Body Frame Size Research Articles

Assessment of Body Frame Size by Elbow Breadth and Frame Index and Its Relation to Body Composition Parameters among Tribal Preschool Children in West Bengal, India.

In children, body frame size estimation is used to interpret body mass and evaluate growth patterns. The present study aims to assess the body frame size by elbow breadth and frame index and its relation to body composition parameters among tribal preschool children (1-5 years of age). In the present study, 848 preschool children (430 boys and 418 girls) were included. The mean elbow breadth showed an increasing trend with increasing age, but inverse results were observed in the case of frame index. Age-wise, statistically significant sex differences were found in mean elbow breadth and frame index (except for 2 years of age). Boys show higher mean elbow breadth and frame index in all age groups, and significant sex differences were found. Elbow breadth and frame index had the strongest significant positive correlations with fat free mass (FFM) (r = 0.590, P < 0.01) and FFM index (r = 0.539, P < 0.01), respectively.

Phenotypic signatures of urbanization? Resident, but not migratory, songbird eye size varies with urban-associated light pollution levels.

Urbanization now exposes large portions of the earth to sources of anthropogenic disturbance, driving rapid environmental change and producing novel environments. Changes in selective pressures as a result of urbanization are often associated with phenotypic divergence; however, the generality of phenotypic change remains unclear. In this study, we examined whether morphological phenotypes in two residential species (Carolina Wren [Thryothorus ludovicianus] and Northern Cardinal [Cardinalis cardinalis]) and two migratory species (Painted Bunting [Passerina ciris], and White-eyed Vireo [Vireo griseus]), differed between urban core and edge habitats in San Antonio, Texas, USA. More specifically, we examined whether urbanization, associated sensory pollution (light and noise) and brightness (open, bright areas cause by anthropogenic land use) influenced measures of avian body (mass and frame size) and lateral eye size. We found no differences in body size between urban core and edge habitats for all species except the Painted Bunting, in which core-urban individuals were smaller. Rather than a direct effect of urbanization, this was due to differences in age structure between habitats, with urban-core areas consisting of higher proportions of younger buntings which are, on average, smaller than older birds. Residential birds inhabiting urban-core areas had smaller eyes compared to their urban-edge counterparts, resulting from a negative association between eye size and light pollution and brightness across study sites; notably, we found no such association in the two migratory species. Our findings demonstrate how urbanization may indirectly influence phenotypes by altering population demographics and highlight the importance of accounting for age when assessing factors driving phenotypic change. We also provide some of the first evidence that birds may adapt to urban environments through changes in their eye morphology, demonstrating the need for future research into relationships among eye size, ambient light microenvironment use, and disassembly of avian communities as a result of urbanization.

Comparison of frame index reference percentiles in Argentine and European boys and girls.

The frame index (FI), based on measurements of elbow breadth and height, is the body frame size parameter most frequently used in child and adolescent populations to assess skeletal robustness. In 2018, the first FI reference percentiles were elaborated with data of boys and girls aged 0-18 years from different European populations. In Argentina, the FI reference values were published in 2022. The present study aims to compare the Argentine (AR) and European (EU) FI reference percentiles to evaluate possible variation in bone robustness between populations. The values of the 3rd, 50th and 97th percentiles of the AR and EU FI references for boys and girls aged 4-14 years were compared using the Wilcoxon test (p < .05). Percentage differences between means (PDM) were calculated to analyze the magnitude of the differences between both references. The R 3.2.0 program was used to plot the percentile curves. The FI reference values were lower in AR than in EU in both the 3rd and the 50th percentiles, regardless of sex and age. Conversely, the AR reference values of the 97th percentile were higher than the EU values at most ages. The comparison of the AR and EU FI references showed similar age and sex growth patterns. However, differences in percentile values between populations were observed, highlighting the importance of having local references for the evaluation of skeletal robustness.

Non-gonadal linear type traits can discriminate reproductive ability of breeding dairy bulls.

