Body Frame Research Articles

Flipping the Script – Adopting Autopsy Protocol for Cadaveric Dissection in Gross Anatomy

Autopsy is a postmortem investigation of the body to determine the cause of death or extent of disease, also serving a quality assurance role by evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and outcomes in clinical medicine. Autopsy also holds promise in medical education as a focal point for integration and correlation of basic & clinical medical knowledge. Unfortunately, the vast educational potential goes unrealized due to several barriers such as clinicolegal risks, potential exposure to biohazardous materials, limited time, space, and negative stigma. On the other hand, cadaveric dissection in gross anatomy is in rapid decline in medical education as sweeping curricular changes continue to reduce contact hours in favor of systemic and clinical integration. The situation was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which demanded expeditious online migration of classes and will likely have a long lasting and transformative impact on the educational landscape. At this time, a unique opportunity exists to adopt an autopsy protocol for cadaveric dissection in gross anatomy to actualize the untapped potential of clinical practice. Therefore, in a pilot project, the feasibility and perceived value of adopting autopsy protocol in cadaveric dissection were evaluated. Four students with regional gross anatomy dissection experience and faculty (n=2) completed dissections of four cadavers using an en masse autopsy protocol. First, external examination of the whole body noting all surface anatomy including scars, abrasions, contusions, and tumors, provided an opportunity to make acquaintance with the body donor. Second, thoracic and abdominopelvic organs were removed en masse (Figure 1) with minimal disruption to the musculoskeletal framework, preserving most neurovascular supply and anatomic relationships of multiple organ systems. The en masse organ block was further dissected into organ system blocks to demonstrate relationships of individual organs. Finally, the musculoskeletal system of the main body frame was regionally dissected. Unstructured interviews of faculty and students were conducted to gauge experience and perceptions of autopsy protocol in cadaveric dissection. A survey of student dissectors (n=4) and observers (n=4) was conducted to qualitatively assess educational value. All participants unanimously reported that autopsy protocol and the en masse organ blocks would benefit gross anatomy education. Students reported new knowledge gained on the boundary of the peritoneum, retroperitoneal structures, ligaments of the visceral organs, and spatial relationships of organ systems that are lost in regional dissections. These outcomes suggest that integrating an en masse autopsy protocol in a gross anatomy course is a viable option that offers a clinical approach to learning gross anatomy. Taken together, adopting autopsy protocol in some form in medical education holds ample opportunity to integrate multiple basic science subjects and clinical practice. Educational value of the autopsy protocol in gross anatomy education will be investigated in the future studies.

In-flight inertial navigation system alignment under non-controlled delays in aiding data

In the presented paper we consider a well-known in-flight alignment problem for strapdown inertial navigation system (INS) via position and velocity data provided by the reference inertial navigation system. Main challenges of the mentioned problem are displacement of the reference navigation system relative to the navigation system being aligned, mutual misalignment of the relevant body frames, the presence of uncontrolled time delays in the positional and velocity aiding data. We propose in-flight alignment algorithm that was tested based on simulation. Typical vehicle’s trajectories were derived from relevant telemetry data. The results of numerical experiments are also presented.

Effects of spray-dried bovine plasma protein in milk replacers fed at a high plane of nutrition on performance, intestinal permeability, and morbidity of Holstein calves

