Body Composition Of Participants Research Articles

Machine learning predicts peak oxygen uptake and peak power output for customizing cardiopulmonary exercise testing using non-exercise features.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is considered the gold standard for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. To ensure consistent performance of each test, it is necessary to adapt the power increase of the test protocol to the physical characteristics of each individual. This study aimed to use machine learning models to determine individualized ramp protocols based on non-exercise features. We hypothesized that machine learning models will predict peak oxygen uptake ( O2peak) and peak power output (PPO) more accurately than conventional multiple linear regression (MLR). The cross-sectional study was conducted with 274 (♀168, ♂106) participants who performed CPET on a cycle ergometer. Machine learning models and multiple linear regression were used to predict O2peak and PPO using non-exercise features. The accuracy of the models was compared using criteria such as root mean square error (RMSE). Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) was applied to determine the feature importance. The most accurate machine learning model was the random forest (RMSE: 6.52ml/kg/min [95% CI 5.21-8.17]) for O2peak prediction and the gradient boosting regression (RMSE: 43watts [95% CI 35-52]) for PPO prediction. Compared to the MLR, the machine learning models reduced the RMSE by up to 28% and 22% for prediction of O2peak and PPO, respectively. Furthermore, SHAP ranked body composition data such as skeletal muscle mass and extracellular water as the most impactful features. Machine learning models predict O2peak and PPO more accurately than MLR and can be used to individualize CPET protocols. Features that provide information about the participant's body composition contribute most to the improvement of these predictions. DRKS00031401 (6 March 2023, retrospectively registered).

Impact of high fat and low lean mass phenotype on bone mineral content: A cross-sectional study of Chinese adolescent population

Background and ObjectiveResearch on body composition phenotypes and bone health in adolescents is limited. Hence, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between different body composition phenotypes, bone mineral content, and bone metabolism markers in Chinese adolescents. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 1852 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were selected from six schools in Yinchuan City between 2017 and 2020 using stratified cluster random sampling. The participant's body composition and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Serum bone metabolic markers (OC, CTX, and Ca) were measured. Based on their FMI and LMI, individuals were categorized into four body composition phenotypes: low fat mass-low lean mass (LFMI-LLMI), low fat mass-high lean mass (LFMI-HLMI), high fat mass-high lean mass (HFMI-HLMI), high fat mass-low lean mass (HFMI-LLMI). ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference between the four different body composition phenotypes with BMC, CTX and Ca in boys (all P < 0.05), similar conclusions were found in girls, except the OC and CTX. After adjusting for age, gender, smoking, drinking, and others, compared with the LFMI-HLMI reference group, the two high FMI groups (HFMI-LLMI and HFMI-HLMI) had a greater negative correlation with BMC, while the low BMC risk of the HFMI-LLMI group was the highest (OR = 33.28; 95%CI: 11.12–99.63; P < 0.001). The correlation between BMC of different body composition phenotypes in boys was greater than that in girls. HFMI-HLMI is a risk phenotype negatively associated with Ca content (β = −0.12; 95%CI: −0.19 to −0.04; P < 0.05). Regardless of body composition level, BMC was always negatively correlated with fat mass (LLMI: β = −0.27; 95%CI: −0.32–0.21; HLMI: β = −0.52, 95%CI: −0.65–0.40) and positively correlated with lean mass (LFMI: β =0.24; 95%CI: 0.20–0.28; HFMI: β =0.23, 95%CI:0.13–0.33) (all P < 0.001). The fat mass showed different correlations with OC and CTX in girls and boys based on LLMI or HLMI (all P < 0.05). ConclusionHFMI-LLMI is a risk phenotype of low BMC in Chinese adolescents, and the relationship between fat mass and bone metabolism markers is affected by lean body mass and gender.

Lower Extremity Kinematic and Kinetic Characteristics as Effects on Running Economy of Recreational Runners.