Linear type traits are easily measurable phenotypic characteristics that help breed characterization, selection of animals for breeding and found to be associated with animals' performance. Unlike cows, there have been limited studies linking body linear traits with male reproductive ability and semen cryo-preservability of breeding bulls. Present study reported the age-related changes in body linear type traits in Frieswal (N=378) dairy bulls and its relevance with reproductive potentials of breeding bulls. Our results indicated that body frame size traits were significantly and positively correlated with gonadal linear traits. Among the selected body mophometric parameters body length, chest girth and head circumference were the important body linear type traits having capability to discriminate between bulls of frozen semen doses (FSD) and non-FSD categories. Discriminant function has been developed based on body linear traits of crossbred dairy bulls to find out males of superior reproductive potentials. Our finding provided evidence that body length (humerous tuberosity to tuber ischii) was the most powerful linear body trait associated with breeding bulls' reproductive ability and semen quality.

Anthropometric parameters to estimate body frame size in children and adolescents: A systematic review.

To determine the most frequently body frame size (BFS) measurement and to compare the cut-off values used for classifying body size in children and adolescents. This systematic review focused on primary studies and scientific reports published in Medline Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, or Scopus between January 1, 2007 and March 31, 2021. Eligible studies must have included at least one BFS parameter measured in healthy children or adolescents. A descriptive analysis and graphic comparison were performed when values of the body frame were available. A total of 26 studies involving 317 202 children and adolescents from all over the world were included. The report of Frame index predominated (46%). It was followed by the biacromial diameter single or combined with the bitrochanteric and biiliocristal diameter (27%), the wrist circumference (19%), and the grant index (12%). Fourteen studies reported percentile values of the BFS measurement, but only four presented cut-off values. There was no unified BFS measurement in children and adolescents neither reference cut-off values for categorization. The Frame index was the most frequently used. It is difficult to compare BFS statistics due to the diversity of measurements. It is necessary to standardize the use of the methods for measuring BFS.

Accessibility to Reproductive Technologies by Low-Income Beef Farmers in South Africa.

This study address historical legacy of South Africa that has dual economies resembling low and high income beef sectors. Low-income herds are farmed mainly under communal village or land reform farms. The study focused on providing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to the low-income sector including finding challenges to its implementation and adoption. The study was conducted in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces using mixed methods that looked at cows and sectors stakeholders. Data collected and evaluated on cows included breed type, frame size, body condition, age parity, and lactation status. Cows were exposed to ART through synchronisation, oestrus detection, fixed time artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis. Qualitative data was collected to study perception of key stakeholders on ART implementation and adoption. Chi-Square Test was computed to determine the association among cow factors. Qualitative data was collected, coded and managed into themes using Nvivo Version 11. Themes that emerged were interpreted using critical social and systems thinking. Conception rate was not independent of provinces (P < 0.05), cow body condition score (BCS) and body frame size. KwaZulu-Natal cows had the highest conception rate at 66% (P < 0.05) than Limpopo (44%) and Mpumalanga (60%) provinces. Cows with a BCS higher than 3.5 had higher conception rate (P < 0.05) than those with BCS of <2.5 and 3. Interestingly, large framed cow size had higher conception rate than medium and small framed (P < 0.05) cows. The study achieved a 100% calf survival rate. Calving rate was influenced by body BCS, province and district (P < 0.05). Calving rate of 58% in Mpumalanga and 54% in KwaZulu-Natal was higher than that recorded in Limpopo at 36% (P < 0.05). Interestingly, cows with BCS of <2.5 had a higher calving rate than those with a higher body condition score of 3 (P < 0.05). Perception study results revealed many factors that could affect the adoption and implementation of ART in the study areas. The high success rate and above average reproductive performance led to North West and KwaZulu-Natal provinces adopting ART as part of their low-income beef sector support.

