index in schoolchildren without obesity

Socio-demographic determinants of body mass index among school children in Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

BackgroundAfrican specific studies on the factors associated with the growth pattern of children are needed to guide evidence and develop effective population-based interventions that can be tailored to the unique African context.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the socio-economic correlates of body mass index (BMI) of primary and secondary school children in Ebonyi State, which is situated in south-eastern Nigeria.MethodologyThis was a quantitative, cross-sectional study that utilised clustering and stratified sampling techniques to select 1000 learners from primary and secondary schools located in Abakaliki local government area. Apart from a questionnaire, a Mettler weighing scale was also used for data collection. A generalised linear model was used to test the association between the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and their BMI.ResultBMI was positively related to female gender but negatively related to age and level of education. The mode of cooking, who the participants live with and how they get to school also predicted changes in BMI. Other variables like mother’s occupation and family’s mode of transport were also associated with BMI changes while father’s level of education, mother’s level of education, father’s occupation and the type of residence did not have any statistical relationship with BMI.ConclusionThe present study shows that the BMI of school children is influenced by the socio-demographic characteristics surrounding them. Therefore, efforts should be made to improve the socio-economic standing of families in this community.

Changes in Sedentary Behaviour, Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Schoolchildren

Changes in Sedentary Behaviour, Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Schoolchildren

Association Between Dental Caries and Body Mass Index in Schoolchildren Aged Between 14 and 16 Years in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundDental caries and obesity are multifactorial diseases that have common risk factors. Studies worldwide reported varied outcomes about the association between dental caries and obesity. There is no published study that investigates this association among schoolchildren in Arabic countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dental caries (DMFT) and body mass index (BMI) for children aged between 14 and 16 years old in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The role of oral hygiene habits, parent’s education, sugar consumption and physical activity in causing both diseases was also evaluated.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study that involved 610 schoolchildren aged between 14 and 16 years. The children were selected from 12 boy’s intermediate schools distributed in Riyadh city. A questionnaire that asked about demographic data, oral hygiene habits, parents’ education, sugar consumption and physical activity was distributed. Then, the mean DMFT and BMI were calculated by collecting the information from dental examination, body weight and height. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to explain the relationship between the teeth health and the BMI. Moreover, multivariate linear regression was conducted to model the relationship between DMFT and BMI and the socioeconomic score, sugar consumption and physical activity.ResultsThe prevalence of dental caries (DMFT > 0) was 54.1%. Around 32% of the schoolchildren were either overweight or obese. A statistically significant association between dental caries (DMFT) and BMI was found (P = 0.008). It was found that obese schoolchildren are 1.79 times higher to be with healthy teeth (P = 0.02). In addition, it was found that schoolchildren with higher socioeconomic status are 1.26 times higher to be with healthy teeth group (P = 0.005). Similarly, schoolchildren who reported that they are using the fluoridated toothpaste were 1.63 times higher to be within the healthy teeth group (DMFT = 0) when everything else is controlled. Physical activity level affects the schoolchildren BMI significantly (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe study showed a statistically significant association between dental caries and BMI for this study sample. Obese schoolchildren showed healthier teeth than others did. Fluoride toothpaste usage and socioeconomic score were associated significantly with dental caries.

Physical self‐efficacy is associated to body mass index in schoolchildren

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical self‐efficacy and body mass index in a large sample of schoolchildren. MethodsThe Perceived Physical Ability Scale for Children was administered to 1560 children (50.4% boys; 8–12 years) from three different countries. Weight and height were also recorded to obtain the body mass index. ResultsIn agreement with the literature, the boys reported greater perceived physical self‐efficacy than girls. Moreover, the number of boys who are obese is double that of girls, while the number of boys who are underweight is half that found in girls. In the linear regression model, the increase in body mass index was negatively related to the physical self‐efficacy score, differently for boys and girls. Furthermore, age and nationality also were predictors of low physical self‐efficacy only for girls. ConclusionThe results of this study reinforce the importance of psychological aspect of obesity, as the perceived physical self‐efficacy and body mass index were negatively associated in a sample of schoolchildren for boys and girls.

