Body Composition Score Research Articles

Changes in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition scores in females following exercise-induced body fluid redistribution

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine changes in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition scores in females following exercise-induced body fluid redistribution. Methods: Thirty females completed sessions of upper-body exercise (UBE), lower-body exercise (LBE), and a seated control (NEC), and body composition was assessed before and after sessions. ANOVA computed interactions between experimental conditions and body composition measurements. Results: For the arms region, fat tissue showed mean differences for NEC (M = 0.56 ± 0.20%; p = 0.009) and UBE (M = 0.68 ± 0.18%; p = 0.001). The fat region showed mean differences for NEC (M = 0.54 ± 0.19%; p = 0.007) and UBE (M = 0.59 ± 0.17%; p = 0.002). The UBE showed mean differences for tissue (M = 0.24 ± 0.03 kg; p ≤ 0.0001), lean mass (M = 0.19 ± 0.02 kg; p ≤ 0.0001), and total mass (M = 0.24 ± 0.03 kg; p ≤ 0.0001). The legs region showed for UBE a mean difference for fat tissue (M = 0.32 ± 0.14%; p = 0.025), fat region (M = 0.31 ± 0.13%; p = 0.026), and lean mass (M = 0.17 ± 0.07 kg; p = 0.021). For the total body region, significant mean differences were found for UBE (M = 0.11 ± 0.02 kg; p ≤ 0.0001) and LBE (M = 0.20 ± 0.03 kg; p ≤ 0.0001). Total mass for UBE (M = 0.14 ± 0.03 kg; p ≤ 0.0001) and LBE (M = 0.21 ± 0.03kg; p ≤ 0.0001) showed significant mean differences. Reliability scores were high within experimental conditions (CV = 0.17% to 3.76%). Conclusion: Exercise-induced body fluid redistribution in females elicited small and reliable changes in body composition scores.

Changes In Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry Body Composition Scores In Females Following Exercise-induced Body Fluid Redistribution

Changes In Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry Body Composition Scores In Females Following Exercise-induced Body Fluid Redistribution

Gut Microbiome and Osteoarthritis: Insights From the Naturally Occurring Canine Model of Osteoarthritis.

The purpose of this study was to enhance the current knowledge of the relationship between the gut microbiome and osteoarthritis (OA) and associated pain using pet dogs as a clinically relevant translational model. Fecal samples were collected from 93 owned pet dogs. Dogs were designated as either clinically healthy or OA pain using validated methods. Metagenomic profiling was performed through shotgun sequencing using the Illumina NovaSeq platform. MetaPhlAn2 and HUMAnN2 were used to evaluate bacterial taxonomic and pathway relative abundance. Comparisons between healthy and OA-pain groups were performed individually for each taxa using nonparametric tests following Benjamini and Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons. Permutation analysis of variance was performed using Bray-Curtis distance matrices. All downstream analyses were completed in R. No significant differences between healthy and OA-pain dogs were observed for alpha and beta diversity. We found 13 taxa with nominally significant (P < 0.05) associations with OA case status, but none of the associations remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. No differences in alpha or beta diversities or the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio were found regarding pain severity, mobility or activity level, age, or body composition score. Similar to recent studies in humans, the present study did not demonstrate a significant difference in the fecal microbial communities between dogs with OA pain and healthy control dogs. Future research in this naturally occurring model should expand on these data and relate the gut microbiome to gut permeability and circulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules to better understand the influence of the gut microbiome on OA and OA pain.

The Effect of Passive Dehydration on Phase Angle and Body Composition: A Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis.

To determine the effect of body weight loss elicited by passive dehydration on body composition scores, including phase angle (PhA). Twenty-five euhydrated apparently healthy and physically active men's (age = 22.6 ± 3.3 yr.; body mass = 76.7 ± 15.9 kg; height = 172.0 ± 6.3 cm) body composition variables and PhA were measured before and after sitting quietly for 5 h in a controlled environment (26.6 ± 1.7 °C, 72 ± 4.9%RH). It was found that five hours of passive dehydration caused a loss in body weight (Δ = 0.76 ± 0.34 kg, p < 0.05) and a decrease in body fat estimation (Δ = 0.90 ± 0.87 kg, p < 0.001). Additionally, an increase in ECW (Δ = 0.12 ± 0.30 L, p < 0.021) and PhA (Δ = 0.10 ± 0.15°, p < 0.005) was observed. Body weight loss due to passive dehydration decreased BIA-derived fat mass, and increased extracellular water and PhA in physically active and apparently healthy men. Nonetheless, these changes had a negligible effect on the accuracy of the equipment, rendering them clinically insignificant.