261 Sorting strategy and effect of variation on profitability of a pen of feedlot steers

Abstract Variation in feedlot cattle has a negative effect on feedlot profitability and beef products. Alternative sorting strategies may help reduce variation within a pen of feedlot cattle and improve beef product uniformity. A dynamic, deterministic model was built to predict growth, body composition, and carcass value for individual steers. Individual steer measurements for initial body weight (BW), frame size, and body fat percent were obtained from a set of Angus-based steers (n = 62; BW = 293kg) and used as initial values in the model. The model predicted individual steer BW, Yield and Quality Grades, and carcass values for each day in the feeding period. Total steer profit was calculated as carcass value minus feed costs and steer purchase price. Profitability was evaluated using four sorting strategies: 1) steers purchased, fed, and marketed as a lot without sorting; 2) steers purchased, sorted by BW at initial processing, and fed and marketed as two independent pens; 3) steers purchased and fed as a lot until midway through the feeding period, and then were sorted by BW into two pens that were marketed independently; and 4) steers purchased and fed as a lot and each individual steer was sold at the optimal time. Optimal marketing time was defined as the day profit reached a maximum value. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, changing all prices ± 10% while all other variables were held constant. Scenario 4 was most profitable, with a mean profit of $161.78 ± 144.79 per steer, representing the greatest possible profit. Scenario 1, the practice commonly used by commercial feedlots, was the least profitable ($122.45 ± 139.65). Scenario 2 ranked third ($125.10 ± 137.42), and Scenario 3 ranked second ($127.85 ± 137.73), but mean profit per head only differed by $2.75, indicating steers grew at a relatively constant rate, and there was no additional benefit in sorting mid-way through the finishing period versus at initial processing. Body weight at harvest and carcass weight varied across scenarios, but mean quality grade was similar for all four scenarios. Mean profit per was most sensitive to grid base price. In scenario 1, a ± 10% change in grid base price resulted in a 145 and –136% profit change, respectively. Sorting feedlot steers into similar feeding and marketing groups reduces pen variation, increasing carcass value, decreasing feed costs, and improving overall profitability.

Portable and wireless imaging of dorsal hand vein

&lt;p&gt;Technologies for visualization of dorsal hand vein are of the great interest in the studies of drugs-body response, identity authentication and human metabolism. This study integrates near infrared (NIR) technology into an optical system for non-contact, mobile and quick on the spot visualization of dorsal vascular system. The performance of the developed system was tested on twenty subjects of different skin tone and body frame dimensions. The results showed that the proposed system is able to produce output image of Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Peak SNR of greater than 30 dB and 20 dB, respectively. While this work found a correlation between skin tone and image quality metrics, high consistency was observed in the quality metrics calculated for image data of individuals having different body frame size. This work concluded that the proposed system can be suitably used as a portable and robust tool for enhanced visualization of dorsal hand vein.&lt;/p&gt;

Body frame size, body image, self-esteem, and health-related quality of life in schoolchildren.

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between body frame size (BFS) and body image, self-esteem, and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in Mexican schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study included children aged 6 to 11 years. Body image, self-esteem, and HRQL were evaluated through interviews. Two frame-size measures, biacromial and bitrochanteric diameters, were collected and summed for categorizing BFS as small, medium, or large. Height and weight were also measured. Spearman's correlations were determined and adjusted by sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed with the psychological measure as the binary dependent variable, the categories of BFS as the independent variable, and sex, age, and BMI as control variables. The correlation between BFS and body image was 0.15 (P < .01) and after BMI adjustment was 0.07 (P > .05). BFS did not correlate with self-esteem nor HRQL (P > .05). Of the children, 79% were dissatisfied with their body image, 20% had a low self-esteem, and 31.8% had a poorly perceived HRQL; there were no differences by BFS. The multivariate analysis showed that a large BFS was not associated with body image dissatisfaction (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.6-2.3), low self-esteem (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.7-2.6), or poor HRQL (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.8-2.2). BFS was not correlated with body image, self-esteem, or HRQL. A high self-esteem and a good level of HRQL prevailed, but a high proportion of children were dissatisfied with their body image. School interventions should promote an appropriate body image and a healthy lifestyle.

New anthropometric indices in the definition of metabolic syndrome in pediatrics

Pediatrics metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be associated with the risk of development of chronic diseases in adulthood; however, the definition of pediatric MetS is unclear, and may vary with ethnicity. The primary goal of this study was to determine the best anthropometric predictors for pediatric MetS. For this purpose, 988 high school girls were recruited. Anthropometric indices and biochemical parameters were measured using standard procedures. The adapted MetS for pediatrics, including the IDF, NCEP, and two modified-NCEPs (Cook's and DeFerranti's) were used to establish a diagnosis of MetS. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and MedCalc softwares. Except for body frame size (r), the values for anthropometric indices were significantly lower in an individual without MetS. Waist to height (WHtR), BMI and hip circumference (HiC) showed the strongest association with the different MetS definitions. For the IDF definition, the highest sensitivity and specificity were observed for HiC (100.0, 85.2) and WHtR (100.0, 84.7); while for the NCEP definition, the r index showed the highest sensitivity (85.0); but low specificity made it inapplicable. For the Cook's definition of MetS, wrist circumference (WrC), HiC, WHtR, BMI and SR had similar sensitivity values with WC (92.9%), and HiC (85.3%) have the highest specificity. WHtR (86.05, 80.5), SR (86.05, 82.7) and HiC (76.7, 87.0) sensitivity and specificity were the best indexes for DeFerranti's criteria. Based on this date, we concluded that HiC and WHtR might be helpful as auxiliary indexes for pediatric MetS definition; however, further studies are required in both genders.