Spray-dried plasma protein (SDP) has been shown to improve growth and intestinal function in young calves when included in milk replacers (MR) fed at conventional rates. Use of an SDP and wheat protein blend to replace a portion of whey protein has been shown to perform similarly to using an all-whey protein control MR. However, a trend in the dairy industry is to feed calves for greater rates of growth during the preweaning period. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of increasing amounts of SDP inclusion in MR on growth and health of calves fed at a high plane of nutrition. Young (<7 d) Holstein calves were offered starter and assigned to 1 of 5 MR treatments: an all-milk protein (whey) control MR (0SDP, n = 26) or MR containing 5% SDP (5SDP, n = 20), 7.5% SDP (7.5SDP, n = 14), 10% SDP (10SDP, n = 20), or 12% of an approximate 1:1 SDP plus wheat protein blend (PW, n = 17). All MR were formulated to contain 26% CP and 16% fat and were fed at a maximum rate of 1 kg of powder (as fed) from d 8 to 36. Amounts of MR powder were decreased by 25%/wk from d 37 to weaning at d 57. Thereafter, calves were provided only starter feed until the end of the study at d 63. On d 4, 15, 36, and 57, intestinal permeability was assessed via oral administration of lactulose and d-mannitol followed by analysis of lactulose and mannitol in blood at 60 min after administration. Increasing SDP led to a small linear decrease in MR consumed. There was a tendency for a positive linear relationship between increasing SDP and average daily gain of body weight, and SDP had mixed effects on body frame variables. Increasing SDP tended to increase fecal scores and increased the amount of fluid therapy given. Diet had no effect on intestinal permeability. Increasing SDP led to an increase in serum total cholesterol and serum urea N and tended to have a quadratic effect on serum glucose concentration on d 36. Calves fed PW tended to have increased withers height, increased intestinal permeability on d 36, and an increased likelihood of being medicated for any reason or being medicated for respiratory illness, but growth and health were not different from the control diet otherwise. Feeding PW led to an increase in serum total cholesterol and tended to lead to increased serum glucose concentration on d 36. Results of this study indicate that SDP can be included at up to 10% as fed in the MR of calves fed at a high plane of nutrition (1 kg/d of MR powder, as fed) with improvements in average daily gain. Additionally, a 1:1 SDP plus wheat protein blend can be used at 12% inclusion with no difference in most health and growth parameters.

Multidisciplinary Lightweight Optimization for Front Impact Structure of Body Frame Based on Active and Passive Safety

The Analytic Target Cascading (ATC) is an effective method for solving hierarchical Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) problems. At the same time, this method suffers from poor convergence and low accuracy, which is caused by the inconsistency of system constraints. In this paper, a novel ATC method based on dynamic relaxation factor is proposed. The dynamic relaxation factor of consistency constraint is added in the system level and is adjusted by the deviation of the linking variables between the levels to ensure the feasible region of the design space. The effectiveness and accuracy of this method are verified by a mathematical example. This method is used to solve the lightweight problem of the trussed front part of the vehicle body frame based on active and passive safety to achieve the collaborative optimization of lightweight trussed frame, crash safety, and aerodynamic characteristics. The important value of the novel ATC method based on dynamic relaxation factor in engineering applications is proven.

Determination of dynamic performance of freight cars taking into account technical condition of side bearers

Purpose. The railway transport plays an important role in social and economic life of the country and carries out the large containment of transportation activities. The transport industry should migrate towards innovation changes and increase its significance as an important transit subsystem on the way of renovation of both the infrastructure and the strategy of all transportation process components including the interaction with other transport modes. At present the life sets strategic challenges for the railway branch, and the basic goals among them are as follows: high-speed train traffic development, increase of the weight of freight trains, new rolling stock development etc. Due to the urgency of this subject, the researchers should cope with the task devoted to one of aspects of improving the freight transportation efficiency, namely to the study of effects of various factors and characteristics of technical conditions of the freight cars running gears (which are unavoidable to arise during operation) on their basic dynamic indices. The deviations of technical conditions of running gears from the normal state of the wedge system of bogie swing suspension also play an important role among them. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the influence of different factors of the technical conditions of freight car running gears (size deviation in both the bearers and the wedge system during operation) on their basic indices – coefficients of horizontal and vertical dynamics, vehicle body acceleration, frame strength, and derailment stability coefficient. Methodology. The study was conducted by numerical integration and mathematical modeling of the freight car dynamic loading using the software package “Dynamics of Rail Vehicles” (“DYNRAIL”). Findings. As a result of the research for freight car dynamic coefficients determination taking into account technical conditions of the side bearers, the dependencies of the basic freight cars dynamic coefficients on the parameters of side bearers (the clearances in the side bearers and the wedge system conditions of the bogie swing suspension) considering running speed in the tangent and curved track sections of minor and mean radii were obtained. Originality. The impact of the technical condition of the car running gears on the traffic safety factors is determined.Practical value. The theoretical research results in determination of freight car dynamic indices taking into consideration the technical conditions of the side bearers of freight cars allow for an adequate assessment of effect of the freight car bogies’ technical conditions, namely the bearers parameters, on the railway traffic safety factors (coefficients of horizontal and vertical dynamics, vehicle body acceleration, frame strength and derailment stability coefficient).