This study aimed to determine associations between running economy (RE) and running sagittal plane kinematic and kinetic parameters. A total of 30 male recreational runners (age: 21.21 ± 1.22 yr, V̇O 2max : 54.61 ± 5.42 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) participated in two separate test sessions. In the first session, the participant's body composition and RE at 10 and 12 km·h -1 were measured. In the second session, measurements were taken for the sagittal plane of hip, knee, and ankle angles and range of motion (ROM), as well as ground reaction force. Moderate correlations were found between lower energy costs at 12 km·h -1 and smaller hip flexion at toe-off ( r = 0.373) as well as smaller peak hip flexion during stance ( r = 0.397). During the swing phase, lower energy costs at 10 km·h -1 were moderately correlated with smaller peak knee flexion and smaller knee flexion and extension ROM ( r = 0.366-0.443). Lower energy costs at 12 km·h -1 were moderately correlated with smaller peak hip and knee flexion as well as knee extension ROM ( r = 0.369-0.427). In terms of kinetics, there was a moderate correlation between higher energy costs at 10 km·h -1 and larger peak active force, as well as larger peak braking and propulsion force ( r = -0.470-0.488). Lower energy costs at 12 km·h -1 were moderately to largely correlated with smaller peak impact and braking force ( r = 0.486 and -0.500, respectively). Regarding the statistical parametric mapping analysis, most outcomes showed associations with RE at 10 km·h -1 , including knee flexion (42.5%-65.5% of the gait cycle), ankle plantarflexion (32.5%-36% of the gait cycle), active force (30.5%-35% of the stance phase), and propulsion force (68%-72.5% of the stance phase). Lower energy costs at 12 km·h -1 were correlated with smaller hip flexion (5.5%-12% and 66.5%-74%) and smaller knee flexion (57%-57.5%) during the running gait cycle. This study indicates that biomechanical factors are associated with RE in recreational runners. To design effective training methods to improve RE, coaches and runners should focus on the sagittal plane kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle, as well as lower vertical and horizontal kinetic parameters.

Association of Dietary Protein Sources and Their Adequacy, Body Composition and Risk of Sarcopenic Obesity in South Korean Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Dietary protein sources and protein adequacy are crucial modulators of muscle quality and body composition. We investigated the association between dietary protein sources (and their adequacy) and body composition and the risk of sarcopenic obesity (SO) in South Korean populations. The participants (n = 1967) were classified into SO, obese, sarcopenia, and normal groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the KS-15 questionnaire, short-form food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of body fat (male: 35.36 ± 0.51%; female: 44.14 ± 0.36%) was significantly high, while appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM; male: 36.39 ± 0.30%, female: 30.32 ± 0.19%) was low in the SO group. Beef and pork consumption was negatively associated with ASM (%) but positively associated with body fat (%) in the normal group and positively associated with ASM (kg/m2: beta = 0.002, p = 0.02) and BFM (kg: beta = 0.012, p = 0.03) in the SO group, respectively. The highest quintile (Q5: 173.6 g/day) showed a decreased risk of SO prevalence (AORs: 0.46, CI: 0.22-0.94) compared with that in the lowest quintile (Q1: 21.6 g/day) among the people with inadequacy protein intake. Daily poultry and egg intake was positively linked with body composition in the participants with SO, while red meat showed a negative effect on imbalanced body composition in participants in the normal and SO groups. Furthermore, a lower intake of poultry and eggs was strongly associated with SO prevalence in people who consumed inadequate amounts of daily dietary protein.

Cross-sectional assessment of body composition and detection of malnutrition risk in participants with low body mass index and eating disorders using 3D optical surface scans

BackgroundNew recommendations for the assessment of malnutrition and sarcopenia include body composition, specifically reduced muscle mass. Three-dimensional optical imaging (3DO) is a validated, accessible, and affordable alternative to dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). ObjectiveIdentify strengths and weaknesses of 3DO for identification of malnutrition in participants with low body mass index (BMI) and eating disorders. DesignParticipants were enrolled in the cross-sectional Shape Up! Adults and Kids studies of body shape, metabolic risk, and functional assessment and had BMI of <20 kg/m2 in adults or <85% of median BMI (mBMI) in children and adolescents. A subset was referred for eating disorders evaluation. Anthropometrics, scans, strength testing, and questionnaires were completed in clinical research centers. Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) assessed agreement between 3DO and DXA; multivariate linear regression analysis examined associations between weight history and body composition. ResultsAmong 95 participants, mean ± SD BMI was 18.3 ± 1.4 kg/m2 in adult women (N = 56), 19.0 ± 0.6 in men (N = 14), and 84.2% ± 4.1% mBMI in children (N = 25). Concordance was excellent for fat-free mass (FFM, CCC = 0.97) and strong for appendicular lean mass (ALM, CCC = 0.86) and fat mass (FM, CCC = 0.87). By DXA, 80% of adults met the low FFM index criterion for malnutrition, and 44% met low ALM for sarcopenia; 52% of children and adolescents were <−2 z-score for FM. 3DO identified 95% of these cases. In the subset, greater weight loss predicted lower FFM, FM, and ALM by both methods; a greater percentage of weight regained predicted a higher percentage of body fat. Conclusions3DO can accurately estimate body composition in participants with low BMI and identify criteria for malnutrition and sarcopenia. In a subset, 3DO detected changes in body composition expected with weight loss and regain secondary to eating disorders. These findings support the utility of 3DO for body composition assessment in patients with low BMI, including those with eating disorders.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03637855.

