Body Composition Measurements Research Articles

Skin temperature of women: A prospective longitudinal study

IntroductionThe different phases of a woman's life, such as the reproductive phase and menopause, are points of great hormonal oscillation, especially estrogen and progesterone, which can interfere with skin temperature. ObjectiveTo describe and compare skin temperatures of women during their physiological menstrual cycle, the use of exogenous hormones and menopause over a period of 28 days. MethodThis is a prospective observational study using a quantitative approach. A total of 45 volunteers participated and were equally allocated into three groups: Exogenous Hormone Group (EHG), Physiological Menstrual Cycle Group (PMCG) and Menopause Group (MG). All were submitted once a week to body composition measurements over a period of 28 days using an InBody 120 bioimpedance scale, and skin temperature using a FLIR model T-360 thermographic camera. ResultsNo significant differences were found between the mean skin temperature of women with a physiological cycle using exogenous hormones and menopause in relation to the evaluation time or between groups. However, younger women had higher temperatures in specific skin regions, such as in the breast, lower abdomen and thigh (P < 0.05) compared to menopausal women. In addition, negative correlations were observed between body fat and skin temperature of the breasts, trunk, abdomen, upper limbs and right lower limb (P < 0.05). ConclusionIt was observed that the general skin temperature of women is not altered due to exogenous hormones, menstrual cycle phase or menopause, and that skin temperature tends to be lower in regions with an accumulation of adipose tissue.

Body composition analysis using convolutional neural network in predicting postoperative pancreatic fistula and survival after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer

PurposeTo evaluate whether body composition measurements acquired using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) from preoperative CT images could predict postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and overall survival (OS) after pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods257 patients (160 men; median age [interquartile range], 67 [60–74]) who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for PDAC between January 2013 and December 2017 were included in this retrospective study. Body composition measurements were based on a CNN trained to segment CT images into skeletal muscle area, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Skeletal muscle area, VAT, and SAT were normalized to height square and labeled as skeletal muscle, VAT, and SAT indices, respectively. The independent risk factors for clinically relevant POPF (grade B or C) were determined using a multivariate logistic regression model, and prognostic factors for OS were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. ResultsAfter pancreatioduodenectomy, 27 patients developed POPF grade B or C (10.5 %, 27/257). The VAT index (odds ratio [OR] = 7.43, p < 0.001) was the only independent prognostic factor for POPF grade B or C. During the median follow-up period of 23 months, 205 (79.8 % [205/257]) patients died. For prediction of OS, skeletal muscle index (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58, p = 0.018) was a significant factor, along with vascular invasion (HR = 1.85, p < 0.001) and neoadjuvant therapy (HR = 0.58, p = 0.011). ConclusionsA high VAT index and a low skeletal muscle index can be utilized in predicting the occurrence of POPF grade B or C and poor OS, respectively.

A Phase II Study of Isatuximab, Once Weekly Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, Dexamethasone, in Newly Diagnosed, Transplant-Eligible Multiple Myeloma (The SKylaRk Trial)

