Bodybuilding Athletes Research Articles

Assessment of the Impact of Sensor-Based Ischemic Preconditioning with Different Cycling Periods on Upper Limb Strength in Bodybuilding Athletes.

Objective: This study designed experiments to explore the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) intervention with different cycling periods on the upper limb strength performance of college male bodybuilding athletes. Methods: Ten bodybuilding athletes were recruited for a randomized, double-blind, crossover experimental study. All subjects first underwent pre-tests with two sets of exhaustive bench presses at 60% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM) to assess upper limb strength performance. They then experienced three different IPC intervention modes (T1: 1 × 5 min, T2: 2 × 5 min, T3: 3 × 5 min), as well as a non-IPC intervention mode (CON), followed by a retest of the bench press. An Enode pro device was used to record the barbell's velocity during the bench press movement (peak velocity (PV), mean velocity (MV)); power (peak power (PP), mean power (MP)); and time under tension (TUT) to evaluate upper limb strength performance. Results: PV values: T1 showed significant increases compared to pre-tests in the first (p = 0.02) and second (p = 0.024) tests, and were significantly greater than the CON (p = 0.032); T2 showed a significant increase in PV in the first test (p = 0.035), with no significant differences in other groups. MV values: T1 showed a significant increase in MV in the first test compared to the pre-test (p = 0.045), with no significant differences in other groups. PP values: T1 showed a highly significant increase in PP in the first test compared to the pre-test (p = 0.001), and was significantly higher than the CON (p = 0.025). MP values: T1 showed highly significant increases in MP in both the first (p = 0.004) and second (p = 0.003) tests compared to the pre-test; T2 showed a highly significant increase in MP in the first test (p = 0.039) and a significant increase in the second test (p = 0.039). T1's MP values were significantly higher than the CON in both tests; T2's MP values were significantly higher than the CON in the first (p = 0.005) and second (p = 0.024) tests. TUT values: T1 showed highly significant increases in TUT in the first (p < 0.001) and second (p = 0.002) tests compared to the pre-test, and were significantly higher than the CON. Conclusions: (1) Single-cycle and double-cycle IPC interventions both significantly enhance upper limb strength performance, significantly improving the speed and power in exhaustive bench press tests, with the single-cycle IPC intervention being more effective than the double-cycle IPC intervention. (2) The triple-cycle IPC intervention does not improve the upper limb strength performance of bodybuilding athletes in exhaustive bench presses.

The Use of Anabolic Steroids by Bodybuilders in the State of Sergipe, Brazil.

Bodybuilding, as a high-performance sport, requires regular strength and resistance exercises with the principal objective of increasing muscle hypertrophy. However, many bodybuilders resort to the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) to improve their performance in a short period of time. This study employs a survey-type, cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical method to evaluate the profile of bodybuilding athletes in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, and verify the level of knowledge/awareness about the health risks and impacts resulting from the use of such substances. Finite- and convenience-type populations are assessed, including individuals of both sexes, aged older than 18 years, self-declared bodybuilding athletes residing in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, and participating in regional and/or state competitions. As a result, no significant relationships were determined between sex (p = 0.492), age (p = 0.460), family income (p = 0.141), and medical follow-up sessions. For the variables level of education and medical follow-up vs. no follow-up sessions, a significant result was achieved (p = 0.01), with 74.3% of individuals reporting having follow-up treatment and 25.7% responding that they had no follow-up treatment, a percentage representing the group that completed their higher education. The substances most used by the athletes were Sustanon 250 or Durateston, Nandrolone Decanoate (Deca or Deca-Durabolin), and Testosterone. The most-reported acute side effects were acne at 33.8% (n = 20), irritability at 32.1% (n = 19), alopecia (hair loss), and nervousness at 23.7% (n = 14). The most-reported chronic side effects were arterial hypertension at 36.0% (n = 9), liver disease at 28.0% (n = 7), and cancer (non-specific) at 8.0% (n = 2). We concluded that, regardless of the athletes' socioeconomic profiles, the use of AASs was high, with two or more substances being used in combination and for a prolonged period. Thus, it is necessary to promote awareness campaigns regarding the use of AASs and their effects on high-performance and recreational athletes.