CT-based muscle and adipose measurements predict prognosis in patients with digestive system malignancy

The role of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in the progression of cancer has been gradually discussed, but it needs further exploration. The objective of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of skeletal muscle and fat in digestive malignancies and to construct novel predictors for clinical management. This is a retrospective study that includes data from Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University. Basic characteristic information was analyzed by T tests. Correlation matrices were drawn to explore the relationship between CT-related indicators and other indicators. Cox risk regression analyses were performed to analyze the association between the overall survivals (OS) and various types of indicators. A new indicator body composition score (BCS) was then created and a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to analyze the efficacy of the BCS. Finally, a nomogram was produced to develop a scored-CT system based on BCS and other indicators. C-index and calibration curve analyses were performed to validate the predictive accuracy of the scored-CT system. A total of 575 participants were enrolled in the study. Cox risk regression model revealed that VFD, L3 SMI and VFA/SFA were associated with prognosis of cancer patients. After adjustment, BCS index based on CT was significantly associated with prognosis, both in all study population and in subgroup analysis according to tumor types (all study population: HR 2.036, P < 0.001; colorectal cancer: HR 2.693, P < 0.001; hepatocellular carcinoma: HR 4.863, P < 0.001; esophageal cancer: HR 4.431, P = 0.008; pancreatic cancer: HR 1.905, P = 0.016; biliary system malignancies: HR 23.829, P = 0.035). The scored-CT system was constructed according to tumor type, stage, KPS, PG-SGA and BCS index, and it was of great predictive validity. This study identified VFD, L3 SMI and VFA/SFA associated with digestive malignancies outcomes. BCS was created and the scored-CT system was established to predict the OS of cancer patients.

PSII-8 Analysis of maternal influence on phenotypic ultrasound measurements of weaned Angus calves

Abstract Ultrasound carcass data can be used to accurately estimate the body composition of beef cattle in comparison with a body composition score. Literature regarding the analysis of phenotypic carcass data has focused predominately on yearling or mature cattle with limited measurements on weaned calves. Therefore, the influence of the milking ability of the dam on body composition traits measured via carcass ultrasound is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate correlations between the maternal influence of the dam on the phenotypic ultrasound measurements of the calf. To quantify maternal influence, the expected progeny difference (EPD) for milk (MILK) of the dam was correlated to three ultrasound measurements of the calf: backfat thickness (BFAT), ribeye area (REA), and intramuscular fat (IMF). Ultrasound measurements were collected 1 wk after weaning on 104 purebred Angus heifer calves from the Iowa State University McNay Memorial Research and Demonstration Farm located outside Chariton, Iowa. The average age and body weight for heifers were 187 d and 195 kg, respectively. The milk EPD of the dam was correlated to the ultrasound measurements taken on the calves. For each trait, Pearson’s correlations were calculated between the ultrasound traits of the calf to the dam’s milk EPD using R Statistical Software version 4.3.1. A small positive correlation was identified between MILK and REA (r = 0.28, P = 0.004). This suggests a weak phenotypic relationship between MILK and REA for weaned heifers. The correlation between MILK to BFAT and IMF was 0.10 (P = 0.318) and -0.05 (P = 0.619), respectively. These correlations were not significantly different from zero. This suggests the potential for milk production of the dam has little association with BFAT and IMF for weaned heifers. Although further research is needed, the results from this study indicate little to no relationship between milk EPD of the dam on ultrasound measures of the calf for BFAT, REA, and IMF.