Optimization and Microstructural Evaluation of Processing Parameters on the Density and Surface Hardness of Dual Phase Steel

The body frame of the automobile is an essential and critical component of a car. This part when subjected to extreme impact, could lead to mechanical failure, which could endanger human life. The effectiveness of the material in safeguarding human life can be influenced by both the selection of materials and the manufacturing process. Dual Phase (DP) steel of 600 grades was developed from low carbon steel (0.13wt) at different temperatures and holding time using bitumen as the quenching medium. The material was developed with improved mechanical properties to withstand impact due to accidents. The influence of processing parameters on the surface hardness and density was analyzed using response surface methodology to develop a prediction model.

Homoeopathy a boon for rheumatoid arthiritis

Bone is the important part of our body, without bone there is no existence of human body. Bone is the frame of a human body; The whole-body structure depends upon bone. Any disease related to bone and related structure will lead to one of the leading disorders of bone that is RHEUMATOID ARTHIRITIS. Rheumatoid Arthritisis an auto-immune enlightened disorder of cartilage degeneration, inflammation, and affects joint lining causing painful swelling. Rheumatoid Arthritis leads to pain, disability as well as difficulty in joints and restricts the routine movements of human being. Rheumatoid Arthritis is most common rheumatic disease; Limitation of controversial medicine management of this condition indicates the real need to safe and effective treatment of osteoarthritis. In Homoeopathy there is lots of scope for the treatment of this disease because homoeopathy follows the nature of law similia similibus curenture and treats the person as a whole by doing the individualization and selecting the constitutional medicine and stops the recurrence of auto-immune diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis, psoriasis and others without other suffering and side effects.

Framing real beauty: A framing approach to the effects of beauty advertisements on body image and advertising effectiveness

Current literature is inconsistent about the effects of idealized (i.e., thin) vs. non-idealized (i.e., average or plus-size) models on young women’s well-being. This inconsistency may be explained by different frames (i.e., passive body, active body, and subject) surrounding beauty ad models. The current experimental study among 568 women aged 18–30 years (M = 21.45, SD = 1.84) tested the effects of differently framed ads featuring idealized vs. non-idealized models on well-being and ad effectiveness while taking into account the mediating role of cognitive schemas and moderating role of thin-ideal internalization. Results showed that a passive body frame generated more appearance schemas compared to a subject frame. The effects of framing on body functionality schemas operated differently for idealized vs. non-idealized models. The passive body frame also induced inferior ad outcomes (i.e., lower attitudes to the advertisement and brand and lower purchase intent) compared to an active body frame. No other main framing effects nor moderating effects of thin-ideal internalization were found. These results for advertising outcomes can encourage beauty brands to stop using typical objectifying ads.

Arbitrary-angle rotation of the polarization of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate

We have employed the theory of harmonically trapped dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates to examine the influence of a uniform magnetic field that rotates at an arbitrary angle to its own orientation. This is achieved by semi-analytically solving the dipolar superfluid hydrodynamics of this system within the Thomas-Fermi approximation and by allowing the body frame of the condensate's density profile to be tilted with respect to the symmetry axes of the nonrotating harmonic trap. This additional degree of freedom manifests itself in the presence of previously unknown stationary solution branches for any given dipole tilt angle. We also find that the tilt angle of the stationary state's body frame with respect to the rotation axis is a nontrivial function of the trapping geometry, rotation frequency, and dipole tilt angle. For rotation frequencies of at least an order of magnitude higher than the in-plane trapping frequency, the stationary state density profile is almost perfectly equivalent to the profile expected in a time-averaged dipolar potential that effectively vanishes when the dipoles are tilted along the ``magic angle'' 54.7 deg. However, by linearizing the fully time-dependent superfluid hydrodynamics about these stationary states, we find that they are dynamically unstable against the formation of collective modes, which we expect would result in turbulent decay.