Use of Ergogenic Substances amongst Bodybuilding Athletes Around Polokwane Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Background: Although there is a lack of scientific evidence supporting the use of some ergogenic substances, it remains a common practice among bodybuilding athletes. Nevertheless, the use of ergogenics among bodybuilding athletes around Polokwane Municipality (PM) in Limpopo Province remains unknown.&#x0D; Aim: To determine the use of ergogenic substances amongst bodybuilding athletes around Polokwane municipality in Limpopo Province. &#x0D; Methods: A descriptive study with a purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 51 amateur bodybuilding athletes in gyms around PM. Ethical approval and permission were obtained from the MEDUNSA Research and Ethics Committee (MREC) and coaches respectively. Sampled athletes signed written informed consent forms. Data collection was done using self-designed questionnaires covering the demography, training information, and the use of ergogenic agents. Data were loaded onto the SPSS (v.23) and analyzed. Descriptive tests were used to describe ergogenic use through ranges, percentages, means, and standard deviations (±SD).&#x0D; Results: The majority (94.1%) were males, of which 66.7% participated as bodybuilders for ≤2 years. Almost all athletes (86.3%) trained three to four days a week for 1–3 hr (94.1%) on weekdays. Only 37.3% relied on coaches for nutrition information followed by those who used social media (29.4%), teammates (29.3%), and nutrition experts (4.0%). A few athletes (15.7%) used ergogenics, of them, 13.7% used creatine and 2.0% vitamin capsules. &#x0D; Conclusion: Overall, Polokwane bodybuilders were not using ergogenic agents during their bodybuilding sports careers.&#x0D; Keywords: bodybuilding, ergogenic agents, supplements and athletes

Pectoralis major rupture in body builders: a case series including anabolic steroid use

BackgroundRupture of the pectoralis major (PM) muscle is a rare injury, with increasing incidence over the last decades, mainly due to participation in weightlifting and contact sports. Surgical management of PM injuries has been related with superior functional outcome, faster return to activities, better cosmesis and higher level of patients’ satisfaction. The aim of the study is to present our experience in the management of this rare clinical entity and to correlate the use of anabolic steroids in the occurrence of the injury and the impact of type of injury, method of reconstruction and anabolic steroids on the post-operative outcome.CasesWe present a series of six male bodybuilding athletes who sustained PM rupture during weightlifting. We recorded the location & type of injury, the history and type of anabolic steroids use, the method of repair and the post-operative outcome.Treatment and outcomesThe mean follow-up period was 16 (12–24) months. All patients treated surgically had excellent results according to Bak criteria and returned to full activity within 5.4 (5–7) months following surgical reconstruction. No post-operative complications were recorded, despite the continued use of anabolic steroids, however one patient died from myocardial infarction within a year of surgical treatment.ConclusionsPM rupture is an injury with increasing incidence within bodybuilding athletes probably not related to the dominance of the limb. Fixation of the tendon with suture anchors results in excellent clinical outcome and patient’s satisfaction postoperatively regardless the chronicity of the repair. Our observations in these cases suggest that anabolic steroids use may contribute to the injury due to an excessive upward adjustment of the athlete's goals in lifting weights and moreover the continuation of administration even in the recovery period does not seem to have a negative effect either on the time or on the level of adequate functional recovery postoperatively.

Investigation of Deltoid Muscle Activation From Different Angles in Body Building Athletes.

It is known that bodybuilders suffer from shoulder injuries frequently. Therefore, it is important to determine the most appropriate form of movement during shoulder exercises. For this reason, this study was carried out to determine the most accurate form of movement by examining the deltoid muscle activation of bodybuilders from different angles. The survey model, one of the quantitative research techniques, was used in this study. 53 athletes (44 men, 9 women) with an age of 25.77±9.13 years, height of 177.07±8.40 cm, body weight of 78.06±14.16 kg, and body mass index of 24.78±3.43 kg/m2 who regularly attended bodybuilding gyms were included in the study. The deltoid activations of the participants was measured, while the glenohumeral joint is at 90°, the cubital joint is in abduction at 180°, 150° and 120°. surface electromyography (sEMG) biofeedback was determined using the Neurotrac Myoplus Pro device. Joint angles were determined with a goniometer. Statistical analyses of the study were performed using the SPSS 25 package program. It was found that the data were normally distributed and the Repeated measures Anova test was applied for comparisons. As a result of statistical analysis, in male participants, mean deltoid sEMG values and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC [%]) significantly decreased with decreasing angle size (p<0.05). In female participants, the average sEMG and MVC (%) values did not change at different angles (p>0.05). According to the research results, shoulder sEMG activations decrease in direct proportion to the angle in bodybuilders. When the glenohumeral joint is 90° and the cubital joint is 180°, the activation of the medial deltoid muscle is highest. It is suggested that bodybuilders should consider the results of our study when performing exercises to hypertrophy the deltoid muscle.