A Study on the Frequency of Food Consumption and its Relationship to BMI in School Children and Adolescents in Abha City, KSA

This study aimed at finding a relationship between frequency of food consumption and Body mass index (BMI). In this study, 200 school going adolescent girls, 12 – 19 years were selected randomly from two schools which were randomly sampled out of 30 schools in Abha province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Their height, weight and waist circumference were measured. Physical activity, family history of obesity or underweight (thinness Grade 1) and dietary profiles including frequency of food consumption were collected by an interview process. Pearson’s Chi square was computed between BMI and frequency of food consumption. Statistical analysis revealed that frequency of food consumption and physical activity did not relate to BMI. However family history of obesity or underweight (p&lt;0.05) significantly related with BMI. Also none of the study subjects had central obesity based on waist circumference. However 4.5 % of the subjects were obese based on BMI. Dietary counseling to overweight and underweight subjects regarding the importance of physical activity in maintaining normal BMI is the need of the hour and is recommended for the school going children and adolescents. In addition to this, consuming a balanced diet would help preventing chronic diseases in the long run.

Association between Enuresis and Body Mass Index in Schoolchildren

BackgroundAutomatic release of urine at any time of a day during sleep beyond the age of five years defined enuresis as a health disorders in children. The etiology of enuresis is still not clearly understood. Body Mass Index (BMI) is an indicator to evaluate the growth trend of individuals in a population for any specific age group. Evaluation of obesity in children is important and provides an opportunity to identify the problem and prevent disease progression. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of enuresis and the association with BMI.Materials and MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional survey based on specific age group population to determine the prevalence of enuresis conducted on the schoolchildren in Zahedan, Iran during December 2015 and February 2016. A random, multistage sample of 2,000 students was taken from fifty schools in five districts of Zahedan city and filled out some easy questions such as age and gender along with measuring weight and height. Body Mass Index categorized after calculation accordance with the formulae of BMI= Height (kg) / Weight (m) 2. The classification of BMI was accordance with percentiles of underweight in less than the 5th percentile, healthy level from the 5th to less than 85th percentile, overweight from the 85th to less than the 97th percentile and obese equal to or greater than the 97th percentile.ResultsThe prevalence of enuresis was 17.18% for boys and 11.82% for girls, and the overall prevalence was 140 in 1000. Enuresis and non- enuresis population were different in mean of BMI (15.51±3.92 versus 17.69±5.11), so that this differential were statistically significant (P<0.001). In two overweight and obesity status can be observed the differences in BMI values, but not significant. In normal status with (22.63±1.096) and without (22.742±1.096) enuresis, there was a significant difference (P<0.001) and in the underweight status with (11.28±0.80) and without (10.53±2.08) enuresis there also was a significant difference (P= 0.010).ConclusionOur findings revealed that enuresis was a problem among schoolchildren, especially with smaller age and lower body mass index.

Physical self-efficacy is associated to body mass index in schoolchildren

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical self-efficacy and body mass index in a large sample of schoolchildren. MethodsThe Perceived Physical Ability Scale for Children was administered to 1560 children (50.4% boys; 8–12 years) from three different countries. Weight and height were also recorded to obtain the body mass index. ResultsIn agreement with the literature, the boys reported greater perceived physical self-efficacy than girls. Moreover, the number of boys who are obese is double that of girls, while the number of boys who are underweight is half that found in girls. In the linear regression model, the increase in body mass index was negatively related to the physical self-efficacy score, differently for boys and girls. Furthermore, age and nationality also were predictors of low physical self-efficacy only for girls. ConclusionThe results of this study reinforce the importance of psychological aspect of obesity, as the perceived physical self-efficacy and body mass index were negatively associated in a sample of schoolchildren for boys and girls.

Caracterización del índice de masa corporal en escolares que participaron dentro del programa de deporte escolar 40X40 en Bogotá, D.C.