Automated CT Analysis of Body Composition as a Frailty Biomarker in Abdominal Surgery

Prior studies demonstrated consistent associations of low skeletal muscle mass assessed on surgical planning scans with postoperative morbidity and mortality. The increasing availability of imaging artificial intelligence enables development of more comprehensive imaging biomarkers to objectively phenotype frailty in surgical patients. To evaluate the associations of body composition scores derived from multiple skeletal muscle and adipose tissue measurements from automated segmentation of computed tomography (CT) with the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) and adverse outcomes after abdominal surgery. This retrospective cohort study used CT imaging and electronic health record data from a random sample of adults who underwent abdominal surgery at 20 medical centers within Kaiser Permanente Northern California from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020. Data were analyzed from April 1, 2022, to December 1, 2023. Body composition derived from automated analysis of multislice abdominal CT scans. The primary outcome of the study was all-cause 30-day postdischarge readmission or postoperative mortality. The secondary outcome was 30-day postoperative morbidity among patients undergoing abdominal surgery who were sampled for reporting to the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. The study included 48 444 adults; mean [SD] age at surgery was 61 (17) years, and 51% were female. Using principal component analysis, 3 body composition scores were derived: body size, muscle quantity and quality, and distribution of adiposity. Higher muscle quantity and quality scores were inversely correlated (r = -0.42; 95% CI, -0.43 to -0.41) with the HFRS and associated with a reduced risk of 30-day readmission or mortality (quartile 4 vs quartile 1: relative risk, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.56-0.67) and 30-day postoperative morbidity (quartile 4 vs quartile 1: relative risk, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.52-0.67), independent of sex, age, comorbidities, body mass index, procedure characteristics, and the HFRS. In contrast to the muscle score, scores for body size and greater subcutaneous and intermuscular vs visceral adiposity had inconsistent associations with postsurgical outcomes and were attenuated and only associated with 30-day postoperative morbidity after adjustment for the HFRS. In this study, higher muscle quantity and quality scores were correlated with frailty and associated with 30-day readmission and postoperative mortality and morbidity, whereas body size and adipose tissue distribution scores were not correlated with patient frailty and had inconsistent associations with surgical outcomes. The findings suggest that assessment of muscle quantity and quality on CT can provide an objective measure of patient frailty that would not otherwise be clinically apparent and that may complement existing risk stratification tools to identify patients at high risk of mortality, morbidity, and readmission.

Effect of exercise-induced body fluid redistribution on body composition in males using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

ABSTRACT We studied the effect of exercise-induced body fluid redistribution on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) body composition scores. Thirty males completed 30-min of upper-body exercise (UBE), lower-body exercise, and seated non-exercise control (NEC). ANOVA determined interactions between experimental conditions and measurements on body composition variables. For UBE, mean pre to post differences were found on tissue fat (M = 0.35 ± 0.12%; CI95%diff = 0.10 to 0.59%; p = 0.007), region fat (M = 0.32 ± 0.11%; CI95%diff = 0.09 to 0.55%; p = 0.008), lean mass (M = 0.27 ± 0.01 kg; CI95%diff = 0.18 to 0.37 kg; p ≤ 0.0001), and total mass (M = 0.27 ± 0.05 kg; CI95%diff = 0.17 to 0.36 kg; p ≤ 0.0001). Mean tissue pre to post differences were found for the total body in the NEC (M = 0.10 ± 0.04 kg; CI95%diff = 0.03 to 0.18 kg; p = 0.008), UBE (M = 0.19 ± 0.03 kg; CI95%diff = 0.14 to 0.24 kg; p ≤ 0.0001), and LBE (M = 0.31 ± 0.04 kg; CI95%diff = 0.24 to 0.39 kg; p ≤ 0.0001) conditions. High absolute reliability was found within experimental conditions. These findings have practical implications for technicians, since acute exercise elicited small changes in body composition scores using DXA.