Closed-loop control of soft continuum manipulators under tip follower actuation

Continuum manipulators, inspired by nature, have drawn significant interest within the robotics community. They can facilitate motion within complex environments where traditional rigid robots may be ineffective, while maintaining a reasonable degree of precision. Soft continuum manipulators have emerged as a growing subfield of continuum robotics, with promise for applications requiring high compliance, including certain medical procedures. This has driven demand for new control schemes designed to precisely control these highly flexible manipulators, whose kinematics may be sensitive to external loads, such as gravity. This article presents one such approach, utilizing a rapidly computed kinematic model based on Cosserat rod theory, coupled with sensor feedback to facilitate closed-loop control, for a soft continuum manipulator under tip follower actuation and external loading. This approach is suited to soft manipulators undergoing quasi-static deployment, where actuators apply a follower wrench (i.e., one that is in a constant body frame direction regardless of robot configuration) anywhere along the continuum structure, as can be done in water-jet propulsion. In this article we apply the framework specifically to a tip actuated soft continuum manipulator. The proposed control scheme employs both actuator feedback and pose feedback. The actuator feedback is utilized to both regulate the follower load and to compensate for non-linearities of the actuation system that can introduce kinematic model error. Pose feedback is required to maintain accurate path following. Experimental results demonstrate successful path following with the closed-loop control scheme, with significant performance improvements gained through the use of sensor feedback when compared with the open-loop case.

A micro hexapod robot for swarm applications assembled from a single FPC sheet

In recent years, micro robots have been actively studied for swarm applications. For example, micro hexapod robots have remarkable mobility on rough terrains. To apply micro hexapod robots in swarm explorations, the fabrication costs of the robots must be reduced. In this study, we propose a hexapod robot for swarm applications, assembled from a single flexible printed circuit (FPC) sheet. The necessary components for swarm applications (the body frame, legs, micro actuators, walking linkages, driving circuits, and microcontroller) are integrated into one FPC sheet. Our robot is assembled by folding one FPC sheet, and eliminating the need to handle and align multiple components during assembly. Thus, the robot can be fabricated cost effectively in short time. Moreover, we perform a driving test of the walking linkage and a walking test of the hexapod robot to demonstrate its effectiveness.

An Intelligent Ellipsoid Calibration Method Based on the Grey Wolf Algorithm for Magnetic Compass

With the measurement of the Earth’s magnetic field, magnetic compass can provide high frequency heading information. However, it suffers from local magnetic interference. An intelligent ellipsoid calibration method based on the grey wolf is proposed to generate optimal parameters for magnetic compass to generate high performance heading information. With the analysis of the projection relationship among the navigation coordinate frame, the body frame and the local horizontal frame, the heading ellipsoid equation is constructed. Furthermore, an improved grey wolf algorithm is proposed to find optimization solution in a large solution space. With the improvement of the convergence factor and the evolutionary mechanism, the improved grey wolf algorithm can generate optimized solution for heading ellipsoid equation. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by a series of vehicle and flight tests. The experimental results show that the proposed method can eliminate errors caused by sensor defects, hard-iron interference, and soft-iron interference effectively. The heading error generated by the magnetic compass is less than 0.2162 degree in real flight tests.

A novel adaptive Kalman filter for Euler-angle-based MEMS IMU/magnetometer attitude estimation

This paper introduces a novel Euler-angle-based adaptive attitude filter for micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit (IMU)/magnetometer fusion. An intelligent coordinate switch algorithm is proposed to overcome the singularity problem that exists in the Euler-angle-based attitude calculation approach. This method rotates the physical IMU body frame and forms a quasi-computational coordinate to perform the attitude and filter update. In addition, a novel noise estimation theorem based on redundant measurement systems is introduced, proofed and employed to adaptively tune the measurement covariance matrix R in the filter. This algorithm uses gyroscope short-term accuracy to evaluate the attitude performance derived from different sensors and optimally assigns weight in the filter update. Simulated and practical experiments are carried out to test the validation of the proposed adaptive attitude filter. The results achieved demonstrate that this approach can provide a promising orientation solution.

Conceptual Design of the Combinable Legged Robot Bio-Inspired by Ants’ Structure

This study presents a new combinable multi-legged modular robot that mimics the structures of ants to expand the physical capabilities of the legged robot. To do this, the robot design is focused on exploring a fusion of two robotic platforms, modular and multi-legged, in which both the body frame and the legged structure are designed to be a rectangular prism and a 3-DoF sprawling-type articulated leg structure, respectively. By imitating ants’ claws, the hook-link structure of the robot as the coupling mechanism is proposed. This study includes the platform’s development, and the experimental work on the locomotion in both single and combined modes is carried out. The result of this study proves that mimicking ants’ structure in the proposed robots successfully enhances the capability of the conventional legged robot. It is feasible to use in a multi-robot system to realize ants’ super-organized behavior.