Association between cardiorespiratory fitness level and insulin resistance in adolescents with various obesity categories.

An association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and insulin resistance in obese adolescents, especially in those with various obesity categories, has not been systematically studied. There is a lack of knowledge about the effects of CRF on insulin resistance in severely obese adolescents, despite their continuous rise. To investigate the association between CRF and insulin resistance in obese adolescents, with special emphasis on severely obese adolescents. We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study that included 200 pubertal adolescents, 10 years to 18 years of age, who were referred to a tertiary care center due to obesity. According to body mass index (BMI), adolescents were classified as mildly obese (BMI 100% to 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex) or severely obese (BMI ≥ 120% of the 95th percentile for age and sex or ≥ 35 kg/m2, whichever was lower). Participant body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. A homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was determined from submaximal treadmill exercise test. CRF was expressed as VO2max scaled by total body weight (TBW) (mL/min/kg TBW) or by fat free mass (FFM) (mL/min/kg FFM), and then categorized as poor, intermediate, or good, according to VO2max terciles. Data were analyzed by statistical software package SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A weak negative correlation between CRF and HOMA-IR was found [Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs) = -0.28, P < 0.01 for CRFTBW; (rs) = -0.21, P < 0.01 for CRFFFM]. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant main effect of CRF on HOMA-IR [F(2200) = 6.840, P = 0.001 for CRFTBW; F(2200) = 3.883, P = 0.022 for CRFFFM]. Subsequent analyses showed that obese adolescents with poor CRF had higher HOMA-IR than obese adolescents with good CRF (P = 0.001 for CRFTBW; P = 0.018 for CRFFFM). Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction confirmed significant effect of interaction of CRF level and obesity category on HOMA-IR [F(2200) = 3.292, P = 0.039 for CRFTBW]. Severely obese adolescents had higher HOMA-IR than those who were mildly obese, with either good or poor CRF. However, HOMA-IR did not differ between severely obese adolescents with good and mildly obese adolescents with poor CRF. CRF is an important determinant of insulin resistance in obese adolescents, regardless of obesity category. Therefore, CRF assessment should be a part of diagnostic procedure, and its improvement should be a therapeutic goal.

Fat mass to fat- free mass ratio and body composition in participants with chronic leg problems

Background &amp; aim: Low fat-free mass (FFM) or high fat mass (FM) in older adults are abnormal body composition phenotypes associated with morbidity. The dual burden of excessive FM and low FFM may lead to a higher risk of cardiovascular and other diseases and disability and lower physical performance compared with individuals with normal body composition or low FFM or high FM alone. Both conditions lead to poorer health and can be identified by a high FM/FFM ratio. Because few studies have examined the effects of abnormal body composition using the FM/FFM ratio, the aim of this study is to determine the FM/FFM values by gender in patients with knee and hip pathologies and compare them with body composition parameters. This condition is important when surgery is required because abnormal body composition leads to an increase in infections and other postoperative complications. Methods: A total of 93 participants aged 64.71 ± 7.71 years in women and 65.9 ± 9.9 years in men with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 were recruited from the Valdoltra Orthopaedic Hospital (Ankaran, Slovenia). The waist circumference (WC) and anthropometric data (BMI), as well as body composition data (FM, FFM, % of body water, estimated by bioelectrical impedance - BIA) were measured. In addition, the body composition phenotypes (FM/FFM ratio) were calculated. Results: The FM/FFM index was higher in females. The female group with FM/FFM (0.68) and those with a higher FM/FFM (0.92) correlated positively with WC. Male participants were excluded for further analysis because only two males had FM/FFM &gt; 0.80. The FM/FFM of the remaining male participants was 0.53 ± 0.09. Conclusions: FM/FFM provide information on patient body composition and identify individuals at risk of body composition abnormalities in women only.