Background: Clinical data support the combination of a CD38 monoclonal antibody, an immunomodulatory drug, a proteasome inhibitor, and a glucocorticoid for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Isatuximab (Isa) is approved in combination with carfilzomib and dexamethasone (dex) for relapsed, refractory MM based on the results of the IKEMA study, as well as with pomalidomide and dex based upon ICARIA and is now being explored in novel combinations in the newly diagnosed setting. Our study evaluated the addition of isa to weekly carfilzomib (K), lenalidomide (len), and dex in all-risk, transplant-eligible patients with NDMM and stratifies maintenance based on cytogenetic risk. Study Design and Methods: Phase II study of isa-KRd in 50 transplant-eligible NDMM patients (NCT04430894). All patients received 4 cycles of isa-KRd followed by stem cell collection with option of upfront versus deferred stem cell transplant (SCT). Upfront SCT patients received 2 additional cycles then maintenance. Deferred SCT patients received 4 additional cycles then maintenance. Each 28-day cycle consisted of isa 10 mg/kg iv weekly cycles 1-2, Q2 weeks cycles 3-6, then Q4 weeks; K (20 mg/m 2 cycle 1, day 1 only) 56 mg/m 2 iv days 1, 8, 15; len 25 mg po days 1-21; and dex 20 mg po days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 (and days 22, 23 cycles 1-2). For maintenance, standard-risk received len 10 mg po days 1-21 and high-risk (del 17p, gain 1q, t(4:14), t(14;16), t(14;20)) isa 10 mg/kg iv day 1; K 56 mg/m 2 iv days 1, 15; len 10 mg po days 1-21. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary end point was complete response (CR + stringent CR) rate after 4 cycles by the IMWG response criteria. Secondary endpoints included safety and tolerability; minimal residual disease (MRD), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) rates, quality of life, body composition, and T cell repertoire. Results: Fifty patients enrolled between August 2020 and February 2022. Median age was 59 years (range 39-70) and 54% were male. Forty-six percent of patients had high-risk cytogenetics. Median follow-up is 26 months. Of 45 patients evaluable for response after 4 cycles, ORR was 100% and 89% (39/45) achieved a very good partial response (VGPR) or better and 36% (16/45) a CR. Of those, 43% (12/28) were MRD negative at 10 -5. After the completion of C6/C8, ORR was 100% and 64% (29/45) achieved a CR and 96% (43/45) achieved a VGPR or better. After C6/C8, 41 patients, 66% (27/41) were MRD negative at 10 -5. The 24-month PFS was 91.3% (95% CI 83.4% -99.8%) and OS was 95.8% (95% CI 90.2%-100%). SCT was deferred in most patients (40/45, 89%). Grade 3 or 4 side effects (≥2 patients) included neutropenia (24%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (10%), acute kidney injury (6%), and thrombocytopenia (6%). Grade 1-2 infusion-related reactions in 20%, no grade 3. Hypertension in 49% grade 1-2 and one grade 3; one grade 3 myocardial infarction. There was one death assessed as unrelated. Two patients withdrew for acute kidney injury. Two patients were not evaluable at C4 and C6/C8 because measurable disease could only be assessed by PET CT. There were statistically significant within-patient improvements in global health status ( p&amp;lt;.01), physical ( p&amp;lt;.01), role ( p&amp;lt;.01), emotional ( p=.01), and social functioning ( p&amp;lt;.01), body image ( p&amp;lt;.01), future perspective ( p&amp;lt;.01), fatigue ( p&amp;lt;.01), pain ( p&amp;lt;.01), loss of appetite ( p&amp;lt;.01), and symptoms ( p&amp;lt;.01). There were no statistically significant changes in body composition measurements between baseline and the completion of 4 cycles or consolidation/induction. There was a significant improvement in total lean mass ( p=0.01) between baseline and end of induction adjusted for SCT status. In terms of correlatives to-date, there were no significant differences in total T cells, total templates, total productive templates; total and productive rearrangements; or clonality, maximum productive frequency and T cell fraction between those patients achieving MRD negativity and those not and no significant differences between clonality at baseline and post-induction/consolidation. Conclusions: Isa-KRd induces deep and durable responses, with an ORR of 100% (including 96% VGPR or better, 66% MRD negative) as well as improved quality of life in transplant-eligible patients with NDMM, with or without SCT. The overall safety profile was favorable and consistent with similar regimens in this setting, with toxicities proving generally manageable.

Circulating exosomes decrease in size and increase in number between birth and age 7: relations to fetal growth and liver fat.

Exosomes play a key role in cell-to-cell communication by transferring their cargo to target tissues. Little is known on the course of exosome size and number in infants and children. Longitudinally, we assessed the size and number of circulating exosomes at birth and at ages 2 and 7 yr in 75 infants/children born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA; n=40) or small-for-gestational-age (SGA; n=35 with spontaneous catch-up), and related those results to concomitantly assessed measures of endocrine-metabolic health (HOMA-IR; IGF-1), body composition (by DXA at ages 0 and 2) and abdominal fat partitioning (subcutaneous, visceral and hepatic fat by MRI at age 7). Circulating exosomes of AGAs decreased in size (on average by 4.2%) and increased in number (on average by 77%) between birth and age 7. Circulating exosomes of SGAs (as compared to those of AGAs) had a larger size at birth [146.8 vs 137.8 nm, respectively; p=0.02], and were in lower number at ages 2 [4.3x1011 vs 5.6x1011 particles/mL, respectively; p=0.01] and 7 [6.3x1011 vs 6.8x1011 particles/mL, respectively; p=0.006]. Longitudinal changes were thus more pronounced in SGAs for exosome size, and in AGAs for exosome number. At age 7, exosome size associated (P<0.0001) to liver fat in the whole study population. Early-life changes in circulating exosomes include a minor decrease in size and a major increase in number, and these changes may be influenced by fetal growth. Exosome size may become one of the first circulating markers of liver fat in childhood.