Reconfigurable laminates enable multifunctional robotic building blocks

Folding and assembling of two-dimensional laminated materials have greatly facilitated robot fabrication by creating robots with lightweight body frames, articulated joints, and embedded actuators and sensors. The combinations of rigid laminates bridged by thin-film flexures, often called rigid-flex linkages, have been extensively used in micro- and macro-scale robots to achieve complex joint motions with simplified kinematic and dynamic properties. Much like traditional robots these rigid-flex laminate robots are designed with a fixed body-plan, and thus may face challenges when environments require mechanical reconfiguration such as stiffening joints for load support or changing appendage morphologies for navigating confined spaces. Recent advances in adaptive materials and smart actuators have highlighted the features that robots with morphable geometries and tunable mechanical properties can provide, such as self-folding joints and variable stiffness and damping mechanisms. However, incorporation of these reconfigurable elements into laminate robots has been limited. In this paper, we present a new method for creating quasi two-dimensional structures for robotics, called reconfigurable laminates, that use geometric reconfiguration of laminate layers to alter passive mechanical properties and actuate joints. Unlike traditional rigid-flex linkages with single-layered flexures, here we create laminate joints with dual-layered soft hinges and rigid channels allowing a multitude of reconfiguration opportunities including: sliding-layer laminates for passive stiffness control, snapping-hinge locks for reconfigurable joints, and buckle-bend joints for bending actuation. Through experimental characterization we demonstrate the capabilities of these multifunctional robotic building blocks.

Технологічні засади забезпечення довговічності кузовів автобусів у процесі виробництва

The article describes the technological principles of ensuring the durability of bus bodies. Features of technologies on increase of corrosion resistance of bodies of buses of public transport are resulted. The basic tendencies at the modern enterprises on improvement of anticorrosive protection and manufacturing of bodies of buses are considered. New materials for the manufacture of bus bodies are presented. The application of new technologies in the production of small-class bus bodies was introduced in Ukraine in the late 1990s. This was a design development of OJSC «Ukravtobusprom», which was used at OJSC «Cherkasy Bus» since the beginning of production of «Bogdan» buses. The body of the bus «Bogdan» A091, in the process of improvement, received a non-seeded structure, which had a number of significant advantages. The use of glued front and rear fiberglass panels on these buses has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the bus body. To protect against corrosion of the side panels began to use steel sheets with double-sided galvanizing, which were welded to the uncovered frame of the body. With further improvement of the technology of corrosion protection, the body frame was completely covered with anti-corrosion, highly adhesive soil. In the places of welding of the cladding panels, the frame pipes are covered with heat-resistant conductive soil. Today, galvanized side panels are glued to JSC «Cherkasy Bus» in the production of «Ataman» A092H6/16 buses, which has significantly reduced the number of corrosion cells. At JSC «Ukravtobusprom» the technology of facing of a body provides even less use of steel elements. On TUR A407 and TUR A303 buses, the cladding is made of composite materials (so-called ecobond sheet), which is glued to the frame using Sika technology. Constant improvement of technologies of anticorrosive protection of bodies of buses promotes increase of durability in realities of operation in our state. Because quite often, as real practice shows, operating organizations do not take measures to eliminate the effects of corrosion until the manifestations of structural corrosion, which make it impossible to further operate the bus.

МЕТОДИКА ВЫБОРА ОПТИМАЛЬНЫХ СХЕМ РАСПОЛОЖЕНИЯ ПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ ОТКЛОНЕНИЙ РАЗМЕРОВ ПРИ СБОРКЕ