Produktivitas Sapi Bali Betina dan Hasil Persilangannya dengan Limousin dan Simmental yang di Pelihara Berbasis Pakan Hijauan di Kabupaten Keerom Papua

Development of cattle in the Papua region still faces many obstacles, particularly the limited number of cattle population and the quality of the animal dominated by bali cattle. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of bali cattle and their crosses with limousin and simental through artificial insemination. This study was carried out on December 2016 to February 2017 in the Arso and Skanto Districts, Keerom Regency, Papua. Ninty four heads of used in this study, comprising 57 bali catsle, 18 bali x limousin and 19 bali x simmental crosses through artificial insemination programe. Parameters vanahle included reproduction characteristics, body weight and linear body measurement. The observation were conducted of calf (&lt;12 month), young (13-24 month) and adult animal(&gt;25 month). The results indicated that the female bali cattle and their crosses with limousin and simmental raised on forage based feed showed different reproduction and production perfomances. The cross bred cow (bali x limousin and bali x simmental) tended to have longer age at first mating, higher service per conception and lower calving rate. Based on forage feed, the cross bred cow had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher body weight and body frame size, particularly body weght, hip height, body lengt and heart girh at adult age. In general, the crosses between bali and limousin or simmental for cow-calf production could be developed on a forage based feed at Keerom District, Papua.

The effect of assisted reproductive technologies on cow productivity under communal and emerging farming systems of South Africa

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to determine the effect of assisted reproductive technologies on cow productivity. The study was conducted with organized cattle farmers under communal and emerging farming systems from three provinces, namely; Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. Cow parameters evaluated were breed type, body frame size, parity, age, body condition score and lactation status. An ovsynch protocol was used during the oestrous synchronization process. All experimental cows were artificially inseminated with frozen-thawed Nguni semen. The study recorded a calving rate of 48%. The dominant cattle breed types were the Bonsmara, Brahman and Nguni. Chi-Square Test of Independence were computed between calving rate and individual factors. The data were further modelled using logistic regression model for SAS, modelling the probability for success. Calving rate was not independent of provinces, districts and body condition score (P < 0.05). Cows in Mpumalanga had more chances to calve than those in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal. Nguni cattle breed had more chances to calve down than Brahman (P = 0.815), but less chances than Bonsmara cattle breed (P = 1.630). It is recommended for rural farmers to farm with small framed animals because of their higher chances to calve down compared to other cattle breed.

Wrist Circumference and Frame Size Percentiles in 6-17-Year-Old Turkish Children and Adolescents in Kayseri.

Objective:The aim of the current study was to provide wrist circumference (WrC) and body frame size (height/WrC) percentile values in Turkish children and adolescents aged 6-17 years.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, the data of “Determination of Anthropometric Measures of Turkish Children and Adolescents” (DAMTCA II) study in Kayseri/Turkey were used. A total of 4330 observations were recorded (1931 boys, 2399 girls). The WrC and frame size reference values were produced with generalized additive models for location, scale and shape.Results:The WrC percentiles (3rd-97th) were calculated. The frame size (height/WrC) was estimated as small, medium, and large (<15th, 15-85th, and ≥85th percentiles, respectively). For both genders, WrC linearly increased with age (13.0-16.8 cm for boys and 12.5-15.5 cm for girls). In boys and girls, the mean ± standard deviation of WrC is 13.00±0.89 cm and 12.48±0.93 cm (6 years) and increases to 16.83±1.16 and 15.58±0.86 cm (17 years), respectively. The WrC values in all age groups were higher in boys compared with girls. The increment in frame size from 6 to 17 years were 1.25 cm in boys and 0.85 cm in girls.Conclusion:WrC is a simple, easy-to-detect anthropometric index which is not subject to measurement errors. Additionally, WrC can be used both to decide about frame size and to determine metabolic risks related to obesity. We consider that this easy-to-get anthropometric index can be used both in screening procedures and clinical assessment procedure for obesity-related metabolic consequences.