Omega 3 effects on sleep and body composition in children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized placebo-controlled trial

BackgroundSleep disturbances and disruptions in body composition, encompassing factors like fat mass, and lean body mass are common challenges in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite numerous studies in this field, research has not yet yielded clear and definitive results. MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial, we investigated the effects of omega-3 supplementation (360 mg DHA and 720 mg EPA) in comparison to placebo (edible paraffin) on sleep-related factors and body composition in a population of 59 boys aged 7–15 (Mean = 9.9, S.D.= 2.1) on autism spectrum disorder for 8 weeks. The diagnoses of ASD were established by an experienced psychiatrist using the criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). ResultsOmega-3 supplementation led to a significant increase in the mean change in sleep duration on 5 non-holiday days by 9.13 min (P = .02; Z = −2.2) and a corresponding decrease in the mean change in Protein percent of the omega-3 group by 1.7 % (p = .03; T = 2.14) compared with the placebo group after the intervention. However, no significant changes were observed in other factors related to sleep. Furthermore, the intervention group exhibited alterations in macronutrient intake in comparison to the placebo group, showing a 3.4 % increase in carbohydrate percentage (p = .07; [−.37 to 7.27]). Despite these changes, no significant differences in body composition measures were noted between the two groups following the intervention. ConclusionOmega-3 supplementation improves sleep duration in ASD. Future research should consider larger sample sizes and longer intervention periods to further explore the potential benefits of omega-3 supplementation in improving sleep and body composition outcomes in individuals with ASD.

Smartphone derived anthropometrics: Agreement between a commercially available smartphone application and its parent application intended for use at point-of-care

Smartphone applications can now automate body composition and anthropometric measurements remotely, prompting applications intended for use at point-of-care to provide commercially available smartphone applications intended for personal use. However, the agreement between such anthropometrics remain unclear. A total of 123 apparently healthy participants (F: 69; M: 54; age: 28.1±11.3; BMI: 26.9±5.9) completed consecutive body composition scans using a 3D smartphone application intended for personal use (MeThreeSixty; MTS) and it stationary counterpart intended for use in practice (Mobile Fit Booth; MFB). Agreement between devices were evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), Bland-Altman analyses, and linear regression for all measurements, and additional equivalence testing was conducted for all circumference and limb length comparisons. When evaluated against the MFB, MTS significantly overestimated all measurements other than waist circumference (p=0.670) using paired t-tests. RMSE was 2.5% for body fat percentage (BF%), 0.64-3.74cm for all body circumferences, 0.71-2.3kg for all lean mass estimates, and 126-659cm2 and 608-4672cm3 across all body surface area and body volume estimates, respectively. BF% was the only body composition estimate that did not demonstrate proportional bias (p=0.221). Circumferences of the chest, shoulder, biceps, forearm, and ankle all demonstrated proportional bias (all coefficients: p<0.050), but only chest, shoulder, and arm circumferences did not demonstrate equivalence. Arm surface area (p<0.001) and arm (p=0.002) and leg volumes (p=0.004) were the only body surface area and volume estimates to reveal proportional biases. These findings demonstrate the agreement between 3D anthropometric applications intended for clinical and personal use, particularly for whole-body composition estimates and clinically meaningful body circumferences. Given the advantages of commercially available remote applications, practitioners and consumers may consider using this method in place of those intended for clinical practice, but should express caution when overestimation is a concern.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis for measuring body composition in an outpatient haemodialysis setting: a feasibility study

Bioelectrical impedance analysis for measuring body composition in an outpatient haemodialysis setting: a feasibility study

