Body Fat Body Mass Index Research Articles

Body Fat Indices and Biomarkers of Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Study with Implications for Obesity and Peri-implant Oral Health

To examine the relationships between three measures of body fat-body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and total body fat percent-and markers of inflammation around dental implants in stable periodontal maintenance patients. Seventy-three subjects were enrolled in this cross-sectional assessment. The study visit consisted of a physical examination that included anthropologic measurements of body composition (BMI, WC, body fat %); intraoral assessments were performed (full-mouth plaque index, periodontal and peri-implant comprehensive examinations) and peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) was collected on the study implants. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, osteoprotegerin, leptin, and adiponectin in the PISF were measured using multiplex proteomic immunoassays. Correlation analysis with body fat measures was then performed using appropriate statistical methods. After adjustments for covariates, regression analyses revealed statistically significant correlation between IL-1β in PISF and WC (R = 0.33; P = .0047). In this study in stable periodontal maintenance patients, a modest but statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the levels of IL-1β, a major proinflammatory cytokine in PISF, and WC, a reliable measure of central obesity.

Effects of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and relevant factors on neonatal body composition

To compare body composition at birth in the appropriate-for-gestational-age infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal glucose tolerance and determine the influencing factors of body composition in infants of women with GDM and normal glucose tolerance. A study was conducted on 160 appropriate-for-gestational-age infants (90 males and 70 females) of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM group) and 284 appropriate-for-gestational-age infants (139 males and 145 females) of women with normal glucose tolerance (control group). Anthropometric measurements were obtained within 24 to 48 hours of birth. Multiple stepwise regression was used to determine the correlating factors of fat mass, percent of body fat and fat free mass mass. There were no significant difference in gestational age, birth weight, length, body mass index, circumferences of head, chest and upper arm, biceps, abdominal superficial skin fold between two groups (all P > 0.05), but GDM group was characterized by higher skin folds of triceps and subscapular and flank versus control group(all P = 0.000). GDM group had greater fat mass but decreased fat free mass versus control group ((585 ± 59) vs (480 ± 74) g, 17.8% ± 0.8% vs 14.7% ± 1.9%, (2685 ± 127) vs (2784 ± 109) g, all P = 0.000). Stepwise regression showed that maternal fasting glucose level of oral glucose tolerance test and pre-gravid body mass index correlated with fat mass and percent of body fat. Fasting glucose level had the strongest correlation with fat mass and percent of body fat (P = 0.004, 0.006). Gestational age and maternal height correlated with fat free mass in GDM group (P = 0.040, 0.013). On the other hand, maternal weight gain correlated with fat mass (P = 0.015), fasting glucose level and maternal prepartal weight were correlated with percent of body fat (P = 0.002, 0.043) and pre-gravid body mass index had correlation with fat free mass in control group (P = 0.004). The appropriate-for-gestational-age infants of women with GDM have increased fat mass and percent of body fat, but decreased fat free mass. Maternal fasting glucose level of oral glucose tolerance test, pre-gravid body mass index, weight gain and maternal prepartal weight are influencing factors of body composition in neonates.

Inaccuracies inherent in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in vivo bone mineral densitometry may flaw osteopenic/osteoporotic interpretations and mislead assessment of antiresorptive therapy effectiveness

New, anatomically realistic simulation studies based on a cadaveric lumbar vertebra and a broad range of soft tissue anthropometric representations have quantitatively delineated inaccuracies inherent in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in vivo bone mineral density (BMD) methodology. It is found that systematic inaccuracies in DXA BMD measurements may readily exceed ±20% at typical in vivo lumbar vertebral sites, especially for osteopenic/osteoporotic, postmenopausal, and elderly patients. These findings are quantitatively compared with extensive clinical evidence of strong, positive correlations between soft tissue anthropometrics and DXA in vivo BMD upon which prior significant bone biology interpretations and implications have been based. The agreement is found to be both qualitatively and quantitatively excellent. Moreover, recent extensive multicenter clinical studies have also exposed new facets of strong linkages between body mass/percent body fat/body mass index (BMI) and DXA-measured BMD that are particularly relevant to osteopenia/osteoporosis and remedial effectiveness of antiresorptive drug therapy. These seemingly disparate and unrelated diagnostic and prognostic aspects of clinically observed associations between soft tissue anthropometrics and measured vertebral BMD are, in this study, self-consistently shown to share the common origin of being manifestations of systematic inherent inaccuracies in DXA in vivo BMD methodology, without the need to invoke any underlying biologically causal mechanism(s). These inaccuracies arise principally from absorptiometric disparities between the intra- and extraosseous soft tissues within the DXA scan region of interest. The present evaluative comparisons are based exclusively on an incisive and diverse body of clinical data that appears difficult to dismiss or discount. Previous invocations of biologically causal mechanisms responsible for this broad range of observations linking body mass, percent body fat, and/or BMI to measured BMD now appear questionable. This doubtful status has also been extended in the present work to previously reported relationships between antiresorptive therapies and observed changes in DXA-derived BMD. These findings strongly indicate that critical and insightful reassessments of diagnostic/prognostic imputations underpinned by DXA in vivo BMD measurements are warranted. It is suggested that a good deal of what is known of bone fragility, bone densitometry, antiresorptive drug efficacy, and/or other therapeutic regimens, if based on patient-specific in vivo DXA methodology, may prove to be equivocal and tenuous.