Without refeeding days, drastically reducing calories in the pre-competition phase may does not guarantee a better reduction in bodybuilder's body fat percentage

Background & AimsThe caloric restrictions are necessary during the bodybuilder athlete preparation, especially when approaching the pre-contest phase. Although the refeed strategies for bodybuilders are current recent in the scientific literature, drastically reducing calories in the pre-competition phase linearly without periodization may does not guarantee a greater reduction in body fat and still being able harm the athlete's physical on-stage readiness.MethodsTwo cross-sectional studies (n = 42) and three case studies (n = 3) recent involved bodybuilder athletes aged between 21 and 32 years old who had 14–32 weeks, time involved the preparation phase and the pre-contest phase, to prepare himself and did not contain any refeeding strategy in their dietary protocol prescribed at work. These articles followed participants diets regarding the number of calories and macronutrients, where data collected were separated by the author himself and recorded in Excel spreadsheets for be mathematically calculated and subjectively evaluated.ResultsOf the five studies that were read and organized it's noted apparently that a greater caloric deficit does not influence a greater substantial loss of fat percentage or body weight neither looks to show any numerical visual relationship with maintenance of fat-free mass.ConclusionsObservationally, a severe caloric deficit without refeed strategies applied in pre-contest phase may not guarantee a greater the weight loss neither a greater reduction in the body fat percentage. The caloric restrictions are necessary during the bodybuilder athlete preparation, especially when approaching the pre-contest phase. Although the refeed strategies for bodybuilders are current recent in the scientific literature, drastically reducing calories in the pre-competition phase linearly without periodization may does not guarantee a greater reduction in body fat and still being able harm the athlete's physical on-stage readiness. Two cross-sectional studies (n = 42) and three case studies (n = 3) recent involved bodybuilder athletes aged between 21 and 32 years old who had 14–32 weeks, time involved the preparation phase and the pre-contest phase, to prepare himself and did not contain any refeeding strategy in their dietary protocol prescribed at work. These articles followed participants diets regarding the number of calories and macronutrients, where data collected were separated by the author himself and recorded in Excel spreadsheets for be mathematically calculated and subjectively evaluated. Of the five studies that were read and organized it's noted apparently that a greater caloric deficit does not influence a greater substantial loss of fat percentage or body weight neither looks to show any numerical visual relationship with maintenance of fat-free mass. Observationally, a severe caloric deficit without refeed strategies applied in pre-contest phase may not guarantee a greater the weight loss neither a greater reduction in the body fat percentage.

Empreendedoras da forma. Mulheres, fisiculturismo e mercado fitness

In a research carried out with female bodybuilding athletes, seeking to understand how they shape their athletic subjectivities through extreme body modification, we came across identities marked by a system of codes, discourses and practices which incorporate ideals of sacrifice, resilience, strength, motivation, determination and power beyond the sports metier, reaching the dimension of the market, business, the competition incarnated in the bodies of entrepreneurs, both in terms of the production of muscle modeling and the sales of services related to it. Thus, in this article, we aim to present the work strategies of bodybuilders that result, according to our hypothesis, from a type of athletic subjectivity which is also expressed in an entrepreneurial subjectivity, establishing a dialogue between the competitive fields of sport and market. To do so, two Brazilian athletes of this sport were remotely interviewed, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. An analysis was made on how this sport dialogues with the ideals of entrepreneurship from the inculcation of competition and individualism, not only in the sphere of the sport competition, but also the maintenance of life, as well as the generation and sales of products and services related to the fitness market.

‘Tá monstrão’! A construção da masculinidade em uma academia de musculação

In this investigation, we assumed the objective of understanding which representation of masculinity is produced by a bodybuilder athlete through the practice of resistance training and the relationships he establishes with his body. In the case study of a qualitative approach, in a gym located in a city in the state of São Paulo, we used the following procedures: participant observation, field diary and semi-structured interviews. We show that masculinity, as a socio-cultural construction, refers to a life project instituted in childhood, as well as that the practice of bodybuilding establishes hierarchical relationships in a hyperbolic attempt to establish the superiority of one body over others.