Domestic Research Trends on Body Shape and Obesity Program: Focusing on Domestic Papers

This study analyzed the research trends of individual studies K=101 that were validated in applying body shape and obesity programs from January 2007 to April 2022. As a result, there were 82 master's theses and 19 doctoral theses, and 49 papers were published in the period 2011~2013, and many studies were conducted on women and the general public. The most common physical treatment was abdominal treatment, the application method was adjuvant therapy, and exercise was the most common except for self-treatment, and the adjuvant therapy was the most manual. The method of effect verification was in the following order: body composition+body measurement, body composition, body measurement, and body measurement site was compounded in the order of abdominal circumference, and weight. The subjects and method factors showed a significant association in body application sites and methods. The factors of the body application site and the research method showed a significant association with all variables of the application method, self-tmedication, adjuvant therapy, effect verification method, and body measurement site. Finally, there was a significant association between the application method and the body measurement site. Combining the above conclusions, it was found that the application method of the body shape and obesity program in the last 15 years was the adjuvant therapy method using manual techniques, and the physical treatment was most often applied to the abdominal area. As a result, it was found that the combination (body weight+circumference of the body part) was mainly adopted with body composition and body measurements. This study provided the feasibility to suggest the direction of future research by identifying the trends in body shape and obesity program research reported in Korea, and is meaningful in providing basic data for establishing obesity management prevention strategies based on the need for comprehensive analysis and integrated development.

The Impact of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Singing Training in Vocal Performers: A Non-Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

Introduction: Vocal performers often seek natural treatments to improve their vocal capability. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation may reduce inflammation and cause changes in body composition, such as loss of fat mass. The purpose of this study was to determine if omega-3 PUFA supplementation in combination with a singer’s training regimen enhances singing training and body composition. Methods: This was a non-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-three college-level students were recruited and volunteered to serve as study participants. 3.0 g of omega-3 PUFA per day or 3.0 g of placebo per day were provided over a 10-week intervention. Participants completed Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI), Reflux Symptom Index (RSI), Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily (EASE), Voice Range Profile (VRP), food records, and body composition measures at baseline and study end. Results: Thirty-five participants completed the study. SVHI was significantly different between groups (p = 0.0152; ƞ2 = 0.153). A minor third was added to the bottom of the range in 50% of males in the supplement group (placebo = 0%). Body composition measures were not statistically significant, although those in the supplement group lost more fat mass than placebo, p = 0.101. Discussion/Conclusion: Omega-3 PUFA supplementation may be beneficial to improve how active singers feel about their voice and could potentially improve voice range in conjunction with voice lessons; however, more research is necessary to confirm the latter.

Physical performance and body composition reference values for modern US Marine Corps women

Women’s roles in the US military have progressively changed over the past several decades. Previously women were barred from combat roles. Recent change in policy allow women into combat roles...

Prognostic role of body composition in peritoneal carcinomatosis patients undergoing cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

BackgroundBioelectric impedance analysis (BIA)-measured body composition and nutritional status have been used as prognostic indicators in various cancer cohorts. This study investigated whether BIA could provide information on prognosis in peritoneal carcinomatosis patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data of 99 patients with preoperative BIA data among those who underwent CRS and HIPEC. The association between BIA-derived parameters and intraoperative peritoneal cancer index (PCI) score was assessed. Predictive analysis for the occurrence of postoperative morbidities including major complications (Clavien–Dindo classification 3–4) and re-admission within 30 days after surgery as well as 1 year mortality was also performed.ResultsBIA-derived mineral (r = 0.224, p = 0.027), fat (r = − 0.202, p = 0.048), and total body water (TBW)/fat-free mass (FFM) (r = − 0.280, p = 0.005) showed significant associations with intraoperative PCI score. Lower TBW/FFM was an independent predictor of major postoperative complications (OR 0.047, 95% CI 0.003–0.749, p = 0.031) and re-admission (OR 0.094, 95% CI 0.014–0.657, p = 0.017) within 30 days after surgery. Higher fat mass was also independently associated with a higher risk of major postoperative complications (OR 1.120, 95% CI 1.006–1.248, p = 0.039) and re-admission (OR 1.123, 95% CI 1.024–1.230, p = 0.013). Intraoperative PCI score > 20 (OR 4.489, 95% CI 1.191–16.917, p = 0.027) and re-admission within 30 days after surgery (OR 5.269, 95% CI 1.288–21.547, p = 0.021) independently predicted postoperative 1-year mortality.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that preoperative BIA-derived TBW/FFM and fat mass were significantly correlated with metastatic extent, assessed by PCI score, in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. In addition, BIA-derived TBW/FFM and fat mass showed independent predictability for postoperative 30-day major complications and re-admission in patients undergoing CRS and HIPEC. Our findings suggest that assessment of BIA may improve discrete risk stratification in patients who are planned to receive CRS and HIPEC.

