Bodily Condition Research Articles

Bodily and Visual-Cognitive Navigation Aids to Enhance Spatial Recall in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) syndrome often report navigation difficulties, accompanied by impairments in egocentric and allocentric spatial memory. However, studies have shown that both bodily (e.g., motor commands, proprioception, vestibular information) and visual-cognitive (e.g., maps, directional arrows, attentional markers) cues can support spatial memory in MCI. We aimed to assess navigation cues for innovative spatial training in aging. Fifteen MCI patients were recruited for this study. Their egocentric and allocentric memory recall performances were tested through a navigation task with five different virtual reality (VR) assistive encoding navigation procedures (bodily, vision only, interactive allocentric map, reduced executive load, free navigation without cues). Bodily condition consisted of an immersive VR setup to engage self-motion cues, vision only condition consisted of passive navigation without interaction, in the interactive allocentric map condition patients could use a bird-view map, in the reduced executive load condition directional cues and attentional markers were employed, and during free navigation no aid was implemented. Bodily condition improved spatial memory compared to vision only and free navigation without cues. In addition, the interactive allocentric map was superior to the free navigation without cues. Surprisingly, the reduced executive load was comparable to vison only condition. Moreover, a detrimental impact of free navigation was observed on allocentric memory across testing trials. These findings challenge the notion of an amodal representation of space in aging, suggesting that spatial maps can be influenced by the modality in which the environment was originally encoded.

Who Feels Safe? Uncertain Futures and Enduring Aspirations in Italy

ABSTRACT In an attempt of going beyond a simple opposition between those conceived as agents and those seen as subjects of disciplinary power, this article engages with a reflection on differential states of precariousness and (un)safety, which involve both ‘forced migrants’ and ‘citizens’. Drawing on ethnographic research in Milan (Italy), I outline some recent institutional changes in the Italian asylum system, which led to the political abandonment of refugees in situations of increasing marginalisation, but also to the layoff of several frontline asylum workers, who were often young people hit by the consequences of economic recession. Through the words and biographical trajectories of three young women (two asylum workers and one refugee), I trace the emergence of contested temporal and work experiences, marked by widespread feelings of uncertainty and devaluation. I approach empirically the idea of (un)safety as a material and bodily condition and as an emotional state, directly linked to the perceived possibility of being able to orient oneself towards the future. By zooming in on differential experiences of (un)safety and precariousness – but also on enduring aspirations – I aim at documenting the material and affective entanglements of acts of government, as well as their inherent potential for empowerment and transformation.

Fusion of Multimodal Medical Images Based on Fine-Grained Saliency and Anisotropic Diffusion Filter.

A clinical medical image provides vital information about a person's health and bodily condition. Typically, doctors monitor and examine several types of medical images individually to gather supplementary information for illness diagnosis and treatment. As it is arduous to analyze and diagnose from a single image, multi-modality images have been shown to enhance the precision of diagnosis and evaluation of medical conditions. Several conventional image fusion techniques strengthen the consistency of the information by combining varied image observations; nevertheless, the drawback of these techniques in retaining all crucial elements of the original images can have a negative impact on the accuracy of clinical diagnoses. This research develops an improved image fusion technique based on fine-grained saliency and an anisotropic diffusion filter to preserve structural and detailed information of the individual image. In contrast to prior efforts, the saliency method is not executed using a pyramidal decomposition, but rather an integral image on the original scale is used to obtain features of superior quality. Furthermore, an anisotropic diffusion filter is utilized for the decomposition of the original source images into a base layer and a detail layer. The proposed algorithm's performance is then contrasted to those of cutting-edge image fusion algorithms. The proposed approach cannot only cope with the fusion of medical images well, both subjectively and objectively, according to the results obtained, but also has high computational efficiency. Furthermore, it provides a roadmap for the direction of future research.

Latest Analysis: Innovative Strategies to Improve Public Health and Prevent Chronic Diseases

This research aims to investigate the positive effect of a healthy lifestyle on the mental and bodily fitness of the community. Utilizing an interdisciplinary method, the study entails an in-intensity evaluation of the connection between wholesome ingesting styles, normal physical activity, and pressure control on the mental nicely-being and bodily condition of people. The studies method consists of a extensive survey to acquire data from diverse age businesses and backgrounds. Additionally, a complete literature assessment is employed to construct a conceptual framework supporting the studies findings. The results of this look at are predicted to provide new insights into revolutionary strategies for improving public fitness and preventing persistent diseases. In this context, the research not most effective identifies healthy practices which have the ability to increase lifespan and enhance great of existence but also offers concrete pointers for the implementation of public fitness rules that specialize in promoting a healthy lifestyle. The practical implications of those findings are predicted to significantly make contributions to the development of the healthcare machine and normal network properly-being.