Body composition and functional activity in men with heart failure

Aim. To assess the body composition and functional activity (FA) parameters in men with heart failure (HF) of various nature depending on the stage, class and echocardiographic characteristics of the disease.Material and methods. The study included 100 men aged 23-70 years. The main group consisted of 60 men with HF, the control group — 40 men without HF. Quantitative body composition assessment (fat, lean and bone body mass) was carried out using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Physical activity was assessed using handgrip test, short physical performance battery (SPPB) test, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test.Results. In the HF group, there were a significant decrease in total bone mass, trunk and limb bone mass, total muscle mass, trunk and limbs’ muscle mass, appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), and FA as HF class increased. Fat mass did not differ in individuals with different HF class and stage. HF class was an independent factor in the reduction of total bone mass (b=-301,9, p=0,015), total muscle mass (b=-1903, p=0,03), limb bone mass (b=-147,6, p=0,013) and appendicular muscle mass (AMM) (b=-1903, p=0,001). Total bone mass (b=-2,637, p=0,02) and AMM (b=-3,512, p=0,01) were independently associated with the Vasilenko-Strazhesko HF stage. AMM also had an independent association with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (b=0,274, p=0,03). The average body composition scores did not differ between the study and control groups, while the scores of handgrip test, 6MWT, SPPB and TUG test were significantly worse in the HF group. NYHA HF class, stage of HF, LVEF, left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) made an independent contribution to FA decrease in men with HF.Conclusion. In patients with HF, there was deterioration in musculoskeletal parameters depending on HF class, stage and LVEF, without significant differences compared to the control group. There was no association of fat mass with the disease, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. The average parameters of muscle strength and tests of FA were reduced in men with HF compared with the control group and depended on the NYHA class and stage of HF, LVEF, LVEDV, and PASP.

METABOLOMIC SIGNATURES PREDICT HEALTHY AGING IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS

Abstract This study sought to identify metabolomic signatures of multi-system aging by relating comprehensive mass-spectrometry-based metabolomic profiles with the aging phenome. We studied 2469 Black and White older adults (mean age, 75 years; 38% Black) in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (Health ABC) with detailed characterization of the aging phenome across 20 aging-related phenotypes spanning 7 domains (physical function, neurocognitive/executive function, adiposity/sarcopenia, vascular aging, dietary pattern, psychosocial stress, and physical activity). Regression was used to identify metabolites associated with the aging phenome for pathway analytics. Penalized regression and principal components analysis were used to generate parsimonious, metabolomic scores, which were entered into Cox models for the endpoint of exceptional healthy aging, defined as surviving free of cardiovascular disease, cancer, dementia, or major disability over 9 years. We identified 4 distinct metabolomic scores independently linked to body composition, physical performance/mental health, muscle strength, and physical activity. The body composition score (hazard ratio (HR)=0.80 per SD [95% Confidence Interval: 0.70–0.90]), mental/physical performance score (0.77 [0.69–0.87]), and muscle strength score (0.82 [0.73–0.93]) were associated with failure to achieve “exceptionally healthy aging” after adjusting for age, race, gender, and lifestyle and traditional risk factors. Metabolomic signatures of different aspects of the aging phenome are associated with long-term healthy aging processes independent of lifestyle and traditional risk factors. Efforts to include precision measures of metabolomic health in risk stratification to achieve healthy aging are warranted. External validation in a diverse cohort of younger adults is underway.

The Effect of a Compression Bandage on Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Body Composition Scores

Background: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures are affected by the noise produced by external factors such as textile compression found in loose clothing. The study aimed to determine the effect of a compression bandage (CB) on body composition (BC) assessed by DXA.Methods: Sixty volunteers (age=21.4±4.7yr.) underwent full-body DXA scans on a control (CTRL) condition and after wearing a 30-mmHg CB on the trunk, legs, and arms. ANOVA (2 genders by 2 experimental conditions) determined mean interactions in BC variables tissue body fat% (BF%), region body fat% (RBF%), body tissue (BT), fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), bone mineral content (BMC), and total mass (TM). Absolute reliability in BC scores was studied by the typical error of the measurement (TEM), the coefficient of variability (CV), and Bland-Altman plots.Results: ANOVA interactions were found on tissue total BF% (p=0.049), RBF% (p=0.048), android lean mass (p=0.004), and android total mass (p=0.019). The CV was small for tissue BF% (2.61±0.93%, CI95%=0.79, 4.43%), RBF% (2.66±1.78%, CI95%=-0.83, 6.15%), BT (4.82±2.19%, CI95%=0.54, 9.10kg), FM (4.17±2.25%, CI95%=-0.24, 8.58kg), LM (3.25±2.44%, CI95%=-1.53, 8.04kg), BMC (4.81±2.96%, CI95%=-0.99, 10.62kg), and TM (2.84±2.80%, CI95%=-2.65, 8.33kg). Bland-Altman plots showed random error for BF%, LM, and BMC. A bias of 0.5% was observed on BF% in males.Conclusion: A CB worn during a full-body DXA scan elicited similar BC scores than not wearing it. The variation in scores was <10% for most BC variables, and a trivial bias of 0.5% in BF% was detected in male scores.