The Prevalence of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Misuse in Iranian Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background:Due to widespread abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids among professional athletes and amateur sportsmen and their health-related problems, determining the prevalence and the pattern of anabolicandrogenic steroid misuse at the national level seems to be vital for designing efficient preventive and educational measures.Methods:This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted via comprehensive searches of the electronic databases including PubMed, MedLine, Scopus, Google Scholar and National Persian Databases including SID, Magiran, IranDoc (between 1980 and Dec 2019 in English and Persian languages) and also from citations in the selected papers. Overall, 39 articles met the criteria and were included in qualitative and quantitative synthesis.Results:The overall prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse in the Iranian athletic population was 36.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 29–43) with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2=99.0%, P<0.001). Prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse among elite, male and younger athletes was higher (P<0.05). Moreover, prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse among body-building athletes (36.3%) was higher compared to other athletes (30.9%), (P<0.001).Conclusion:Due to the higher prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids misuse in Iran compared to global statistics and the potential for serious adverse effects, preventive strategies and policies should be regarded as a real concern for public health.

Differences in attitudes, behaviours and beliefs towards eating between female bodybuilding athletes and non-athletes, and the implications for eating disorders and disordered eating

BackgroundFemale athletes participating in sports emphasising aesthetics are potentially more prone to developing disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (EDs) than non-athletes, males, and those participating in sports with less emphasis on leanness. Despite this, female bodybuilding athletes have received little attention.AimTo investigate differences in eating attitudes, behaviours and beliefs in female bodybuilding athletes and a non-athlete group.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was used with the eating attitude test-26 (EAT-26) distributed to 75 women (49.3% bodybuilding athletes; 50.7% non-athletes) and the female athlete screening tool (FAST) distributed to the female bodybuilding group only.ResultsDemographic characteristics revealed no significant difference in age, stature or body mass index (P = 0.106 to 0.173), though differences in body mass were evident (P = 0.0001 to 0.042). Bodybuilding athletes scored significantly higher (P = 0.001) than non-athletes on the EAT-26 questionnaire, with significantly more athletes (56.8%) being labelled as ‘at risk’ of an ED than non-athletes (23.7%, P = 0.001). Responses to the FAST questionnaire indicated female bodybuilding athletes have high preoccupation with their body mass; engage in exercise to alter their body mass; and disclosed negative perceptions of themselves.ConclusionIn all, female bodybuilding athletes demonstrate behaviours associated with DE and EDs as well as a preoccupation with nutrition intake, exercise, and strategies to alter their appearance. These findings have important implications for those managing female bodybuilding athletes such as strength and conditioning coaches, athletic trainers, nutritionist and dietitians with respect to detecting DE and EDs as well as minimising the risk factors.

CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITY THROUGH BODYBUILDING A QUALITATIVE STUDY

The body is a factor that makes men feel masculine and the role of the body in the construction of masculinity is undeniable. Bodybuilding has many features that are associated with masculinity such as performance, strength, muscular appearance, endurance. To determine how male bodybuilding athletes construct masculinity through the body that they build and whether choosing this sport has meaning in terms of masculinity. Data were collected by focus group interview with a social constructional stance. The participants of the study were 4 elite male bodybuilding athletes. Participants were joined the common discourse that the ideal male body is more muscular and bulky and bulky body is frightening so the aim of bodybuilding is being more muscular and bulky for them. Bodybuilding is thought as an area that masculinity can be constructed and they were evaluate their new bodies as a factor of respect and power. Bodybuilding is represents the strength, power, and competence characteristics associated with masculinity, and is considered to be an area that men can build a muscular appearance that is the ideal body shape. In other words, through bodybuilding they use their bodies to construct masculinity.

Perceived ideal body weight exacerbates bulimia and dieting in Bodybuilding Athletes.

The passion of bodybuilding athletes for a symmetric, lean, heavily muscled body leads them to carry out exhausting exercise programs and restrictive eating regimens, sometimes resulting in disordered eating behaviors. This study investigates potential exacerbators on the development of disordered eating in bodybuilding (professional and recreational) and strength athletes. This cross-sectional single time point study involved 103 Cypriot bodybuilding athletes of both sexes, performing at three levels: professional, recreational and strength athletes. The Eating Attitude Test 26 (EAT-26) and The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) were used to evaluate disordered eating and eating behaviors respectively. Scores on the items of the questionnaires according to sex were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and differences according to bodybuilding performance status or/and body weight deviation category using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The current study was performed under the auspices of the Hellenic Center of Education & Treatment of Eating Disorders (KEADD). The degree of deviation between the perceived ideal body weight and the actual body weight was associated with increased risk of eating disorder. Athletes who desired a lower body weight recorded higher scores on EAT-26 overall (p=0.001), and the subscales of dieting (p=0.01) and bulimia (p=0.001). Cognitive restraint and emotional eating scales of TFEQ-R21 were more pronounced in the non-professional athletes (p=0.01). The emotional eating score was higher in women. There is a need for appropriate sport-specific, gender-specific preventive intervention to deescalate the risk of eating disorder, in both professional and non-professional bodybuilding athletes.