Relationship of Body Condition Score at Calving with Reproductive Performance, some Blood Metabolites and some Pathological Conditions in Holstein Cows

The study was conducted at The Great Diwaniyah cows station, located at the southern entrance of Al-Dagarah district - Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, from 6/12/2021 to 25/2/2023, to examine the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and reproductive traits, blood biomarkers, and metabolic diseases in Iraqi Holstein-Friesian cows. The 50 cows in parity2 were divided by body condition at calving into three groups (BCS1 = 2.5-3 point (17 cows), BCS2 = 3-4 point (20 cows), and BCS3 = 4 -5 point (13 cows)) based on 1-5 point scal. They were milked twice a day, morning and evening, by an automatic milking machine. The study found a substantial decrease (P≤0.01) in days open for BCS1 (77.18 days) compared to BCS2 (84.05 days) and BCS3 (88.23 days). The BCS2 group had considerably fewer days available (P≤0.01). Compared to BCS3. The study found a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in inter-calving interval for BCS1 group (354.59 days) compared to BCS2 and BCS3 groups (360.95 and 365.69 days, respectively). BCS2 group showed considerably shorter duration (P≤0.01) compared to BCS3 group. The study found no significant influence on inseminations per pregnancy or pregnancy length in the three cow groups. The study found that the BCS2 group had significantly higher glucose concentration (62.19 mg/100 ml) post-calving compared to BCS3 group (57.86 mg/100 ml), but BCS1 group did not differ significantly (59.30 mg/100 ml). The study found a substantial rise (P≤0.01) in BHB concentration (0.922 mmol/L) in the BCS3 group compared to BCS2 and BCS1 (0.743 and 0.674 mmol/L, respectively). BCS3 group showed a substantial increase (P≤0.01) in NEFA concentration (0.590 mmol/L) compared to BCS2 and BCS1 groups (0.476 and 0.461 mmol/L, respectively). During peak production, BCS2 group had a significant increase (P≤0.05) in glucose concentration (64.04 mg/100 ml) compared to BCS3 group (58.97 mg/100 ml), while BCS1 group did not differ significantly (60.97 mg/100 ml). BCS3 group showed a substantial increase (P≤0.01) in BHB concentration (0.434 mmol/L) compared to BCS2 and BCS1 groups (0.297 and 0.318 mmol/L, respectively). The study found a substantial increase (P≤0.01) in NEFA concentration in the BCS3 group (0.290 mmol/L) compared to BCS2 and BCS1 (0.205 and 0.215 mmol/L, respectively). The study found a significant (P≤0.05) increase in ketosis in Holstein cows with BCS2 and BCS3 groups, with rates of 1 (5.0%) and 2 (15.38%), respectively, compared to the BCS1 group with no injury. No significant changes were seen in placental retention, metritis, mastitis, and neonatal mortality between cows. According to the study, bodily condition during calving is linked to reproductive features, blood metabolites, and disease infection in cows.

Physical Complaints of Pain and Heartburn as Part of The Symptoms of Somatization

Introductions: One of the mental health disorders that have an impact on physical health is called somatization disorder. Somatization is characterized by the appearance of complaints of pain in body parts that occur repeatedly. Anxiety, various physical complaints, and an increasing number of symptoms accompany symptoms of somatization disorder. The most common physical complaint is heartburn. Case: This case report discusses the case of a 36-year-old woman who complained of heartburn by visiting various doctors, but no medical results showed any abnormalities. Purpose: This case report aims to provide a literature review of heartburn symptoms due to somatization. Discussion: The Relationship between Heartburn Levels and Somatoform Disorders Psychosocial stressors are related to psychological factors that influence medical conditions that cause prominent psychological and somatic disorders. Psychological disorders and vice versa can cause physical disturbances. The patient’s bodily medical condition can cause psychological disorders. Patients with severe acute pain will experience anxiety, fear, and sleep disturbances. This is due to the patient’s discomfort with his condition, where he suffers from the pain he experiences and cannot move. With increasing duration and intensity of pain, the patient may experience a depressive disorder, and then the patient will be frustrated and irritable towards those around him and himself. Conclusion: The high pain intensity in the patient will cause sensitivity and increase his concern for his physical, lowering the threshold for detecting physical sensations or expressing distress and pain.