The effect of dietary energy and protein levels on body weight, size, and microflora of ostrich chicks

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dietary energy and protein supplements on performance, weekly body sizes or body frame size, and microbiota of ostrich chicks during 2–9 weeks of age. Two metabolic energy levels of 2400 and 2600 kcal/kg live weight and three protein levels of 20, 22, and 24% were used. A total of 36 ostrich chickens (Struthio camelus) of the blue and black African breed were used. Body weight, 12 body measurements (i.e., circumference of the head, neck, breast, abdomen, thigh, body height, length of tail, list the other 5 here) and excretion of microbial population (Escherichia coli, Coliforms bacteria, and Lactobacillus bacteria) were measured. Mean body weight in each week of the experiment was generally the lowest when chicks were offered 2600 kcal/kg dietary energy and 24% protein. Of the 12 body measurements, the breast, abdomen, and thigh circumference and also body length were greater at the lower energy (2400 kcal/kg) and higher protein (24%) levels. Total Aerobic bacteria excretion was generally lower in response to the diet containing the higher level of energy. We conclude that ostrich chickens during 2–9 weeks of age can grow on diets that contain lower energy levels.

199 Genetic correlation between body weights and frame size measures in Hanwoo

199 Genetic correlation between body weights and frame size measures in Hanwoo

Body frame size in school children is related to the amount of adipose tissue in different depots but not to adipose distribution.

The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that body frame size is related to the amount of fat in different adipose tissue depots and to fat distribution in schoolchildren. Children aged between 5 and 10 years were included in this cross-sectional study (n = 565). Body frame size, adiposity markers (anthropometric, skinfolds thickness, and ultrasound measures), and fat distribution indices were analyzed. Correlation coefficients adjusted by reliability were estimated and analyzed by sex; the significance of the difference between two correlation coefficients was assessed using the Fisher z-transformation. The sample included primarily urban children; 58.6% were normal weight, 16.1% overweight, 19.6% obese, and the rest were underweight. Markers of subcutaneous adiposity, fat mass and fat-free mass, and preperitoneal adiposity showed higher and significant correlations with the sum of the biacromial + bitrochanteric diameter than with the elbow diameter, regardless of sex. The fat distribution conicity index presented significant but weak correlations; and visceral adipose tissue, hepatic steatosis, and the waist-for-hip ratio were not significantly correlated with body frame size measures. Body frame size in school children was related to the amount of adipose tissue in different depots, but not adipose distribution. More studies are needed to confirm this relationship and its importance to predict changes in visceral fat deposition during growth.

Effects of dietary physically effective neutral detergent fiber content on the feeding behavior, digestibility, and growth of 8- to 10-month-old Holstein replacement heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) content on the feeding behavior, digestion, ruminal fermentation parameters, and growth of 8- to 10-mo-old dairy heifers and to predict the adequacy of dietary fiber in growing dairy heifers. Twenty-four Holstein dairy heifers (245 ± 10.8 d of age, 305.6 ± 8.5 kg initial live weight) were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates as a completely randomized design. During the 60-d period with a 10-d adaptation, heifers were offered 1 of 4 diets, which were chemically identical but included different peNDF8.0 (particle size is >8 mm and <19 mm) content (% DM): 10.8, 13.5, 18.0, or 19.8%, which was achieved by chopping forage into different lengths (fine = 1 cm, short = 3 cm, medium = 5 cm, and long = 7 cm). The concentrate and silage were mixed and fed restrictedly and exclusive of forage (Chinese ryegrass hay) were offered ad libitum. The body weight and frame size of the heifers were measured every 15 d during the experimental period. Samples of the rumen content (2 h after the morning feeding) were taken for pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acid determination. The dry matter intake and average daily gain of the heifers were not significantly affected by peNDF8.0 content. The body frame size (including withers height, body length, and heart girth) of the heifers was not increased significantly by enhanced peNDF8.0 content. Ruminal pH and ammonia concentration were both increased with increasing dietary peNDF8.0 content. The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration and percentage of acetate and butyrate profiles were not significantly affected by dietary peNDF8.0 content. However, the enhanced peNDF8.0 content led to a decrease in the propionate percentage. The ratio of acetate to propionate in the 13.5% treatment was highest among the treatments. Increasing the particle size and dietary peNDF8.0 content resulted in increased eating and chewing time but had no effect on rumination time. Heifer total eating and chewing time and eating and chewing time per kilogram of dry matter intake were increased with increasing dietary peNDF8.0 content. The apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber and crude protein was improved with an increasing content of dietary peNDF8.0. The results suggest that an optimal or advisable dietary particle size and peNDF8.0 content improves chewing activity, rumen fluid pH, and ruminal fermentation. The data based on feeding behavioral and growth responses of heifers as well as rumen fermentation and digestion by improving total eating and chewing time indicate that 18.0% dietary peNDF8.0 content is the most suitable for 8- to 10-mo-old Holstein heifers.