The development of mechanical engineering in recent years has led to a special focus on the processing of functionally connected surfaces. In world practice, more attention is paid to the creation of methods, techniques, technological processes, tools, measures, etc., which would reduce the complexity of processing and assembling functionally connected surfaces (FCS) of details and connections. Currently, the connection between the dimensions and positions of surfaces is not standardized for all details. These details include body parts and frames that have V-shaped surfaces and associated planes. Apparently, this is due to the large variety of functionally connected surfaces and the complexity of controlling the technological support of dimensions. When coupling details of metal-cutting machines FCS, it is necessary to ensure simultaneous contact of two combined surfaces of the guides. This article provides a method for selecting the optimal layouts of the size limit deviations when assembling details with FCS. The influence of the location of the size limit deviations on the complexity of the fitting operation when assembling two combined surfaces of details is considered. Possible layouts of the size limit deviations are shown, as well as a diagram of the relative position of the two combined surfaces before the fit operation, depending on the values of the size limit deviations. Some recommendations are given for choosing the optimal layouts of the limit deviations of the dimensions of the adjacent planes: - the position of the adjacent planes depends on the size values and their deviations; - the position of the adjacent planes is significantly affected by the position of the size deviations of the connected planes; - depending on the location of the limit deviations of the size of the joints, the amount of removed allowance varies considerably and leads to a significant change in the labor intensity of the scraping process.

Neuroadaptive saturated control for relative motion based noncooperative spacecraft proximity with prescribed performance

This paper investigates the control issue of the noncooperative spacecraft proximity with prescribed performance by exploiting only relative motion information. To accommodate the direct use of relative measurement, the 6-degree-of-freedom (6DOF) relative dynamics is formulated in the body frame of the pursuer. Based on the smooth Gauss error function, a new asymmetric saturation function is developed to satisfy the practical control limitations. To maintain the relative attitude and position within specified constrained ranges, a novel performance function in possession of the preassigned settling time and convergence set of steady state error is proposed. Based on the backstepping framework, the relative attitude and position controllers are surveyed in sequence. In particular, a state constrained virtual control is first developed for each relative dynamics by introducing a nonlinear transformation. Then a neuroadaptive saturated control law is designed by implementing a Nussbaum function based adaptive control coefficient. Stability analysis indicates that the closed-loop 6DOF relative dynamics are asymptotically stable with prescribed performance. Numerical simulations further verify the proposed control strategy.

Vibration characteristics based pre-stress analysis of a quadcopter’s body frame

An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Quadcopter is a Mechatronic device consisting of four propellers. Over the past few years we have seen the tremendous growth in the manufacturing of Quadcopters. It has wide range of applications in engineering as well as in daily routine. Present study focuses on the analysis of a Quadcopter’s body frame, because the body frame supports the mechanical and electronics components of the Quadcopter. The Quadcopter’s body frame is subjected to vibration during the flight; in addition, various forces and payload are applied on the body frame. Therefore, in the present study, a Quadcopter body frame has been analyzed on the bases of vibration frequency in order to determine the most prone areas of failure. Furthermore, the simulation results have been analyzed and compared for the normal and pre-stress vibration conditions.

УМОВИ ТА ЗАХОДИ ПО ПІДВИЩЕННЮ ДОВГОВІЧНОСТІ КУЗОВІВ АВТОБУСІВ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ ПІД ЧАС ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ

The article considers the operating conditions that affect the durability of the bus body and proposes measures to increase the durability of public transport bus bodies during operation. The object of study - conditions and measures that affect the durability of public transport bus bodies during operation. Objective - development of recommendations for increasing the durability of bus bodies during operation. Research Methods - analytical. The analysis of factors in the fuel for the car bodywork in the bus transport in the first hour of operation was carried out. It has been established that the car body must be replaced with a bus, so that it's possible to use it and it's possible to immediately renew the anti-corrosion protection. Normal minds are presented: a bus route on roads I - III categories, transportation of passengers at roads, I don't change, technically permissible value, I don't overrun roads at a distance of 50 km / year. I'll show you how to look at the material base of motor transport enterprises, 95% of motor transport companies in Ukraine don't have any notice for a winter bus. In addition, during the winter period, you need to thoroughly think and understand that there is a bus and a bus that is due to obstructions and icy roads. Technology has been scattered, and the anti-corrosion grease has been closed by a worn empty bus body frame. As a result, the robots have been installed, which is effective for the effective anti-corrosion protection of the body elements of the body frame, which is necessary and certified. In addition, during the winter period, you need to thoroughly think and understand that there is a bus and a bus that is due to obstructions and icy roads. Technology has been scattered, and the anti-corrosion grease has been closed by a worn empty bus body frame. As a result, the robots have been installed, which is effective for the effective anti-corrosion protection of the body elements of the body frame, which is necessary and certified. KEY WORDS: BUS, NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS, CORROSION PROTECTION, DURABILITY.