Disability Prestige and Perceived Disability Disadvantage: Intersubjective Structure of Disability as a Social Disadvantage in the Japanese Metropolitan Area

Abstract This paper explores disability disadvantage in Japanese society by analyzing the structure of people’s perceptions. Following in part the occupational prestige ranking, a random-sampled postal survey conducted in 2018 in the Southern Kanto District of Japan measured the extent to which respondents thought 33 different bodily conditions were an impediment to aspects of social life (e.g. work, school, and marriage) on a six-point scale. There were 248 valid cases (24.8%) out of the sample of 1,000 persons. Based on the mean scores for each bodily condition, physical and sensory conditions ranked high, psychiatric conditions ranked in the intermediate range, and disfigurements ranked low, as confirmed by multidimensional scaling using Euclidean distance. Alternatively, based on correlations of response patterns as similarity, some clusters of disability types emerged: physical/mental incapacity, mental/physical disorders, and disfigurement. These results indicate the residual social disadvantage for some disability types according to perception in Japan, while suggesting diversity among disabilities both quantitatively and qualitatively. The latter point also implies different corporal meanings attached to different aspects of body function and structure.

Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge about Benefits of Kangaroo Mother Care among Mothers of Newborn in Banasankari Referral Hospital, Bangalore

Kangaroo mother care is a special way of caring newborns by skin to skin contact. It promotes their bodily condition and glowing being by efficient thermal control, breast feeding and bonding among mother and child. Objectives: The main aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of mothers of newborn regarding kangaroo mother care. Methods: The study was conducted by using descriptive research design. 30 subjects were selected by using convenient sampling technique. The structured knowledge questionnaire was administered and data were collected. Data analysis descriptive and inferential statistical technique was used. Results: The overall knowledge level were majority 27(90%) have inadequate knowledge and 3(10%) have moderate knowledge and none of them had adequate knowledge on benefits of kangaroo mother care. The findings reveal that mean knowledge of sample were found to be 34.1% only and standard deviation value was 4.81. Conclusion: The study which is helpful in an increasing the knowledge level of the mother of infant regarding kangaroo mother care.

Ontology as a Guide to Politics? Judith Butler on Interdependency, Vulnerability, and Nonviolence

In recent work, Judith Butler has sought to develop a ‘new bodily ontology’ with a substantive normative upshot: recognition of our shared bodily condition, they argue, can support an ethic of nonviolence and a renewed commitment to egalitarian social conditions. However, the route from Butler’s ontological claims to their ethico-political commitments is not clear: how can the general ontological features of embodiment Butler identifies introduce constraints on behaviour or political arrangements? Ontology, one might think, is neutral on questions of politics. In this paper I reconstruct Butler’s response to this challenge, arguing that there is an interesting and plausible path from ontology to politics. I draw on Heidegger’s ontological/ontic distinction to elucidate the central concepts of Butler’s ontology: vulnerability, precariousness, and interdependency. I argue that one of Butler’s central attempts to derive an ethic of nonviolence from ontology is unpersuasive, resting on a conflation of the ontological and ontic senses of ‘interdependency’. Nonetheless, I contend that Butler is right that genuinely acknowledging our vulnerability is likely to make us more responsive to the claims of others, loosening the grip of ideals of invulnerability and sovereign independence. These ideals and the violence they encourage amount to a disavowal of our ontological condition, while commitment to nonviolence is a way of acknowledging</em it. Since a failure of acknowledgement is an ethical failure, we have a responsibility to act in ways that acknowledge our shared ontological condition—a general conclusion that is of interest even if one contests the specifics of Butler’s ontology.

Social Well-being and Related Factors in Workers Supporting Individuals with Developmental and Behavioral Disorders

Social well-being is a complex concept that entails social contacts, the quality of the social contacts that a person has, and the level of interaction of the person within a social context. It is indeed the cornerstone of a person's general well-being, including the person's emotions and even bodily condition. Such social well-being is essential for care workers who tend to individuals with developmental and behavioural disorders. These workers are at a higher risk of experiencing job-related stressors, including high emotional demands, difficult behaviours and stigma that makes them lack good social relationships. Moreover, the kind of work they do requires a high level of interpersonal relationships that may build up or erode the staff member's social well-being depending on the prevailing supportive systems. The current paper aims to identify key determinants of social functioning that relate to care workers; these are work context, emotional workload, care support, organisational commitment, job performance, and training (Lopez et al., 2021). A clear appreciation of these aspects can enable the design of relevant intercessions that would facilitate the emotional and social functioning of care workers while at the same time supporting the quality of care afforded to people with developmental and behavioural issues.