Impaired eating behaviors but intact metabolic hormone levels in individuals with major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) contribute significantly to global health burdens. Identifying disease markers for these comorbid disorders can increase understanding of pathogenesis and improve screening and intervention strategies. This study examined the association of physical health factors with MDD and MDD + GAD, across sexes. MethodsTwo samples of participants from the Tulsa-1000 study (exploratory cohort: N = 136; confirmatory cohort: N = 185) completed body composition measurements, eating behavior (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire [TFEQ], Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale [EDDS]), exercise questionnaires, and a blood draw. Metabolic hormone concentrations (leptin, insulin, and adiponectin) were analyzed from blood samples. Within each cohort, a two-way analysis of variance compared three groups (MDD, MDD + GAD, and healthy controls [HC]), sex, and their interaction on dependent variables. Hedges g was calculated to reflect effect size magnitude. ResultsMedium-to-large group main effects across cohorts indicated that compared to HC: (1) MDD (g = 1.71/0.57) and MDD + GAD (g = 0.93/0.69) reported higher TFEQ Disinhibition scores; (2) MDD endorsed higher TFEQ Hunger scores (g = 0.66/0.48); and (3) MDD (g = 1.60/1.30) and MDD + GAD (g = 0.92/1.72) reported greater EDDS scores. Large sex main effects across cohorts indicated that females exhibited higher levels than males for percent body fat (g = 1.07/1.17), leptin (g = 1.27/1.12), and adiponectin (g=0.82/0.88). LimitationsThe power to detect group*sex interactions was limited due to a greater number of females (than males) in the study, and over half of clinical participants were taking medications. ConclusionsIndividuals with MDD and MDD + GAD demonstrate difficulties in regulating eating behaviors, potentially contributing to functional impairment and increased disease burden.

A 15-Year Longitudinal Study ofBody Composition inFinnish Military Divers.

Finnish military divers perform a great variety of tasks all year round, all of which require good physical health and fitness. Poor physical fitness can hinder the ability to cope with different situations. A high body fat percentage has been suggested to increase the risk of decompression sickness, whereas low muscle mass has been associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders and trauma. However, a low-fat composition may render divers vulnerable to cold and hypothermia during a dive in cold Arctic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible changes in body composition of Finnish military divers during a 15-year follow-up period (2007-2021). We used body composition measures from military divers' fit-to-dive evaluations from the Finnish Defence Forces' Diving Medical Centre. Measurements were taken with two bioimpedance devices that function based on the electrical conductivity properties of the human body. The data from both devices were compared with Bland-Altman plots to show that the devices produced congruent data and the results from both devices could be included in the study. Possible changes in body composition were evaluated with a linear mixed model with random intercepts and slopes for each variable. Results from the two bioimpedance devices showed no significant differences. This allowed us to combine the results in the same data analysis. There were no apparent differences in the age of the divers between the years during the follow-up. The majority of the divers were between 25 and 30 years of age. Age correlated significantly with most measures, the clinically most significant being a higher fat percentage in older divers. However, all measures were within target values defined by the Diving Medical Centre. The divers were able to retain sufficient muscle mass in all age groups. According to this study, Finnish military divers have managed to maintain a surprisingly good muscle mass in all age groups despite body composition changes due to aging in older subjects. A slight increase in fat mass can be observed with increasing age; nevertheless, the values have remained within fit-to-dive target levels. The current training routines of Finnish military divers are adequate for maintaining solid physical fitness and body composition over the course of the diving career.