Relationship of the SITLESS intervention on medication use in community-dwelling older adults: an exploratory study.

Sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) interventions in older adults can improve health outcomes. Problems related with aging include prevalent comorbidity, multiple non-communicable diseases, complaints, and resulting polypharmacy. This manuscript examines the relationship between an intervention aiming at reducing SB on medication patterns. This manuscript presents a local sub-analysis of the SITLESS trial data on medication use. SITLESS was an exercise referral scheme (ERS) enhanced by self-management strategies (SMS) to reduce SB in community-dwelling older adults. We analyzed data from the ERS + SMS, ERS and usual care (UC) groups. Patient medication records were available at baseline and at the end of the intervention (4-month period) and were analyzed to explore the effect of SITLESS on medication patterns of use. A sample of 75 participants was analyzed, mostly older overweight women with poor body composition scores and mobility limitations. There was a significant reduction of 1.6 medicines (SD = 2.7) in the ERS group (p < 0.01), but not in the UC or ERS + SMS groups. Differences were more evident in medicines used for short periods of time. The findings suggest that an exercise-based program enhanced by SMS to reduce SB might influence medication use for acute conditions but there is a need to further investigate effects on long-term medicine use in older adults.

Imaging-based body fat depots and new-onset atrial fibrillation in general population: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundObesity is a well-established risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether body fat depots differentially associate with AF development remains unknown.MethodsIn the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study, body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and liver and epicardial fat using computed tomography (CT). A body composition score was constructed by adding tertile scores of each fat depot. Principal component analysis was conducted to identify potential body fat distribution patterns. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (HR; 95% CI) per 1-standard deviation increase in corresponding fat depots to enable comparisons.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 9.6 and 8.6 years, 395 (11.4%) and 172 (8.0%) AF cases were ascertained in the DXA and the CT analyses, respectively. After adjustments for cardiovascular risk factors, absolute fat mass (HR; 95% CI 1.33; 1.05–1.68), gynoid fat mass (HR; 95% CI 1.36; 1.12–1.65), epicardial fat mass (HR; 95% CI 1.27; 1.09-1.48), and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (HR; 95% CI 0.81; 0.70-0.94) were independently associated with new-onset AF. After further adjustment for lean mass, associations between fat mass (HR; 95% CI 1.17; 1.04-1.32), gynoid fat mass (HR; 95% CI 1.21; 1.08–1.37), and android-to-gynoid fat ratio (HR; 95% CI 0.84; 0.72–0.97) remained statistically significant. Larger body fat score was associated with a higher AF risk (HR; 95% CI 1.10; 1.02–1.20). Borderline significant association was found between a subcutaneous fat predominant pattern with AF onset (HR; 95% CI 1.21; 0.98–1.49).ConclusionsVarious body fat depots were associated with new-onset AF. Total fat mass and gynoid fat mass were independently associated with AF after adjustment for body size. The inverse association between android-to-gynoid fat ratio with AF presents a novel finding. A significant dose-response relationship between body fat accumulation and AF was observed. Our results underscore the predominant role of subcutaneous fat on AF development among a middle-aged and elderly population.Graphical abstractAssociations betw2een body fat depots, fat distribution and new-onset atrial fibrillation. Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation.

Case Analysis of Sprint Interval Training for Adolescents With Severe Mental Illness

Case Analysis of Sprint Interval Training for Adolescents With Severe Mental Illness

IMPACT OF MODERATE INTENSITY AEROBIC EXERCISES UPON BODY COMPOSITION OF COLLEGE GIRLS

This experimental study aimed to investigate impact of moderate intensity aerobic exercises upon Body Composition of college girls. The experimental research method was adopted for current study with longitudinal approach i.e., pre-test and post-test. 40 participants were taken as a population and were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and Control group. Eight-week moderate intensity aerobic exercises were given to experimental group. After the completion of eight-week exercise protocol the data of Body composition, data of pretest and posttest was recorded and analyzed using paired sample t test and ANOVA to check the difference between the body composition score of girls in pre-test and post-test. It was found that there is significant impact of Moderate intensity aerobic exercises upon the post-test of experimental group. The results provides significant information in deciding the relationships among the research variables in order to reach the conclusion.