Affective scaffolding and chronic illness

ABSTRACT Current attempts to understand unusually high rates of psychiatric illness in complex, chronic illnesses can be guilty of operating within an explanatory framework whereby there are two options. Either (a) that the psychiatric predicaments are secondary to the bodily condition, and (b) that they are primary. In this paper, I draw upon philosophical work on affect, contemporary empirical work, and qualitative first-person patient data to illustrate a much messier reality. I argue that affective experience is generally more complex in such conditions, and that a variety of pre- and post-morbid causal factors dynamically interact such that the resultant psychiatric predicaments do not permit to classification as strictly primary or secondary to the bodily condition. Affective scaffolding, in my view, provides an apt theoretical framework for capturing this nuance.

Righteous Way of Jalapana Vidhi- An Ayurvedic Review

Water is origin of life, from where whole unicellular to multi cellular organism, whole animal and plant kingdoms came. Sarvadravyum panchamahabouthikatwam, Water is composed of all Mahabhutha. Water is considered as life for human being, so it can’t be contraindicated completely in any bodily condition. In this present era, due to fast and mechanical life people are following irregular life styles and improper dietary habits because of which there is a impairement in the physiological function of the body. Water is source of health if taken at right time and in appropriate quantity. It is believed that the water possesses ability to treat various diseases. Ayurvedic literature gives very experienced knowledge about time, quantity and appropriate water intake concerning health as well as improper water ingestion relating to disorders. Hence an attempt is made to review the Jalapana vidhi in all Ayurvedic literatures

STUDY OF GOAT MARKET PRICE IN AFAR REGION DUBTI MARKET ETHIOPIA

The study's main goal is to look at the factors that influence goat market prices in the Dubti market in Ethiopia's Afar region. The study tried to determine the impact of market features (such as transaction time, buyer and seller type) on goat market price in the study site. The corrected R-square value indicates that the explanatory factors in the model explain 77 % in goat price per head. The current observation revealed that animal traits (bodily condition, age, and weight) as well as market features (seller type) had a significant impact on goat market price fluctuation in the studied area. The regression analysis of the price per kg of live weight model indicated that live weight of animals was significant in all sample markets at a 1% percent confidence level. Goat body condition has a considerable impact on goat price variation over the full sample markets. Goat prices are also affected by market features such as the type of sellers, the buyer's objective, and the time of transaction on a market day. Providing facilities such as weighting scales, services such as consistent marketing material, and using a regulated grading system might help to avoid subjective pricing.

Endometriosis and Environmental Violence

Abstract This toxic autobiography seeks to open the conversation around the intersecting injustices marking the epistemological, material, political, and porous entanglements between endometriosis, the bodily inflammatory chronic condition the author is affected by, and the toxic waste fires raging in the territory known as the Land of Fires, between the provinces of Naples and Caserta, in southern Italy. Thinking with the sprouting intersection of environmental humanities and disability justice, while rooted in a critical environmental justice and transfeminist standpoint, the article uncovers the toxic embodiment where bodies and places are enmeshed. Although a growing body of literature acknowledges the role of chemical buildup and endocrine-disrupting toxins in the occurrence of endometriosis, the author delineates the epistemic injustices that keep this relationship silent in mainstream medical discourses. Through the blend of environmental memoir, embodied knowledge, activist campaigns, and medical literature, the article exposes the accumulation of environmental, medical, ableist, misogynist, and capitalist slow violence that living with endometriosis brings about. While emerging from the materiality of experiencing trauma and pain, the article reclaims the emancipatory possibilities that can be articulated. From the politicization of an “invisible” illness standpoint, the article proposes a toxic autobiography in which transfeminist, environmental, and disability justice politics are collectively affirmed through situated ecopolitics of response-ability that accounts for interdependence and self-determination of marginal bodies and territories.