The Relationship Between Metal Element Content of Drinking Water and Body Compositions of People in Batman

Objective: Previous studies showed that the levels of micro elements may have a contribution to weight loss. Nevertheless, it is not possible to find many comprehensive studies analysing the potential relation between micro elements found in water used for drinking purposes and body composition. The present study aims to assess the relation between micro element levels of drinking water and body composition in normal, fat and obese subjects. Methods: The study consisted of 345 female participants, who were divided into 3 groups of 115, according to body mass index (BMI) for leanness, overweight, and obesity; and who applied to Diet Polyclinic of State Hospital. Water samples were analysed with mass spectrometry; and body composition measurements were conducted via bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: The obesity percentage in females demonstrated statistically positive correlations with cobalt (Co) and selenium (Se) in water for drinking. Also, it was found that the BMI values of females significantly positively correlated with chromium (Cr). Conclusion: It may be suggested that women who consume drinking water containing high levels of Co, Se and Cr might be at a greater risk of developing obesity. On the other hand, the lack of knowledge about influence of levels of micro elements in drinking water on blood parameters associated with obesity or tissue remains unclear and deserves more investigation.

Fully automated 3D body composition analysis and its association with overall survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.

We developed a method for a fully automated deep-learning segmentation of tissues to investigate if 3D body composition measurements are significant for survival of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. 3D segmentation of tissues including spine, spine muscles, abdominal muscles, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and internal organs within volumetric region limited by L1 and L5 levels was accomplished using deep convolutional segmentation architecture - U-net implemented in a nnUnet framework. It was trained on separate dataset of 560 single-channel CT slices and used for 3D segmentation of pre-radiotherapy (Pre-RT) and post-radiotherapy (Post-RT) whole body PET/CT or abdominal CT scans of 215 HNSCC patients. Percentages of tissues were used for overall survival analysis using Cox proportional hazard (PH) model. Our deep learning model successfully segmented all mentioned tissues with Dice's coefficient exceeding 0.95. The 3D measurements including difference between Pre-RT and post-RT abdomen and spine muscles percentage, difference between Pre-RT and post-RT VAT percentage and sum of Pre-RT abdomen and spine muscles percentage together with BMI and Cancer Site were selected and significant at the level of 5% for the overall survival. Aside from Cancer Site, the lowest hazard ratio (HR) value (HR, 0.7527; 95% CI, 0.6487-0.8735; p = 0.000183) was observed for the difference between Pre-RT and post-RT abdomen and spine muscles percentage. Fully automated 3D quantitative measurements of body composition are significant for overall survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma patients.

Measurement of body composition by deuterium oxide dilution technique and development of a predictive equation for body fat mass among severe neurologically impaired children.

Neurologically impaired (NI) children are at risk of malnutrition, which consequently impacts their health and quality of life. Accurate nutrition assessment is an important step in guiding appropriate nutrition support. Conventional anthropometric measurements among NI children have some limitations. Determining body composition requires more complex equipment, which is not routinely performed. This study was conducted to evaluate the association between anthropometric parameters and body composition assessed using the deuterium dilution technique (DDT) in NI children. A cross-sectional study enrolled severe NI children aged 1-20 years who received home enteral nutrition for at least 3 months. Weight, length, and 4-site skinfold thickness were measured. Body composition was determined using DDT following the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) protocol. A total of 37 NI children (56.76% male, median age 7.2 years) were enrolled. The prevalence of underweight, stunting, and overweight were 22, 38, and 35%, respectively. Body composition analysis showed the mean (SD) of total body water (TBW) and fat mass (FM) were 10.52 (4.51) kg and 9.51 (6.04) kg, respectively. Multivariate GLM analysis showed that the factors associated with FM were age (β = 0.07 [0.05,0.08]; p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.82 [0.52, 1.12]; p < 0.001), biceps skinfold thickness (BSF) (β = 0.49 [0.23,0.75]; p = 0.001), and subscapular skinfold thickness (SSF) (β = -0.24 [-0.46,0.03]; p = 0.030). A predictive equation for FM was constructed. A high prevalence of malnutrition was found among severe NI children despite enteral nutrition support. Our findings showed that age, BMI, BSF, and SSF were associated with FM. The predictive equation of FM was proposed and needed to be further validated and applied to clinical practice.