Predicting Adaptations to Resistance Training Plus Overfeeding Using Bayesian Regression: A Preliminary Investigation.

Relatively few investigations have reported purposeful overfeeding in resistance-trained adults. This preliminary study examined potential predictors of resistance training (RT) adaptations during a period of purposeful overfeeding and RT. Resistance-trained males (n = 28; n = 21 completers) were assigned to 6 weeks of supervised RT and daily consumption of a high-calorie protein/carbohydrate supplement with a target body mass (BM) gain of ≥0.45 kg·wk−1. At baseline and post-intervention, body composition was evaluated via 4-component (4C) model and ultrasonography. Additional assessments of resting metabolism and muscular performance were performed. Accelerometry and automated dietary interviews estimated physical activity levels and nutrient intake before and during the intervention. Bayesian regression methods were employed to examine potential predictors of changes in body composition, muscular performance, and metabolism. A simplified regression model with only rate of BM gain as a predictor was also developed. Increases in 4C whole-body fat-free mass (FFM; (mean ± SD) 4.8 ± 2.6%), muscle thickness (4.5 ± 5.9% for elbow flexors; 7.4 ± 8.4% for knee extensors), and muscular performance were observed in nearly all individuals. However, changes in outcome variables could generally not be predicted with precision. Bayes R2 values for the models ranged from 0.18 to 0.40, and other metrics also indicated relatively poor predictive performance. On average, a BM gain of ~0.55%/week corresponded with a body composition score ((∆FFM/∆BM)*100) of 100, indicative of all BM gained as FFM. However, meaningful variability around this estimate was observed. This study offers insight regarding the complex interactions between the RT stimulus, overfeeding, and putative predictors of RT adaptations.

Evaluation of score for subclinical ketosis risk in Czech Holstein cows

Submitted 2020-07-17 | Accepted 2020-08-18 | Available 2020-12-01 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.250-257 This study aimed to evaluate the score for subclinical ketosis risk, which is routinely monitored in Czech Holstein cows. The score is based on milk recording indicator traits which include fat-to-protein ratio, fat-to-lactose ratio, citric acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone concentrations. The score was significantly (P <0.001) affected by the age of cow at calving, days in milk (DIM) and season of test-day recording. Variance components were estimated with a univariate linear animal model for the score on the first test-day and with a multivariate linear animal model for the score in 3 successive test-days (6-40, 30-70, 60-100 DIM). The heritability estimate was lower at the beginning of lactation (0.08) and increased gradually to 0.11 at the end of the recorded period. Genetic correlations between the score at the first and the other two test-days were lower than 1 indicating that they are genetically different traits. Estimated breeding values were normally distributed with mean 0.20 and reliabilities up to 0.66 in females and 0.98 in males. Breeding values were negatively correlated with most of other routinely evaluated traits, with the strongest correlations with milk fat percentage (0.39), body condition score (-0.26) and fertility of cows (-0.25). The score for subclinical ketosis risk showed sufficient genetic variability and had the potential to be used in genetic improvement of resistance to (sub)clinical ketosis of Czech Holstein cows. Keywords: metabolic status, indicator trait, ketone body References Bastin, C. et al. (2016) On the role of mid-infrared predicted phenotypes in fertility and health dairy breeding programs. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(5), 4080–4094. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10087 Belay, T.K. et al. 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Relationship between fitness performance and a newly developed continuous body composition score in U.S. adolescent boys.

