Body Mass Index In Middle Age Research Articles

Stress-induced eating and drinking and their associations with weight among women and men during 30-year follow-up

Background Stress is associated with obesity through several mechanisms, including coping methods used in stressful situations. However, long-term prospective studies investigating stress-induced eating and drinking in parallel and their relationships with weight are scarce. Purpose We examined the prevalence of stress-induced eating and drinking and their associations with body mass index (BMI) among women and men during a 30-year follow-up, as well as BMI trajectories from early adulthood to middle age. Methods Participants of a Finnish cohort study were followed by questionnaires at the ages of 22 (N = 1656), 32 (N = 1471), 42 (N = 1334), and 52 (N = 1160). Their coping methods were evaluated by asking how common it was for them to act in certain ways when they encountered stressful situations. We used linear regression analysis to examine the associations between coping methods and BMI, and latent growth models to analyze the BMI trajectories. Results The prevalence of stress-induced eating was higher among women than men throughout the follow-up, whereas stress-induced drinking was more common among men at 22 and 32 years of age. Stress-induced eating was associated with higher BMI at all ages among women, and from the age of 32 among men. Eating as a persistent coping method over the life course was associated with a higher and faster growth rate of BMI trajectories. Stress-induced drinking was associated with higher BMI in middle age, and with a faster growth of BMI among men. Conclusions Effective, appropriate stress management may be one essential factor in preventing weight gain in the adult population.

Mid-Life Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Obesity, and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

BackgroundLower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and higher body mass index (BMI) are associated with a higher risk of myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, the independent contribution of these lifestyle factors to the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) is less well established. ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluation the association between midlife CRF, BMI, and risk of AF in older age. MethodsThis study included 18,493 participants without AF who underwent assessment of CRF (estimated using the maximal treadmill time) and BMI in middle age and had Medicare coverage after the age of 65 years. The association among midlife CRF, BMI, and risk of AF was assessed by fitting a proportional hazards intensity model to the failure time data with adjustment for potential confounders. The association between changes in CRF and BMI in middle age and the risk of AF was also assessed in the subset of participants with repeat CRF assessments. ResultsAmong 18,493 participants (79% men), a higher midlife BMI was significantly associated with a higher risk of AF independent of CRF levels and other potential confounders (hazard ratio per 1-kg/m2: 1.05; 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.06). Lower midlife CRF was also associated with higher risk of AF (hazard ratio per 1 MET higher CRF: 0.98; 95% confidence interval: 0.96-0.99). However, this association was attenuated and not significant after further adjustment for BMI. Change in CRF on follow-up was also not associated with the risk of AF after adjustment for other confounders. ConclusionsThe association between low fitness and AF was primarily driven by differences in BMI. In contrast, obesity was independently associated with excess AF risk.

Adiposity and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Several studies have investigated associations between overweight/obesity and risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, however, the evidence is not entirely consistent, and previous meta-analyses mainly included case–control studies, which can be affected by various biases. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies on adiposity and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and Embase databases. Random effects models were used to estimate summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for rheumatoid arthritis in relation to different measures of adiposity. Thirteen cohort studies (10 publications) were included. The summary RR per 5 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (BMI) was 1.11 (95% CI 1.05–1.18, I2 = 50%), but the association was restricted to women (1.15, 95% CI 1.08–1.21, I2 = 17%) and not observed in men (0.89, 95% CI 0.73–1.09, I2 = 58%). The summary RR per 5 kg/m2 increment in BMI at age 18 years was 1.17 (95% CI 1.01–1.36, I2 = 26%, n = 3), and per 10 cm increase in waist circumference was 1.13 (95% CI 1.02–1.25, I2 = 44%, n = 2). Higher BMI in middle age, BMI at age 18 years, and waist circumference were associated with increased rheumatoid arthritis risk, suggesting adiposity could be targeted for primary prevention.

Association of trajectory of body mass index with knee pain risk in Japanese middle-aged women in a prospective cohort study: the Japan Nurses’ Health Study

ObjectivesTo investigate whether body mass index (BMI) trajectory, lifestyle and reproductive factors are associated with knee pain risk among middle-aged women.DesignProspective study of the Japan Nurses’ Health Study (JNHS).SettingThe JNHS...

Childhood Body Mass Index Is Associated with Risk of Adult Colon Cancer in Men: An Association Modulated by Pubertal Change in Body Mass Index.