Relationship between Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior, Spinal Curvatures, Endurance and Balance of the Trunk Muscles-Extended Physical Health Analysis in Young Adults.

Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are associated with poor well-being in young people with adverse effects extending into adulthood. To date, there are many studies investigating the relationship between physical activity (PA) and posture, but there are no data on the relationship between the type and intensity of PA and sedentary behavior, their association with thoracic and lumbar spine angles, and with endurance and balance of the trunk muscles, especially in healthy young adults aged 18-25 years. Moreover, there are no data on the relationship between PA and sedentary behavior and musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary health, as well as quality of life (QoL) and sleep that would provide a more comprehensive picture of physical health status. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the extent to which PA and sedentary behavior are associated with each other and with changes in spinal curvatures, endurance and balance of trunk muscles in an extended analysis of physical health status in young adults aged 18-25 years by additionally including measures of body composition, cardiorespiratory capacity, and QoL and sleep. A total of 82 students (58% female, 42% male) aged 18-25 years completed all required tests. Primary outcome measures included the following: PA and sedentary behavior calculated from the long form of International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ-LF), spinal curvatures measured by a Spinal Mouse® device, endurance and balance of the trunk muscles measured using trunk endurance tests and their ratio. Overall, 50% of students were classified as minimally active and 50% as health-enhancing PA (HEPA) active. The angles of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis showed no correlation with PA or time spent sitting. However, students with the lowest PA had significantly higher scores on the trunk extensor endurance test and trunk extensor/flexor endurance test ratio, indicating imbalanced trunk muscles. Moreover, these students spent the most their time sitting. Only PA of vigorous intensity and PA during recreation, leisure, and sports significantly correlated with QoL related to physical health. QoL related to physical and psychosocial health had significantly higher scores when students spent less time sitting. In addition, we found significantly better respiratory performance and SQ at higher PA values, i.e., PA during recreation, leisure, and sport. Our results suggest that students with low PA levels and more time spent sitting have imbalanced trunk muscles, worse respiratory function, and poorer QoL and sleep. Moreover, these findings in college students may reflect their lifestyle and suggest that more PA needs to be promoted to prevent the development of chronic diseases including musculoskeletal disorders.

An Energy-Reduced Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity, and Body Composition: An Interim Subgroup Analysis of the PREDIMED-Plus Randomized Clinical Trial.

Strategies targeting body composition may help prevent chronic diseases in persons with excess weight, but randomized clinical trials evaluating lifestyle interventions have rarely reported effects on directly quantified body composition. To evaluate the effects of a lifestyle weight-loss intervention on changes in overall and regional body composition. The ongoing Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea-Plus (PREDIMED-Plus) randomized clinical trial is designed to test the effect of the intervention on cardiovascular disease prevention after 8 years of follow-up. The trial is being conducted in 23 Spanish research centers and includes men and women (age 55-75 years) with body mass index between 27 and 40 and metabolic syndrome. The trial reported herein is an interim subgroup analysis of the intermediate outcome body composition after 3-year follow-up, and data analysis was conducted from February 1 to November 30, 2022. Of 6874 total PREDIMED-Plus participants, a subsample of 1521 individuals, coming from centers with access to a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry device, underwent body composition measurements at 3 time points. Participants were randomly allocated to a multifactorial intervention based on an energy-reduced Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and increased physical activity (PA) or to a control group based on usual care, with advice to follow an ad libitum MedDiet, but no physical activity promotion. The outcomes (continuous) were 3-year changes in total fat and lean mass (expressed as percentages of body mass) and visceral fat (in grams), tested using multivariable linear mixed-effects models. Clinical relevance of changes in body components (dichotomous) was assessed based on 5% or more improvements in baseline values, using logistic regression. Main analyses were performed in the evaluable population (completers only) and in sensitivity analyses, multiple imputation was performed to include data of participants lost to follow-up (intention-to-treat analyses). A total of 1521 individuals were included (mean [SD] age, 65.3 [5.0] years; 52.1% men). In comparison with the control group (n=761), participants in the intervention arm (n=760) showed greater reductions in the percentage of total fat (between group differences after 1-year, -0.94% [95% CI, -1.19 to -0.69]; 3 years, -0.38% [95% CI, -0.64 to -0.12] and visceral fat storage after 1 year, -126 g [95% CI, -179 to -73.3 g]; 3 years, -70.4 g [95% CI, -126 to -15.2 g] and greater increases in the percentage of total lean mass at 1 year, 0.88% [95% CI, 0.63%-1.12%]; 3-years 0.34% [95% CI, 0.09%-0.60%]). The intervention group was more likely to show improvements of 5% or more in baseline body components (absolute risk reduction after 1 year, 13% for total fat mass, 11% for total lean mass, and 14% for visceral fat mass; after 3-years: 6% for total fat mass, 6% for total lean mass, and 8% for visceral fat mass). The number of participants needed to treat was between 12 and 17 to attain at least 1 individual with possibly clinically meaningful improvements in body composition. The findings of this trial suggest a weight-loss lifestyle intervention based on an energy-reduced MedDiet and physical activity significantly reduced total and visceral fat and attenuated age-related losses of lean mass in older adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome. Continued follow-up is warranted to confirm the long-term consequences of these changes on cardiovascular clinical end points. isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN89898870.