Body composition (BC) assessment typically requires the administration of a single test and can have different evaluation outcomes depending on the selected test and the specific population. The purpose of this study was twofold. Firstly, to develop and validate a novel continuous body composition (CBC) score using the continuous response model (CRM). Secondly, to examine the relationship between CBC scores and fitness performance. Data from the 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS) were used and consisted of n=212 adolescent boys 12-15 years of age. CBC scale variables included body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), calf circumference (CC), calf skinfold (CSF), triceps skinfold (TSF), and subscapular skinfold (SSF). Fitness performance variables included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, mL/kg/min), leg strength (LS, lb), modified pull-ups (MPU, #), grip strength (GS, kg), and plank (PL, sec). Samejima's CRM, factor analysis, convergent validity coefficients and score reliability were used to validate the CBC scale. Multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression were used to examine the relationship between CBC scores and fitness performance variables. Factor analysis of the CBC scale variables retained a single factor (loadings >0.81, 88% explained variance) with strong internal consistency (α=0.96). The CRM analysis indicated all CBC scale variables fit a unidimensional construct with adequate discrimination (as: 0.71-2.16) and difficulty (bs:-0.04-1.44). CBC scores (Mean=0, SD=1.00) displayed strong reliability (SEE.θ=0.22, r.θ=0.95) with lower values representing smaller-more-lean individuals and higher values representing larger-less-lean individuals. All fully adjusted regression models showed significant (ps<0.05) negative relationships between CBC scores and CRF, MPU, and PL and positive relationships between CBC scores and LS and GS. The CRM-derived CBC score is a novel measure of BC and found to be positively associated with strength performance and negatively associated with endurance performance in U.S. adolescent boys.

Frailty Phenotype: Evidence of Both Physical and Mental Health Components in Community-Dwelling Early-Old Adults.

BackgroundDemographic aging results in increased incidence of old-age disability. Frailty is a major factor contributing to old-age disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the frailty phenotype as defined by Fried et al and to estimate the need for associated preventative interventions in early-old community-dwelling inhabitants of the southern industrial region of Poland, as well as to investigate the defining components of the frailty phenotype.MethodsThe study group consisted of 160 individuals with an average age of 66.8 ± 4.2 years (nbar xn ± SD), 71 (44.4%) of study participants were women. The cohort was randomized out of over 843 thousand community-dwelling Upper Silesian inhabitants aged 60–74 years, who agreed to participate in this project. A comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), frailty phenotype test (as described by Fried et al) blood tests and bioimpedance body structure analysis was completed for study participants. Functional assessment included Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living (Barthel Index), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and Geriatric Depression Scale – Short Form (GDS-SF).ResultsPrefrailty was diagnosed in 24.4% of the subjects (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 17.7–31.0%; 31% in women and 19.1% in men, P=0.082) and frailty in 2.5% subjects (95% CI 0.1–4.9%; more frequently in women: 4.2% versus 1.1% in men, P=0.046). Having one or more positive frailty criteria was positively associated with depression (odds ratio (OR)=2.85, 95% CI=1.08–7.54, P=0.035) and negatively associated with MMSE score (OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.56–0.93, P=0.012) and fat-free mass (OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.92–0.99, P=0.016) in multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, disease prevalence, number of medications, functional tests (Barthel Index, IADL, MMSE, GDS-SF), BMI, bioimpedance body composition score, and blood tests.ConclusionAt least 25% of the early-old community-dwelling population would benefit from a frailty prevention program. The frailty phenotype reflects both physical and mental health in this population.

Long-Term Outcome in Gastric Cancer Patients with Different Body Composition Score Assessed via Computed Tomography

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition score (BCS) impact on 3-year survival after radical gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer. Methods This retrospective study included patients with gastric cancer from September 2015 to June 2017. The patients were divided into three groups: BCS0 (having normal skeletal muscle or adipose mass), BCS1 (having low skeletal muscle mass only), and BCS2 (having low skeletal muscle and adipose mass) according to their third lumbar vertebra skeletal muscle index and fat index calculated using abdominal computed tomography. The clinicopathological indicators, postoperative complications, 3-year over survival (OS) rate after radical gastrectomy, and cause of death among the three groups were compared. Results A total of 187 patients were enrolled in the study, in which 102 patients (54.6%) had BCS0, 76 (40.6%) had BCS1 and 9 (4.8%) had BCS2. There was no significant difference in postoperative complications among the groups. 3-year OS was significantly shortened with each 1-score increase in BCS (Log-rank p < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that no neoadjuvant chemotherapy, tumor stage III, BCS1, and BCS2 were independent prognostic factors for 3-year OS after radical gastrectomy. The main cause of death was cancer-related. Conclusion We demonstrated that BCS1 and BCS2 were strongly associated with poor 3-year survival for patients with gastric cancer who underwent radical gastrectomy, suggesting that special attention may be required for nutritional support while determining therapeutic strategies.