The relative contribution of childhood and pubertal body mass index (BMI) for the risk of adult colorectal cancer is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent associations for childhood BMI and pubertal BMI change with risk of colorectal cancer in men. We included 37,663 men born in 1946 to 1961 who had weight and height measured at 8 (childhood) and 20 (young adult age) years of age available from the BMI Epidemiology Study. Information on colorectal cancer was retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Register (257 cases of colon cancer and 159 cases of rectal cancer). Childhood BMI at 8 years of age [HR, 1.19 per SD increase; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.33], but not pubertal BMI change (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.90-1.15), was associated with increased risk of colon cancer. Due to a significant interaction between childhood BMI and pubertal BMI change (P < 0.001), we stratified the analyses according to the median of pubertal BMI change. Childhood BMI was associated with risk of colon cancer in individuals with a pubertal BMI change above, but not below, the median (above: HR = 1.48, 95% CI, 1.26-1.74; below: HR = 0.95, 95% CI, 0.80-1.12). Neither childhood BMI nor pubertal BMI change was associated with rectal cancer. High childhood BMI was associated with increased risk of colon cancer only if it was followed by a pubertal BMI increase above the median. Further studies should evaluate prepubertal childhood BMI in relation to pubertal BMI change and BMI in middle age for the risk of colon cancer.

Body Mass Index and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Study of US Military Veterans.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may be associated with low body mass index (BMI) at the time of diagnosis. However, the role of premorbid BMI in the development of ALS and survival after diagnosis remains unclear. In 2005-2010, we interviewed 467 patients with ALS from the US National Registry of Veterans with ALS and 975 frequency-matched veteran controls. In this sample, we evaluated the association of BMI and BMI change at different ages with ALS risk using unconditional logistic models and with survival after ALS diagnosis using Cox proportional hazards models. After adjustment for confounders, compared with a moderate increase in BMI between ages 25 and 40 years, stable or decreasing BMI was positively associated with ALS risk (odds ratio (OR)=1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 2.16). A 1-unit increase in BMI at age 40 years (OR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.91, 0.98) but not at age 25 years (OR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.03) was inversely associated with ALS. These associations were similar for bulbar and spinal ALS but stronger for those with a delay of less than 1 year between symptom onset and diagnosis. We found no association between prediagnosis BMI and survival. A decreasing BMI from early to middle age and a low BMI in middle age may be positively associated with ALS risk.

Weight and weight change and risk of acute myocardial infarction and heart failure - the HUNT Study.

To delineate the association of weight with cardiovascular health throughout adulthood. We conducted a population-based prospective cohort study of 26 097 community-dwelling individuals who were followed for 11.4 years with measurements of cardiovascular risk factors and common chronic disorders. Body weight and height were directly measured at baseline in 1995-1997 as they had been 10 and 30 years prior to baseline. From these measurements, we estimated average body mass index (BMI) over time and calculated weight change. The association of average BMI with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) became weaker with adjustment for the most recent BMI measurement, whilst this adjustment had a more limited effect on associations with heart failure (HF) risk. For example, the multi-adjusted hazard ratios for AMI in a comparison of individuals with average BMI until baseline ≥35 kg m(-2) and between 18.5 and 22.4 kg m(-2) decreased from 1.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-2.95] to 1.32 (0.73-2.40). The corresponding numbers for HF were 3.12 (1.85-5.27) and 2.95 (1.53-5.71), respectively. The associations between weight change and risk of AMI and HF were U-shaped, with stable weight showing the lowest risk. Sustained overweight or obesity over time is associated with increased risk of HF, even after adjustment for the most recent BMI. For AMI risk, the most recent BMI appears to be the most important. Weight change also increases risks for both outcomes beyond the effects of BMI. Our results suggest that a global epidemic of obesity is likely to increase the incidence of HF, even if BMI in middle age can be controlled.

Body mass index in early and middle adult life: prospective associations with myocardial infarction, stroke and diabetes over a 30-year period: the British Regional Heart Study

ObjectivesAdiposity in middle age is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes; less is known about the impact of adiposity from early adult life. We examined...