Investigation of the Chronic Effects of Winstrol and Oxandrolone Anabolic Steroids on Liver Enzymes in Male Bodybuilding Athletes

Background: Chronic use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) by athletes can cause detrimental effects on the liver, heart and arteries, kidneys, and hormonal systems. Besides, it may cause mental health problems. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the chronic effects of Winstrol and Oxandrolone anabolic steroids on liver enzymes in male bodybuilding athletes. Methods: This causal-comparative study was conducted on 30 bodybuilding athletes living in Yasuj City in 2019. Participants were included using the available and non-random sampling technique. Then, were divided into three groups (each with 10 members), including: (1) athletes with no history of AAS; (2) athletes with a history of AAS (three months away from consumption); and (3) athletes with current AAS consumption. After 12 hours of fasting, blood samples were taken in the morning to measure liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test using SPSS version 21 at a significance level of &lt; 0.05. Results: The results showed higher degradation of the two enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (AST) in the third group compared to the other two groups (P = 0.001, F = 130.84). Also, the damage of AST and ALT enzymes was more in the second group than the first group (P = 0.001, F = 188.178). Also, the results of one-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference between groups concerning serum ALP level (P = 0.227, F = 1.349). Conclusions: Steroid drugs have devastating effects on liver cells, even after three months of discarding their use, and the effects never get fully remedy, as they continue to affect consumers after quitting; However, it appears that the adverse effects on some liver enzymes significantly reduce over time.

Moral Reasoning in Bodybuilding

Background. The aim of the research was to disclose the process of moral reasoning in bodybuilding: to reveal the features of bodybuilding sport (athletes’ goals, benefits of the sport and its costs), to find out the circumstances which can affect athletes’ moral decisions, to evaluate bodybuilding athletes’ moral reasoning strategies, and to reveal athletes’ most important moral decisions.Methods. The study employed qualitative research which involved eight bodybuilding athletes. The respondents were selected using the theoretical purposeful convenience sampling strategy. A semi-structured interview method was used to collect information.Results. Athletes’ goals in bodybuilding can be sports related (getting to know the sport, athletic achievements) or personal (moral and psychological toughness, personal improvement, self-realization, material benefits). Bodybuilders benefit from the sport in physical (health and appearance improvement) and social (gained experience, self-realization) ways. The price of this sport is athletes’ hard work, large amounts of money, sacrificed personal life and deterioration of psychological and physical health. Moral reasoning can be influenced by positive circumstances (bodybuilding philosophy, internal beliefs, fighting against cheating, team spirit) and negative (ingrained misdemeanours in sport, corruption, flawed rating system, possibility to avoid responsibility, big price of winning, psychological pressure, inadequate goals). Athletes most often use rational moral reasoning strategies (regarding their beliefs, solution seeking, situational decisions, self-mobilization, setting options, relying on experience). Athletes more often make positive moral decisions (changing the trainer, following the rules, resisting pressure, moral behaviour) than negative (adapting to the situation, acting like the others, winning at any cost).Conclusions. Bodybuilders most often aim for personal goals. Bodybuilding provides its athletes with physical and social benefits. The price of this sport is bodybuilders’ hard work, large sums of money, sacrifice of personal life and health. Certain circumstances might influence athletes to make positive moral decisions while others might influence negative decisions. Bodybuilding athletes use two different moral reasoning strategies: rational or irrational. Bodybuilders’ more often make positive moral decisions, but negative decisions occur as well. Keywords: morality, moral reasoning, bodybuilding.