Prevalence and Public Health importance of Bovine Cysticercosis in Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

Aim This study was conducted by using the protocols of post-mortem examinations of meat (visual inspection) to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in the cattle slaughtered at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia and to determine zoonotic significance of taeniasis. Method A cross-section study design was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021, based on routine meat inspection on simple randomly selected cattle slaughtered at the abattoir. Visual inspection of all exposed surface was made in all active organs. They are shoulder muscles, hearts, masseters (cheek muscle), diaphragms, tongues and livers. This is followed by incision of all those organs to be examined for Cysticercus bovis cysts. Results Twenty-one (21) of the 384 cattle examined utilizing the post-mortem examinations meat inspection methodology were positive for C. bovis, resulting in a prevalence of 5.5 %. The masseter muscle (11.5 %) had the highest prevalence of cysts, followed by the triceps (8.3%), heart (5.8%), liver (4.8 %), and tongue (2.9 %). The sex-based prevalence rates were 10 (3.4%) and 11 (12.1%), respectively. The predominance of bodily condition was found to be good (1.3%), medium (11.1%), and bad (50 %). The prevalence male and female e differed substantially by organ, sex, and bodily condition (p>0.05), but not statistically significant by age of the animals (young 2.8% vs. adult 6.1%) (p>0.05). Eight (20%) of the total 40 interviewees had contracted Taenia saginata infection at least once in their lives. Religion showed a significant difference (p>0.05) (Christian 66.7% and Muslim 6.5%). However, there was no statistically significant difference in meat consumption habits (raw 31.6% vs. cooked 9.5%), sex (male 26.5% vs. female 11.8%), age (young 33.3% vs. adult 17.7%), educational status (illiterate 22.2% vs. elementary 14.3% vs. high school 27.3% vs. college 16.7%) or latrine use (proper users 19.4% and non-proper users 25%). Conclusion This study to increasing public awareness of the disease, as well as strict routine meat inspections, should be prioritized in order to decrease the parasite's impact.

Necessities and motivations to motive activity as psychophysiology factors of fitness and recreation

Becoming of necessities and motivational trains and excitations to motive activity is sufficiently difficult, this problem numerous researches of scientists are sanctified to, but only way of decision it is not found. Undertaken studies of both reasons of origin of necessities to motive activity and types of aspirations and motivations depending on sex, age, line of business, bodily and somatic condition of man. In this time, necessities and мотivation not always go across in an action, id est engaging in a fitness or recreation that compels to be thoughtful above psychophysiology reasons of such phenomenon. Motivation is examined as a factor (mechanism) that determines behavior. A necessity, outgrowing in motivation, activates CNS and other systems of organism to the action. But this chart operates mainly at the achievement of base necessities, at implementation of public necessities, in particular necessities to motive in an action activity, algorithm of her pleasure a few another and yet studied not enough. Necessities and motivations to motive activity coexist with the necessities of entertainments and pleasures, additional "superfluous" rest (especially in declining years) that induces an individual to different, mutually exclusive styles of behavior - repressing hypodynamia or going in for sports and types of motive activity. Between these psychophysiology factors there is a "dispute". Unfortunately the necessity of engaging in motive activity does not behave to the most essential social necessities, for example, a necessity to work and earn material bonuses is more important, so both she satisfies majority as biological and social necessities, that is why motivation to motive activity loses often. Except it, to make time for employments it is necessary to give up many pleasures, entertainments and additional rest, that is why creation of motivation that resists to all obstacles is the most urgent task of bringing in of people to the fitness and recreation.

Chronicle Conditions

AbstractSociological research on chronic illness, and especially on the autobiographical writings of modern patients, has yielded insights into how chronic conditions alter fundamental relationships between notions of self, body, and time. The chronic part of “chronic illness” can disrupt perceptions of the linearity of time, yielding alternate temporalities grounded in bodily experience. In contemporary self-fiction, to chronicle a chronic condition is to juggle different kinds of time. But what about genres, like premodern historiography, that impose a linear, chronological framework? What is at stake when the narrative temporality of a medieval chronicle is filtered through the disrupted temporalities of a chronically impaired subject? This article interrogates these questions through the works of Gilles li Muisis (1272–1353). A Tournaisian abbot, Gilles authored both a Latin chronicle and of a set of vernacular poems situating his writerly activity within a very specific corporeal context: he writes both poetry and chronicle after cataracts have so impaired his vision that he can no longer carry out his administrative duties at the abbey of Saint-Martin—and, remarkably, he abandons his writing after a successful surgery restores his eyesight. The ways in which Gilles talks about his own bodily condition, in both the chronicle and the poems, constitute an elaborate metadiscursive frame whose ultimate effect is to construct the project of the chronicler as a kind of self-writing avant la lettre. With readings of both the Latin and the vernacular works, this essay shows that the chronicle is achieved through a series of subtle chronological and sensory displacements: Gilles’s chronic condition has enabled him to create an anachronic subject-position, outside of both linear historiographical time and the “body-time” of his impairment.