Optimal body composition indices cutoff values based on all-cause mortality in the elderly

The cutoffs of body composition indices are inconclusive in older populations. This study is designed toward determining the optimal cutoffs of the body composition indices based on the association with all-cause mortality. During 2009 and 2010, a cohort population of 1200 was enrolled in central western Taiwan. Of the 1200 subjects, 428 older subjects (mean age: 72.5 ± 5.4 yrs.; 47.7 % were women) were censored in this study. The waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were measured using standard anthropometric methods. A multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis device was utilized to estimate each participant's body composition indices, including percent body fat (PBF) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI). All claims records of death from 2009 to 2018 in the National Health Insurance Research Databank were identified. A receiver operating characteristic curve method and the highest Youden index were used to identify the optimal cutoffs. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to model associations between each of the recommended cutoff values with all-cause mortality. The all-cause mortality rate was 20.09 % after a follow-up period of 5.86 ± 2.39 person-years. The significant indices cutoff value was identified to be WC (86.7 cm) for older women and BMI (23.8 kg/m2) and as WC (77.6 cm), and SMMI (8.7 kg/m2) for older men. The recommended optimal cutoffs of the body composition indices were gender-specific and can be utilized to predict the risk of all-cause mortality.

Quantitative assessment of sitting time in ambulant adults with Muscular Dystrophy.

BackgroundCurrent investigations into physical behaviour in Muscular Dystrophy (MD) have focussed largely on physical activity (PA). Negative health behaviours such as sedentary behaviour (Physical Behaviour) and sitting time (Posture Classification) are widely recognised to negatively influence health, but by contrast are poorly reported, yet could be easier behaviours to modify.Methods14 ambulant men with MD and 12 healthy controls (CTRL) subjects completed 7-days of free-living with wrist-worn accelerometry, assessing physical behaviour (SB or PA) and Posture Classification (Sitting or Standing), presented at absolute (minutes) or relative (% Waking Hours). Participant body composition (Fat Mass and Fat Free Mass) were assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance, while functional status was assessed by 10 m walk test and a functional scale (Swinyard Scale).ResultsAbsolute Sedentary Behaviour (2.2 Hours, p = 0.025) and Sitting Time (1.9 Hours, p = 0.030 was greater in adults with MD compared to CTRL and Absolute Physical Activity (3.4 Hours, p < 0.001) and Standing Time (3.2 Hours, p < 0.001) was lower in adults with MD compared to CTRL. Absolute hours of SB was associated with Fat Mass (Kg) (R = 0.643, p < 0.05) in ambulatory adults with MD,DiscussionThis study has demonstrated increased Sedentary Behaviour (2.2 hours) and Sitting time (1.9 Hours) in adults with MD compared to healthy controls. Extended waking hours in sitting and SB raises concerns with regards to progression of potential cardio-metabolic diseases and co-morbidities in MD.

Targeting body composition in an older population: do changes in movement behaviours matter? Longitudinal analyses in the PREDIMED-Plus trial

BackgroundThe optimal distribution between physical activity (PA) levels and sedentary behaviour (SB) for the greatest benefits for body composition among older adults with overweight/obesity and chronic health conditions remains unclear. We aimed to determine the prospective association between changes in PA and in SB with concurrent changes in body composition and to examine whether reallocating inactive time into different physical activity levels was associated with 12-month change to body composition in older adults.MethodsLongitudinal assessment nested in the PREDIMED-Plus trial. A subsample (n = 1564) of men and women (age 55–75 years) with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome from both arms of the PREDIMED-Plus trial was included in the present analysis. Participants were followed up at 6 and 12 months. Physical activity and SB were assessed using validated questionnaires. Out of 1564 participants, 388 wore an accelerometer to objectively measure inactive time and PA over a 7-day period. At each time point, participants’ body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Standard covariate-adjusted and isotemporal substitution modelling were applied to linear mixed-effects models.ResultsIncreasing 30 min of total PA and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with significant reductions in body fat (β − 0.07% and − 0.08%) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (− 13.9 g, and − 15.6 g) at 12 months (all p values < 0.001). Reallocating 30 min of inactive time to MVPA was associated with reductions in body fat and VAT and with an increase in muscle mass and muscle-to-fat mass ratio (all p values < 0.001).ConclusionsAt 12 months, increasing total PA and MVPA and reducing total SB and TV-viewing SB were associated with improved body composition in participants with overweight or obesity, and metabolic syndrome. This was also observed when substituting 30 min of inactive time with total PA, LPA and MVPA, with the greatest benefits observed with MVPA.Trial registrationInternational Standard Randomized Controlled Trial (ISRCTN), 89898870. Retrospectively registered on 24 July 2014