Anthropometric and body frame size characteristics in relation to body mass index and percentage body fat among adult Bengalee male brick-kiln workers from Murshidabad, West Bengal, India.

Anthropometric and body frame size parameters (ABFSP) are used to interpret body mass and to evaluate nutritional status. Objective of the present study was to investigate the interrelationships between ABFSP, percentage body fat (BF%) and body mass index (BMI). The study was carried out in a sample of 141 adult Bengalee healthy male brick-kiln workers (age range 18-59 years) from Murshidabad district in West Bengal, India. Body weight was recorded; anthropometric measurements included height, breadth (elbow, wrist, hand, foot, ankle, knee), circumferences (mid-upper arm, chest, waist, hip, thigh, medial calf) and skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac). Derived ABFSP included sum of breadth and circumferences, frame index, BMI, BF%, sum of skinfolds, ratio of central and peripheral skinfolds, arm muscle area, arm muscle circumference, arm fat area and brachial adipo-muscular ratio. Correlations (age-controlled) between ABFSP, BMI and BF% were highly significant (p < 0.001). The ABFSP and BF% varied significantly (p < 0.0001) in relation to BMI-based nutritional status (BNS). Multinomial logistic regression analysis (age-adjusted) showed ABFSP had statistically significant (p < 0.01) relationships with BNS. There were strong interrelationships between ABFSP, BMI and BF% independent of age. The ABFSP in individuals with normal BMI, suffering from undernutrition (low BMI) or overweight are different.

Wrist circumference as a novel negative risk factor for cardiovascular disease among adult men: a median follow-up of 9years.

Wrist circumference is an easy to measure anthropometric index of body frame and bone size. The aim of this study was to examine the association of wrist circumference with incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among adult men. For this study 2531 male participants aged ≥30years, without any history of CVD were selected and followed from 1999 to 2011. Cox proportional hazard models and logistic regression were used to examine the relation of wrist circumference with incident CVD. A total of 339 cases of CVD were reported throughout a median follow-up of 9.4years. In the multi-variable Cox model, 1 unit increase of wrist circumference was inversely associated with incident CVD with a HR (95% CI) of 0.84 (0.72-0.98, P value=0.02). The receiver operating characteristics curve in a logistic regression model for wrist circumference in prediction of CVD showed a cutoff of 17.75cm, beyond which was associated with a lower risk for CVD. In a population with a high prevalence of CVD risk factors, it was shown that a higher wrist circumference was associated with lower risk for incident CVD. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of this inverse relation.

Waist-related anthropometric measures: Simple and useful predictors of coronary heart disease in women

Background: Waist circumference (WC) (abdominal girth), a measure of both subcutaneous and visceral fats, is easily measured and also correlated with body frame size. Waist circumference (WC) and waist–hip ratio (WHR), but not body mass index (BMI), have also been identified as independent predictors of CVD risk, accounting for conventional risk factors in the Framingham risk score model. Aims & Objective: To compare waist-related anthropometric measures such as waist circumference, waist–height ratio (WHtR), waist–hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) as predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 88 women aged 40–80 years. Waist circumference, hip circumference, height, weight, age, and other covariates were collected by a questionnaire. The primary end point was incident CHD that was reported by a physician. χ2-Test or Student’s t-test was used for comparison of quantitative data. The significance of the results was determined by 95% CI and a p value