Introducción. El programa 40X40 promueve el deporte formativo en Bogotá. Esta estrategia requiere un diagnóstico poblacional, a partir del estado nutricional antropométrico en el puntaje Z del índice de masa corporal (IMC) (1), para promover hábitos saludables. Objetivo. Determinar las características del IMC en los escolares del programa 40X40 dentro de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Investigación con enfoque cuantitativo y estudio descriptivo transversal, respecto a las variables antropométricas y a las características socio-demográficas. Resultados. Participaron 1 035 escolares, 564 mujeres y 471 hombres. También se tuvieron 18 instituciones educativas distritales (IED) en 10 localidades y se incluyeron 17 deportes: 31% pelota, 28% combate, 16% arte y presión, 23% tiempo, marca y deportes urbanos y nuevas tendencias (DUNT) 2%. Hubo medición de las variables de peso, talla y uso de los índices IMC e IMCzscore. En el IMC se obtuvo un 38.2% bajo peso, 46.2% normal, 12.2% sobrepeso y 2.8% obesidad, mientras que el IMCzscore reportó 16.5% bajo peso, 79.8% normal, 3.5% sobrepeso y 0.2% obesidad. Conclusiones. Se reportaron diferencias significativas entre el IMC e IMCzscore, de modo que el primero relaciona peso y talla y el segundo ajusta las dos anteriores más la edad, por tanto, se determina que este último valora de forma integral el proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo.

Metabolic risk in schoolchildren is associated with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity, and parents’ nutritional profile

ObjectiveVerify the association between metabolic risk profile in students with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as the nutritional status of their parents. MethodsA cross‐sectional study comprising 1.254 schoolchildren aged between seven and 17 years. The metabolic risk profile was calculated by summing the standardized values of high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glucose and systolic blood pressure. The parents’ nutritional status was evaluated by self‐reported weight and height data, for body mass index calculating. The body mass index of schoolchildren was classified as underweight/normal weight and overweight/obesity. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by 9‐minute running/walk test, being categorized as fit (good levels) and unfit (low levels). Data were analyzed using prevalence ratio values (PR). ResultsThe data indicates a higher occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren whose mother is obese (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.23), and even higher for those whose father and mother are obese (PR: 2, 79, 95% CI: 1.41; 5.51). Students who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity have higher occurrence of presenting metabolic risk profile (PR: 5.25; 95% CI: 3.31; 8.16). ConclusionThe occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren increase when they have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity, and the presence of parental obesity.

Decreased Body Mass Index in Schoolchildren After Yearlong Information Sessions With Parents Reinforced With Web and Mobile Phone Resources: Community Trial

BackgroundThe obesity pandemic has now reached children, and households should change their lifestyles to prevent it.ObjectiveThe objective was to assess the effect of a comprehensive intervention on body mass index z-score (BMIZ) in schoolchildren.MethodsA yearlong study was conducted at 4 elementary schools in Mexico City. Intervention group (IG) and control group (CG) were split equally between governmental and private schools. Three educational in-person parents and children sessions were held at 2-month intervals to promote healthy eating habits and exercise. To reinforce the information, a website provided extensive discussion on a new topic every 2 weeks, including school snack menus and tools to calculate body mass index in children and adults. Text messages were sent to parents’ mobile phones reinforcing the information provided. The IG contained 226 children and CG 181 children. We measured their weight and height and calculated BMIZ at 0, 6, and 12 months.ResultsThe CG children showed a change of +0.06 (95% CI 0.01, 0.11) and +0.05 (95% CI 0.01, 0.10) in their BMIZ at 6 and 12 months, respectively. The BMIZ of IG children decreased by -0.13 (95% CI -0.19 to -0.06) and -0.10 (95% CI -0.16 to -0.03), respectively, and the effect was greater in children with obesity.ConclusionsThe comprehensive intervention tested had beneficial effects, preserved the BMIZ of normal weight children, and reduced the BMIZ of children with obesity.

Metabolic risk in schoolchildren is associated with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity, and parents’ nutritional profile

ObjectiveVerify the association between metabolic risk profile in students with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as the nutritional status of their parents. MethodsA cross-sectional study comprising 1.254 schoolchildren aged between seven and 17 years. The metabolic risk profile was calculated by summing the standardized values of high density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, triglycerides, glucose and systolic blood pressure. The parents’ nutritional status was evaluated by self-reported weight and height data, for body mass index calculating. The body mass index of schoolchildren was classified as underweight/normal weight and overweight/obesity. The cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by 9-minute running/walk test, being categorized as fit (good levels) and unfit (low levels). Data were analyzed using prevalence ratio values (PR). ResultsThe data indicates a higher occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren whose mother is obese (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.23), and even higher for those whose father and mother are obese (PR: 2, 79, 95% CI: 1.41; 5.51). Students who have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity have higher occurrence of presenting metabolic risk profile (PR: 5.25; 95% CI: 3.31; 8.16). Conclusionthe occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren increase when they have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity, and the presence of parental obesity.