Identification of Differences in Body Composition Measures Using 3D-Derived Artificial Intelligence from Multiple CT Scans across the L3 Vertebra Compared to a Single Mid-Point L3 CT Scan.

Body composition analysis in colorectal cancer (CRC) typically utilises a single 2D-abdominal axial CT slice taken at the mid-L3 level. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) allows for analysis of the entire L3 vertebra (non-mid-L3 and mid-L3). The goal of this study was to determine if the use of an AI approach offered any additional information on capturing body composition measures. A total of 2203 axial CT slices of the entire L3 level (4-46 slices were available per patient) were retrospectively collected from 203 CRC patients treated at Western Health, Melbourne (97 males; 47.8%). A pretrained artificial intelligence (AI) model was used to segment muscle, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) on these slices. The difference in body composition measures between mid-L3 and non-mid-L3 scans was compared for each patient, and for males and females separately. Body composition measures derived from non-mid-L3 scans exhibited a median range of 0.85% to 6.28% (average percent difference) when compared to the use of a single mid-L3 scan. Significant variation in the VAT surface area (p = 0.02) was observed in females compared to males, whereas male patients exhibited a greater variation in SAT surface area (p < 0.001) and radiodensity (p = 0.007). Significant differences in various body composition measures were observed when comparing non-mid-L3 slices to only the mid-L3 slice. Researchers should be aware that considering only the use of a single midpoint L3 CT scan slice will impact the estimate of body composition measurements.

Pulmonary Physiotherapy in Kidney Recipients: Evaluation of Effects on Functional Capacity

&#x0D; Introduction: Renal replacement therapy (RRT), including dialysis and kidney transplantation (KT), is employed for treating patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Among RRT options, KT offers the highest quality of life (QoL) and overall survival. However, pulmonary complications following KT remain significant contributors to morbidity, mortality, and potential graft failure. The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of respiratory and strengthening exercises on respiration, body composition, physical performance, and QoL of the patients following KT. Materials and Methods: Preoperative assessments included forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), 6-minute walking test (6MWT) scores, body composition measurements, hand grip strength, and QoL scores using the Short Form 36 Scale (SF-36) for the patients undergoing their first KT at Antalya Medical Park Hospital. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group (EG) received respiratory exercises until discharge, followed by combined respiratory, upper, and lower extremity strengthening exercises three days a week for two weeks post-discharge, while the control group (CG) received standard care. Measurements were repeated at the end of the third postoperative week, and the changes from the initial measurements were statistically compared between the groups. Results: Demographic characteristics were comparable between the groups. The SF-36 physical function sub-parameter demonstrated a significant increase in the experimental group, while it decreased in the control group. Pain sub-parameter scores and grip strengths of the SF-36 QoL scale did not exhibit statistically significant changes in either group. Conclusion: Implementing early respiratory physiotherapy and strengthening program over three weeks following KT improved QoL and physical function significantly.&#x0D;