Observations of Performance and Body Composition Following 8-weeks of Progressive Resistance Training in Participants With Cerebral Palsy

Purpose: To observe the effects of progressive resistance training on performance and body composition in participants with cerebral palsy. Methods: Four quadriplegic (3 male, 1 female) and two hemiplegic (2 female) participants (22 ± 5 yr, mean ± SD) completed moderate to high intensity resistance training 2-3 days a week for 8-weeks. Strength training programs were developed for each participant based on their physical ability. Measurements of exercise performance and body composition (InBody 270 &amp; S10) were collected prior to and following training. Data from all participants was pooled, and samples with 5-6 subjects were analyzed using a paired t-test with significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: Measurements of muscular fitness improved, including plank performance (pre: 64 ± 40, post: 95 ± 61 s, n = 6), supine sled leg press 1RM (pre: 225 ± 69, post: 378 ± 124 lb, n = 6) and bench/sled press 1RM (pre: 92 ± 54, post: 115 ± 58 lb, n = 5). There was no change in peak sprint capacity (pre: 89 ± 32, post: 96 ± 29 W, n = 5) or peak aerobic capacity (pre: 303 ± 136, post: 370 ± 246 s, n = 4). Measurements of body weight (pre: 151 ± 40, post: 151 ± 42 lb, n = 6) and skeletal muscle mass (pre: 53 ± 8, post: 54 ± 9 lb, n = 6) were unchanged following training. Conclusion: Preliminary data is encouraging that the unique and challenging strength training program employed with these participants can be utilized to gain meaningful improvements in muscular fitness. However, a larger sample size and longer training period may be necessary to significantly increase muscle mass.

Body composition outcomes and visceral fat reduction in weight loss program participants taking antidepressant medication

ObjectiveAntidepressants are one of the most commonly prescribed therapeutic drug classes in the United States. Studies support a bidirectional link between major depressive disorder and obesity. As such, it is critical to understand how these medications may impact weight loss. In this study, we assessed changes in body composition in participants taking versus not taking antidepressant medications during a comprehensive weight loss program focused on reduction of visceral adipose tissue. MethodsData was analyzed from 2200 subjects completing a commercially available expert supervised very low calorie diet (VLCD)-based program. Overall, 23% of the subjects reported taking at least one antidepressant medication. Endpoints assessed include weight, BMI, body fat, body water, and visceral adiposity. ResultsOur data show participants taking prescription antidepressants did not negatively impact improvement in any outcome, we found both groups achieved clinically relevant progress. Improvements from baseline were statistically significant and clinically relevant for all outcome measures in both groups. ConclusionInterestingly, while antidepressants may be linked to weight gain and inhibition of one's ability to lose weight, our data show subjects currently taking at least one antidepressant achieved clinically relevant improvements in body composition outcomes on par with those not taking medications in a VLCD-based weight loss and metabolic health program.

Abstract P3058: Significant Reduction of Visceral Adiposity in Hypertensive Participants of Doctor-Supervised, Intense Weight Loss Program