OP31 Effect of adiposity in early and middle adult life on cardiovascular disease and diabetes in later life; findings from the British Regional Heart Study

Background Adiposity in middle-age is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. However, the impact of adiposity from early adult life on these disease outcomes is yet to be clearly defined, particularly in historic and contemporary cohorts with differing levels of adiposity. We examined the effect of increased body mass index (BMI) in early and middle adulthood on cardiometabolic outcomes in later life. Methods A prospective study of 7735 men with BMI measured in middle adulthood (40–59 years, mean age 50 years). BMI at 21 years of age was ascertained from military records, or recalled from middle age (allowing for reporting bias). BMI at both ages, smoking status at entry into British Regional Heart Study (mean age 50 years) and 30 year outcome follow-up data for Type-2 diabetes, myocardial Infarction and stroke were available for 5037 (65%) men. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the effect of BMI at both ages on cardiometabolic outcomes in late adulthood (adjusting for age and smoking status, and town as a fixed effect). Results Among the 5037 men, weight from military records was available for 2205 (44%), with the remainder obtained from recall (adjusted for reporting bias). At mean ages 21 and 50, prevalences of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) were 9.6%, 46%, and obesity (≥30 kg/m²) 1.5%, 7.4%, respectively. A 1 kg/m² increase in BMI at 21 years was associated with a 6% increase in the risk for diabetes in later life (hazard ratio HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04, 1.09); this was a third of the effect size of an equivalent increase in BMI in middle-age (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.18, 1.24). While BMI in middle age was associated with all cardiovascular outcomes (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04–1.08 for myocardial infarction; 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.06 for stroke), early increases in BMI showed no associations with myocardial infarction or stroke. Conclusion BMI at 21 years of age shows modest long-term associations with diabetic outcomes, but not with other cardiometabolic outcomes. BMI in later life was a stronger determinant of cardiometabolic events. This study provides novel and potentially important information on the role of BMI in early adult life on long-term cardiometabolic outcomes. This will inform our understanding of current obesity patterns affecting young people on key cardiometabolic risk in later life.

Association of body mass index in early adulthood and middle age with future site-specific cancer mortality: the Harvard Alumni Health Study

Background:The association between adiposity in early adulthood and subsequent development of specific malignancies is unclear. Further, the potential for mediation by adiposity in middle age has not been well examined. In a rare study, we investigated the association of body mass index (BMI) in early adulthood with mortality from several site-specific cancers.Design:In the Harvard Alumni Health Study cohort, 19 593 males had a physical examination at the university between 1914 and 1952 (mean age: 18.4 years) and returned a questionnaire in 1962 or 1966 (mean age = 45.1 years). BMI was computed using weight (kg)/height2 (m2) at both time points. Vital status follow up continued for a maximum of 82 years.Results:Positive early adulthood cancer mortality gradients by BMI were found for all malignancies combined (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.17 for a one standard deviation increase in early adulthood BMI), and for lung (HR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.10–1.40) and skin (HR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.96–1.75) cancers. There were also apparent associations for cancers of the oesophagus and urogenital sites. Mediation by BMI in middle age was found to be minimal.Conclusion:Higher BMI in early adulthood appears to be a direct risk factor for selected malignancies several decades later.

Birthweight, body-mass index in middle age, and incident coronary heart disease

Several studies have shown a relation between fetal development, as shown by birthweight, and later coronary heart disease. This study investigated whether this relation is predominantly the consequence of early life exposures, or can best be explained in terms of an interaction between influences in early life and in adulthood. This prospective study in Caerphilly, South Wales, included 1258 men, aged 45-59 at initial screening, who were able to provide birthweight data. These men are from an initial cohort of 2512 men, from whom information has been obtained in a series of examinations since 1979 on health-related behaviours, incidence of coronary heart disease, and risk factors. The main outcome measure was fatal and non-fatal coronary heart disease during 10 years of follow-up. Higher birthweight was related to lower risk of coronary heart disease during the follow-up period: coronary heart disease occurred in 46 (11.6%) men in the lowest birthweight tertile, 44 (12.0%) of those in the middle tertile, and 38 (9.1%) of those in the highest tertile (p = 0.03). Stratification of the cohort by body-mass index (BMI) revealed a significant interaction such that the inverse association between birthweight and risk of coronary heart disease was restricted to men in the top tertile of BMI (interaction test p = 0.048 adjusted for age, and p = 0.012 fully adjusted). Within the top BMI tertile, coronary heart disease occurred in 19 (16.4%) of men in the lowest birthweight tertile, 13 (12.6%) of those in the middle tertile, and 13 (7.5%) of those in the highest tertile (p = 0.0005). These associations were not changed substantially by adjustment for age, father's social class, own social class, marital status, fibrinogen and cholesterol concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and smoking history. The association between birthweight and risk of coronary heart disease cannot be explained by associations with childhood or adulthood socioeconomic status. Nor do conventional risk factors for coronary heart disease in adulthood account for the association. However, there is an important interaction between birthweight and BMI such that the increased risk of coronary heart disease associated with low birthweight is restricted to people who have high BMI in adulthood. Risk of coronary heart disease seems to be defined by the combined effect of early-life and later-life exposures.