Dietary Intake of Amateur Bodybuilding Athletes Around Polokwane Municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa

OBJECTIVE: To determine the dietary intake of amateur bodybuilding athletes around Polokwane municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa.&#x0D; &#x0D; DESIGN: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in which purposive sampling was used to recruit 51 participants out of 65 registered part-time competitive bodybuilders at three training gyms around Polokwane. Dietary information was collected using a modified 24-hour-recall questionnaire on three different days, which was validated by the modified Food Frequency Questionnaire.&#x0D; &#x0D; SETTINGS: The study took place at three gyms that enrolled these part-time athletes, all of whom were registered with the International Federation of Bodybuilding in South Africa (IFBBSA). Data were collected during the off-season period. &#x0D; &#x0D; RESULTS: Macronutrients: All the athletes consumed energy and carbohydrates below the daily recommendations of the International Society for Sports Nutrition (ISSN) with mean values of 129 &amp;plusmn; 36.7 KJ/kg and 3.9 &amp;plusmn; 0.9 g/kg respectively. Furthermore, 78% and 94% of the athletes consumed protein (1.3 &amp;plusmn; 0.5 g/kg) and fat (0.8 &amp;plusmn; 0.4 g/kg) below the daily recommendations, respectively. Vitamins: Most of the athletes took vitamins C (53%); B1 (82%) and B6 (82%) within the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) while the intake of vitamins A (69%) and E (72%) were below the recommendations. While 88% of the athletes consumed above the EAR for vitamin B12, only 41% and 17% took vitamins B2 and B6 above the Upper Tolerable Limit (UL). Minerals: Most of the athletes consumed phosphorus (94%), iron (88%), zinc (78%), magnesium (71%) and selenium (61%) within the EAR. The proportions of bodybuilders who consumed minerals below the EAR were 86% for calcium, 4% for phosphorus, 10% for iron, 19% for zinc, 23% for magnesium and 37% for selenium. &#x0D; &#x0D; CONCLUSION: The macronutrient intake of bodybuilders around Polokwane is mostly below recommendations, but consumption of micronutrients is mostly within the recommendations. Therefore, the dietary intake of these bodybuilders especially for macronutrient intake is sub-optimal to support their competitive activity.

The Views of Elite Bodybuilding Athletes Concerning Doping Training, Their Level of Knowledge about Doping, and Values Education in Sport

The objective of this research study is to reveal the levels of knowledge of the elite bodybuilding athletes and theirviews about doping training; additionally, to evaluate the views of the participants from the standpoint of sportvalues education. The research was conducted as a phenomenology model, which is one of the qualitative researchmethods, and interview method was used. The research group was comprised of 13 national athletes (3 women and10 men) from Turkey in bodybuilding branch. The 'Personal Information Form' and 'Interview Form', which wereprepared by the researcher, were used. The data were analyzed via content analysis method, which is one of thequalitative research methods. Consequently, it was concluded that the bodybuilding athletes had low levels ofknowledge concerning doping, national and international federations did not conduct information training aboutdoping, it was important for the athletes to be successful in the contests, there was an increase in the use of doping,and that they were not competing on a level playing field.

The effects of daily food ingestion on improved immune functions and health promotion of bodybuilding athletes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different weight reduction methods on the body composition characteristics, cardiopulmonary functions, and health promotion of elite bodybuilding athletes in a comprehensive manner. For this purpose, the study analyzed the effects of two different weight reduction methods on 25 elite bodybuilding athletes registered at the Bodybuilding Association over a period of 6 weeks. There were interactive effects on macronutrients, macrominerals, and antioxidants according to weight reduction methods as the experiment group (6%±2%) maintained a certain amount of food intakes across various nutrients including energy intakes or made a slow decrease it, whereas the traditional group (16%±4%) made a sharp decrease in it due to relatively greater weight reduction than the experiment group and thus showed pattern differences from it. As for immunity variables, there was an increase to certain cytokines despite the traditional high weight reduction method, but it caused no excessive reduction of immunity or rapid decrease to certain factors of body composition. In addition, there were no significant differences in main and interactive effects on the one-repetition maximum of bench press and squat, which are two functional indicators of health promotion. These findings imply that the low weight reduction method within the range of 6%±2% minimized or maintained changes to muscle circumference or mass while causing no improvement to muscular strength.

보디빌딩선수들의 체중감량 건강교육 프로그램법을 통한 신체조성 특성 및 심폐기능 건강증진 개선이 경기력 향상에 미치는 영향

보디빌딩선수들의 체중감량 건강교육 프로그램법을 통한 신체조성 특성 및 심폐기능 건강증진 개선이 경기력 향상에 미치는 영향

The relationship between anxiety and the cortisol level in precompetition bodybuilding athletes

The relationship between anxiety and the cortisol level in precompetition bodybuilding athletes

보디빌딩 선수 및 동호인의 운동가치인식, 운동열정, 자기관리에 관한 연구

보디빌딩 선수 및 동호인의 운동가치인식, 운동열정, 자기관리에 관한 연구