According to new statistics from the American Heart Association, nearly half of all adults in the US have high blood pressure and/or are taking antihypertensive medication. Perhaps even more alarming is that &gt;45% of those with hypertension (HT) do not have it controlled. These statistics along with the fact that HT is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) -related death, demonstrate a need for effective non-pharmacological antihypertensive strategies. A direct linear relationship exists between visceral adiposity (VA) and blood pressure. Studies show the amount of adipose tissue accumulating in the abdominal viscera exerts a graded influence on blood pressure. Few strategies exist targeting VA as a means to reduce the risk of HT, CVD, and metabolic syndrome. Commercial weight loss programs target body weight but none have shown a meaningful effect on VA. The 20Lighter Program (T20LP), a doctor-supervised program combining patent-pending meal plans, all natural anti-inflammatory supplementation, and daily oversight is designed to reduce VA, lower risk of disease, and improve health. T20LP employs VA reduction as a clinical indicator of CVD and metabolic disease risk reduction instead of a simple weight loss endpoint. For the first time, we present data on 2200 men and women completing T20LP a 3-phase (9wk) intensive weight reduction program, to assess changes in body composition of participants taking antihypertensive medications versus participants without. From baseline to 20 days, 40 days, and 60 days, each group (HT; non-HT) showed statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions in % body weight (HT: 6.9±0.64, 10.9±0.10,13.1±0.15; non-HT: 6.6±0.41, 10.7±0.08, 13.0±0.12), and % VA (HT: 14.4±0.37, 21.3±0.55, 25.7±0.51; non-HT: 13.9±0.20, 19.9±0.35, 24.8±0.37). When comparing mean changes between HT and non-HT groups we found numerical, but not statistically significant, differences in reductions of % body weight, VA, body fat %, and BMI. Unlike conventional weight loss programs, our results show a clinically meaningful reduction in VA thereby lowering risk of HT, CVD, and metabolic syndrome. T20LP is a comprehensive lifestyle program capable of complementing existing pharmacological HT and CVD treatments.

Phytonutrients: A Potential Role in Obesity (P08-047-19)

ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to determine if phytonutrient intake, measured by the phytonutrient index (PI), is correlated with body composition in participants in Thibodaux, Louisiana. In addition, a second aim was to examine if intake of certain phytonutrient rich foods (based on green, reddish/purple, and yellow/orange colored fruits and vegetables) correlates with body fat percentage, waist circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI). MethodsParticipants Fifty (50) participants, ages18–54 selected. Exclusions were morbidly obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2) and pregnant subjects.Procedures Body adiposity was measured by waist circumference, BMI, and fat percentage. Subjects completed three pass 24-hour food recalls (two weekdays/one weekend day. Each completed FFQ to determine the intake of the specific color. Caloric intake was estimated using ESHA software and used for PI calculation. PI formula estimated how much of the subject’s energy intake was from phytonutrient rich foods (phytonutrient-rich kcal/total intake kcal) × 100. Phytonutrient rich foods primarily include fruits and vegetables, but also legumes, olive oil, and wine. Pearson correlation was used to assess correlations between phytonutrient index and body adiposity measures. Background data on every participant was gathered such as age, sex, health status, and race. IBM SPSS Statistics was used to analyze the data. Results considered statistically significant if p-value < 0.05. ResultsThe results showed a strong inverse correlation between PI and BMI (r = –0.753, P = 0.00), waist circumference (r = –0.730, P = 0.00), and body fat percentage (r = –0.701, P = 0.00). The intake of the specific phytonutrients and improved body composition did show a statistical significance. Individuals with higher weekly intakes of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin rich foods had better body composition in comparison to those who consumed less (P < 0.05; F > Fcrit). Participants with various health conditions had an average PI lower than the population average (38.1 + 22.1). This was true of participants with type 2 diabetes (22 + 17.7), hypertension (17.4 + 11.6), hyperlipidemia (21.6 + 19.4), and osteoarthritis (24.3 + 27.4). ConclusionsThe data in this study demonstrates that there is a strong correlation between higher phytonutrient intake and improved body composition (and disease prevalence). However this correlation remained consistent despite which type of phytonutrients were consumed. These findings conclude that overall diet quality seems to make the most difference, but the phytonutrients in fruits/vegetables are thought to be a key reason for those benefits. Funding SourcesLouisiana Tech University. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs▪▪

Risk for eating disorders and body composition among adolescent female and male athletes and non-athlete controls.

Purpose The objective of this research was to investigate the risk for eating disorders (EDs) and compare body composition in participants with and without risk in adolescent Slovenian athletes and aged matched controls. Methods A total of 583 randomly selected adolescents, aged from 15 to 17 years, completed a sick, control, one stone, fat, food (SCOFF) questionnaire for detecting risk for EDs. Weight and body composition were measured using a bioelectrical impedance machine. Based on the data body mass index (BMI), percentiles were calculated. Results Overall, 37.7% of athletes and 39.8% of controls were classified as at risk for EDs. Girls showed a significantly higher frequency of risk than boys, 1:3.5. A higher percentage of underweight boys was found in control group compared to the athletes, but the difference was not significant in the subsample of girls. Differences in body composition show that the at-risk group had significantly higher values in BMI percentiles (p < 0.001) and percentages of fat mass (p < 0.001) and lower values in percentage of muscle mass (p < 0.01) and fat-free mass. Conclusions These finding demonstrate that the gap in risk for EDs between males and females is becoming smaller and stresses to consider specific parameters of body composition as being important when identifying at-risk groups for EDs.