Study on prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum of cattle slaughtered at Bedeno Woreda Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Ethiopia

From October 2020 to April 2021, a cross-sectional study was undertaken at Bedeno Woreda Municipal Abattoir in Eastern Ethiopia with the goal of identifying and characterizing the prevalence of cattle indigestible rumen and reticulum foreign body, as well as its risk variables. This study included 384 cattle that were chosen at random. Prior to postmortem examination, an ante mortem examination was used to characterize a specific animal. A total of 154 (40.1%) of the 384 cattle evaluated were found to have indigestible foreign materials in their rumen and reticulum. Female cattle (54.4 percent) had a substantially greater prevalence of foreign bodies (2 = 25.817, p 0.05) than male cattle (29.0 percent). In terms of breed, the prevalence of foreign bodies was higher in cross breed (56.2 percent) animals than in local breed animals (38.6 percent). Poor (71.2 percent) had substantially more foreign bodies collected (2 = 69.138, p 0.05) than medium (52.9) and good (52.9). Score for bodily condition (18). The results showed that age has a significant connection (2 = 40.626, p 0.05) among different age groups of animals for foreign bodies (21.4 percent in young, 40.8 percent in adults, and 70.3 percent in old). The rumen was shown to have a higher percentage of foreign bodies (78.0%) than the reticulum (10.1%), with the remaining percent present in both the rumen and the reticulum. Plastic (53.4%) was the most commonly found foreign material in the rumen, while metallic material (35.3%) was found in the reticulum. The findings of this study revealed that improper solid waste garbage disposal in habitats poses a considerable danger of animal and environmental damage. As a result, the responsible government and community should focus their efforts on preventing the problem from worsening.

Іnfluence of engaging in single combats on physical development of students, them power capabilities, endurance and speed in the conditions of sport club of university"

In the article the questions of theory and practice of influence of engaging in single combats (By martial arts) are examined on development of power possibilities and power endurance for students, them common physical development in the process of employment in the sport club of establishment of higher education.
 For a given hour before laying the foundations of the great enlightenment, it is important to stand the task - the creation of minds for the preservation of the health of students under the hour of the initial process. An aim stood before the group of teachers - to investigate influence of methodology of teaching of discipline of single combat, in the conditions of sport club of university, on physical development of students, development of them power capabilities, speeds of reaction and common strengthening of health (on methodology of G. Apanasenka, methods of determination of motive activity, methods of mathematical statistics [1, 2].
 As a result of experiment, drawn conclusion about influence of employments by single combats in the conditions of sport club of university on physical development of students, them power capabilities, endurance, and speed.
 In experimental groups from single combats a greater positive dynamics is fixed, than in a control group. The analysis of influence of engaging in single combats on the indexes of bodily condition of students allows establishing, that the expressed optimization of work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems was marked. Positive influence of the sectional engaging in single combats is educed on the indexes of bodily condition, especially on speed qualities, and endurance. The conducted experiment and research in a sport club of university confirmed expediency of the use of sectional employments after single combats with students.

Parent-offspring and inter-offspring responses to conspecific versus heterospecific distress calls in 2 sympatric birds.

Distress calls, as a type of alarm call, play important roles in expressing bodily condition and conveying information concerning predation threats. In this study, we examined the communication via distress calls in parent-offspring and inter-offspring interactions. First, we used playback of chick distress calls of 2 sympatric breeders, the vinous-throated parrotbill Sinosuthora webbiana and the oriental reed warbler Acrocephalus orientalis, to the adults/chicks of these 2 species, respectively, and measured the responses of conspecifics or heterospecifics. The playback-to-chicks experiment showed that both species of chicks reduced the number of begging calls and begging duration time as a response to conspecific/heterospecific distress calls compared with natural begging and background noise controls. However, reed warbler chicks also reduced beak opening frequency in the response to conspecific distress calls compared with other playback stimuli. Second, the results of the playback-to-adults experiment showed that reed warbler adults could eavesdrop on distress calls of conspecific neighbors and sympatric heterospecifics. Furthermore, the nest-leaving behavior of reed warblers did not differ significantly when they heard the distress calls of conspecifics or parrotbills. Finally, reed warbler adults responded to heterospecific distress calls more quickly than to conspecific distress calls, and parrotbill adults presented the same response. Our results supported the warn-kin hypothesis and show that chick distress calls play an important role in conveying risk and the condition of chicks to enhance individual fitness. In addition, we also found that eavesdropping on distress calls is a congenital behavior that begins in the chick stage.