Mineral Bone Density and Body Composition of Participants in Experiment Mars-500

The investigation of the bone system and body composition in the participants of the Mars-500 experiment (prior to and on completion of the experiment) employed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using a HOLOGIC Delphy osteodensitometer according to the protocol used in examination of cosmonauts. The bone density of lumber vertebrae and femoral proximal epiphysis, as well as the body composition were measured. Statistically significant changes in the mineral density of lumber vertebrae were found in three subjects and displayed different trends from +2.6 to –2.4%. At the same time, in the femoral proximal epiphysis, including in the cervical region, the mineral density after the experiment was significantly lower in all participants. Four subjects exhibited an increase (by 5–9%) in the mineralization of the skull bones, as in some cosmonauts after flights. All participants were characterized by loss of adipose tissue mass (from 2 to 7 kg; in one subject, 20 kg, by a factor of three). Changes in lean mass (by 1–3 kg) were often negative and in the limbs might be associated with preferences for a certain type of physical activity. It is shown that prolonged stay in a confined space can lead to a decrease in mineralization of individual parts of the skeleton. Unlike real spaceflights and long-duration experiments with hypokinesia carried out earlier at the Institute for Biomedical Problems, no clinically significant loss of mineral density (osteoporosis, osteopenia) was observed in the Mars-500 experiment, which may be due to the lack of microgravity effects.

Vitamin D supplementation improves waist-to-hip ratio and fasting blood glucose in vitamin D deficient, overweight or obese Asians: A pilot secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Recent trials do not support a role for vitamin D supplementation in prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although effects may differ in Asian populations. In this pilot secondary analysis of a placebo-controlled randomised trial of overweight or obese individuals with low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L), we examined whether vitamin D supplementation improved insulin sensitivity or body composition in participants of Asian ethnicity. Amongst 65 trial participants, 33 reported being of Asian descent (mean ± SD age 30 ± 7 years; 67% male). Participants were block randomised to receive vitamin D (n = 14; initial bolus dose of 2500 μg cholecalciferol followed by 100 μg cholecalciferol/d) or placebo (n = 19; identical capsules) for 16 weeks. Primary outcome was change in insulin sensitivity (M-value) assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Secondary outcomes were changes in 25(OH)D (chemiluminescent immunoassay), fasting blood glucose (YSI Stat 2300), and body composition including waist-hip ratio and total body fat percentage (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Questionnaires assessed sun-exposure habits, physical activity, and diet. After the 16-week intervention, 25(OH)D concentrations increased significantly in the vitamin D group with no change in placebo (61.4 ± 21.1 vs −0.4 ± 12.7 nmol/L; P < 0.01). Vitamin D group participants demonstrated significant improvements in waist-hip ratio (-0.02 ± 0.03 vs 0.00 ± 0.02; P < 0.01) and fasting blood glucose (−0.1 ± 0.2 vs 0.2 ± 04 mmol/L; P < 0.04) compared with the placebo group, but changes in insulin sensitivity and other body composition measures did not differ significantly between groups (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation improved waist-hip ratio and fasting blood glucose in overweight and obese Asian-Australians with low vitamin D concentrations. Further research is required to determine whether vitamin D supplementation is potentially more effective in specific ethnic groups.

Differences in adiposity and diet quality among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease in Eastern Canada.

The objective of the current study was to characterize the relationship between diet quality and body composition in participants living with IBD, specifically Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), in Atlantic Canada. Participants from the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow’s Health (PATH) study are residents of one of the four Atlantic Canada provinces. Participants who completed the dietary questionnaire and had body composition measured were included in the study (n = 12,462 without IBD, n = 111 CD, n = 119 UC). A greater number of participants with IBD reported having multiple chronic conditions compared to those without IBD. Those with UC had statistically higher body weight and body mass index (BMI) compared to those without IBD. Overall, significant positive correlations were observed between adiposity and servings of refined grains, and meats and alternatives such as eggs and fish, whereas negative correlations were observed with servings of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and alternatives such as tofu, and nuts/seeds. Participants with IBD (both CD and UC) consumed more refined grains than those without IBD. Using logistic regression analysis, participants consuming more servings of vegetables and whole grains were less likely to have CD where as those consuming more serving of fruit and bean/legumes were less likely to have UC. In the Atlantic PATH cohort, which includes a region of the world with a high incidence of IBD, distinct differences in adiposity and diet quality were observed in individuals with specific types of IBD compared to those without. There is a need for collaborative efforts to address weight management and diet quality issues in those living with IBD in the Atlantic Canadian region.

Hypertrophic effect of inhaled beta2 -agonist with and without concurrent exercise training: A randomized controlled trial.

Due to a high prevalence of asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes, there is a high use of beta2 -adrenoceptor agonists (beta2 -agonists) in the athletic population. While anabolic in rodents, no study has been able to detect hypertrophy in humans after chronic beta2 -agonist inhalation. We investigated whether inhaled beta2 -agonist, terbutaline, alters body composition and metabolic rate with and without concurrent exercise training in healthy young men. Sixty-seven participants completed a 4-week intervention of daily terbutaline (8×0.5mg) or placebo treatment without concurrent training (habitual; n=23), with resistance (n=23) or endurance (n=21) training 3 times weekly. Before and after the interventions, participant's body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and resting metabolic rate and substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry. Terbutaline increased lean body mass by 1.03kg (95% CI 0.29-1.76; P<.05) and 1.04kg (95% CI 0.16-1.93; P<.05) compared to placebo in the habitual and resistance training group, respectively, but had no effect compared to placebo in the endurance training group [-0.56kg (95% CI -1.74-0.62; P>.05)]. Fat mass, bone mineral content, and resting metabolic rate did not change differently between treatments with the intervention. Daily inhalation of terbutaline in near-therapeutic doses induces skeletal muscle growth. This observation should be a concern for antidoping authorities.

Energy Intake Derived from an Energy Balance Equation, Validated Activity Monitors, and Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry Can Provide Acceptable Caloric Intake Data among Young Adults

Assessments of energy intake (EI) are frequently affected by measurement error. Recently, a simple equation was developed and validated to estimate EI on the basis of the energy balance equation [EI = changed body energy stores + energy expenditure (EE)]. The purpose of this study was to compare multiple estimates of EI, including 2 calculated from the energy balance equation by using doubly labeled water (DLW) or activity monitors, in free-living adults. The body composition of participants (n = 195; mean age: 27.9 y; 46% women) was measured at the beginning and end of a 2-wk assessment period with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was calculated through indirect calorimetry. EE was assessed with the use of the DLW technique and an arm-based activity monitor [Sensewear Mini Armband (SWA); BodyMedia, Inc.]. Self-reported EI was calculated by using dietitian-administered 24-h dietary recalls. Two estimates of EI were calculated with the use of a validated equation: quantity of energy stores estimated from the changes in fat mass and fat-free mass occurring over the assessment period plus EE from either DLW or the SWA. To compare estimates of EI, reporting bias (estimated EI/EE from DLW × 100) and Goldberg ratios (estimated EI/RMR) were calculated. Mean ± SD EEs from DLW and SWA were 2731 ± 494 and 2729 ± 559 kcal/d, respectively. Self-reported EI was 2113 ± 638 kcal/d, EI derived from DLW was 2723 ± 469 kcal/d, and EI derived from the SWA was 2720 ± 730 kcal/d. Reporting biases for self-reported EI, DLW-derived EI, and SWA-derived EI are as follows: -21.5% ± 22.2%, -0.7% ± 18.5%, and 0.2% ± 20.8%, respectively. Goldberg cutoffs for self-reported EI, DLW EI, and SWA EI are as follows: 1.39 ± 0.39, 1.77 ± 0.38, and 1.77 ± 0.38 kcal/d, respectively. These results indicate that estimates of EI based on the energy balance equation can provide reasonable estimates of group mean EI in young adults. The findings suggest that, when EE derived from DLW is not feasible, an activity monitor that provides a valid estimate of EE can be substituted for EE from DLW.