Blunt Weapon Research Articles

RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF MEDICOLEGAL AUTOPSIES CONDUCTED AT KHAWAJA MUHAMMAD SAFDAR MEDICAL COLLEGE SIALKOT

Background: Autopsy is performed to establish the manner and cause of death, and can help the authorities to implement effective protective measures against crime. Objective of this study was to determine manner, cause, gender predominance and target age group of medico-legal autopsies in government hospitals of Sialkot. Methods: Data for this retrospective cross-sectional study was collected from autopsy registers of Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital and Sardar Begum Hospital of Sialkot for the years 2018–2022. The data was entered in self-made proforma and analysed using SPSS-20. Results: The autopsies were done on 77.5% males and 22.5% females. The most sensitive group was 21–30 (25.6%) followed by 31–40 (20.5%). Out of 512 deaths, 290 were homicidal deaths, 105 (56.4%) were accidental, 66 (20.50%) were suicidal, 27 (12.89%) deaths with undetermined method, and 24 deaths were found to be natural. Firearm was the cause of deaths in 66.20% cases followed by blunt weapons in 11.37% cases, and penetrating injuries in 10.0% cases. Hanging was the most common cause of death among suicidal deaths (28.78%) and road traffic accident was the most common cause of accidental deaths (80.0%). Conclusion: Homicidal deaths are the most common deaths among unnatural deaths. Most commonly used weapon is firearm. There is male predominance. The most common target age group is 21–30 years. Pak J Physiol 2023;19(4):36–8

Representasi Kekerasan dan Kenakalan Remaja pada Serial Anime Tokyo Revengers

This study aims to understand the Representation of violence and juvenile delinquency in the anime series Tokyo Revengers. This study uses a qualitative approach with semiotic analysis of Charles Sanders Peirce in the form of sign, object, and interpretant. Where researchers conducted an analysis by selecting each scene that contains scenes of violence and juvenile delinquency, then photographing each scene of violence and juvenile delinquency contained in the Tokyo Revengers anime series. selecting each scene that contained scenes of violence and juvenile delinquency. The results of this study show that in the anime series Tokyo Revengers there is violence both physical violence and verbal violence. Physical violence in the form of hitting, kicking, slapping, stomping, hitting using blunt weapons. As well as verbal violence in the form of rude speech, threats, shouts, swearing with harsh words, and also fighting sheep. There are also forms of juvenile delinquency such as fighting, smoking, underage motorcycle riding without equipment, bullying, stealing, and prostitution. Where violence and juvenile delinquency that occurs is a form of symbolic interactionism.

Blunt weapons in the roman imperial army. A multidisciplinary approach to the clava from experimental archaeology to forensic anthropology

The wooden club (clava) is rarely associated with the image of Roman soldiers, perhaps because it was considered an unconventional weapon with ethnic attributes and/or specific combat roles. Nonetheless, it is attested in the archaeological record and some ancient texts. The panoply and the military career of the soldiers represented on the tombstones of Catavignus son of Ivomagus (1st century AD) and Marcus Aurelius Alexis (early 3rd century AD) offered us the possibility to reconsider the use of the club as an offensive weapon within the Imperial Roman army. The authors made a replica of the clava using historical tools and manufacturing techniques. A series of tests have then been performed to investigate the use of the club in combat. The possible traumas on human targets were also evaluated with a forensic anthropological approach. The results suggest the essential role of flexion and rotation of the kinetic chain «hip/shoulder/ arm» in wielding the clava. This movement requires a much more mobile combat style that can prove very effective against heavily armoured targets due to the weapon's high-impact force and a more extended reach than more conventional Roman sidearms.

Homicidal head injury with post-mortem burns: A case report

Homicide by blunt head injury is relatively common as the most frequently involved organ when a blunt weapon is used to be the head. Head is one of the most vital parts in our body. Sometimes, such a case may be subjected to burns to hide the actual cause of death or to destroy the identity of the victim. Identification may be very difficult when there is involvement of head and face and this may be even more difficult when there is absence of body belongings and ornaments. Involvement of hands may destroy finger ridges too making it unsuitable for preservation of fingerprints. In this case report we examined a case of homicide by blunt head injury which was later on burned to destroy identity of the individual and to mislead the investigating officers in the determination of the cause of death.

PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF MURDERS IN CHUVASHIA (2011–2020)

Murders are one of the most important causes of mortality in Russia, and most aggressors suffer from mental disorders. The purpose of the research is to study the structure of mental disorders of murderers and its features in Chuvashia in 2011–2020. Materials and methods. The forensic psychiatric examination examined 507 murderers (409 men and 98 women) aged 15 to 83 years (average age – 40.65±13.82 years). Mental disorders, medical, social and criminal indicators of murderers, as well as 507 victims were taken into account. Results. 474 murders were committed single-handedly, 14 – in a group of 2-4 people; ordinary murders accounted for 96.5%, those with two or more victims – 3.5%. Post-homicidal suicides in aggressors were observed in 2.5%. Mental disorders were qualified in forensic psychiatric examinations in 72.6% of the subjects, most often they were alcohol dependence (20.1%), especially among women (27.6%). Among other mental disorders, personality disorders (13.8%), organic mental disorders (12.8%), schizophrenia (6.3%), mental retardation (2.8%) and comorbid mental disorders (16.8%) were noted. 10.5%, most often patients with schizophrenia and organic mental disorders, are recognized as insane during forensic psychiatric examinations. The instruments (method) of murder in 94% of cases were piercing and cutting objects, "blunt weapons" and strangulation. Women were significantly more likely to use "bladed weapons", and men – to "blunt weapons". More than 40% of the victims were family members, more than 50% were acquaintances, friends, and only 6.3% were strangers. Women were significantly more likely to kill their spouses (unmarried cohabitants etc.) and children, and men – acquaintances. 84.0% of criminals were intoxicated at the time of the murder. Both the aggressor and the victim drank together in 59% of cases. Insane murderers (with pronounced mental disorders) were significantly older, had a lower level of education, family status, hereditary burden of mental disorders, various organic harms, they killed two or more victims more often and committed post-homicidal suicides (7.5%). Conclusions. Almost three–quarters of all murderers had mental disorders, and one in five had mental disorders due to alcohol abuse. The leading cause of the murders was conflicts arising between familiar people and/or family members against the background of alcohol intoxication. A certain role was played by the criminal experience of the participants in the incident, long-term hostile relations, readiness to inflict bodily harm to the victim and murder another person.

Frequency and Pattern of Medicolegal Cases at Lahore General Hospital: Implications for the Legal and Medical System

Objective: Medicolegal cases constitute a significant workload of cases presenting to a public hospital. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and pattern of medicolegal cases brought to the Forensic Medicine Department of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at the Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Department of Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Data was collected from medicolegal registers, and variables such as age, sex, month-by-month distribution, type of case, type of weapon, reporting time, police station, and the possibility of fabrication were analysed. Results: A total of 4288 cases were reported between 1st January 2021 and 31st December 2021. Most cases (76.6%) were male; the mean age was 29.64 ± 11.86 years. Cases of physical assault accounted for 83.1% of the total cases, followed by sexual abuse (4.7%) and firearm (4.1%). Blunt weapons were commonly used (81.1%). Most cases (83.5%) were reported for medicolegal examination within 24 hours of an incident. The most cases were registered in May, and the police station Kahna had the most reported cases (25.3%). Fabrication was reported in 5.3% of cases. Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into the workload and patterns of medico-legal cases in Lahore. The findings highlight the need for strategies to improve the medico-legal system, including timely and accurate reporting of cases. Law enforcement authorities can utilise the information to identify potential risk areas and implement preventive measures. Keywords: Assault, Blunt trauma, Injuries, Forensic Medicine, Firearm

Study of Homicidal Deaths Autopsied in VSSIMSAR, Burla: A Three-Year Retrospective Study

Killing of an individual is the highest level of aggression found in society. Incidence of homicide is on the rise and its pattern is also changing with time. The present retrospective study was conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, VIMSAR, st st Burla from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2020. All the cases brought to the department for autopsy, either confirmed or later registered as homicide by investigating officer were considered for study. Among 4918 autopsies conducted during the period of 3 years 119 cases (2.41%) were of homicidal deaths. 66.4% of homicide victims are males. Majority of homicidal deaths occur in the age group 21-30 years and 31-40 years accounting for 52% of total cases combinedly. 46.2% homicide victims succumbed to injuries at the spot. Majority of cases (44 cases, 37%) occurred during night hours. Infliction of injuries are present in multiple areas in 42.8% of cases. Blunt weapons (29.4%) were the most commonly used. Defence wound were present in 19% of cases. Most common site of fatal injury is head in 46.2% of cases. In majority of cases (46.2%) cause of death was due to craniocerebral injury.

Characterization of Physical Assault Related Injuries in a Tertiary Care Center In North India

Introduction: Physical violence and aggression has been extensively studied in relation to different forms ofaggression, gender differences, its effects, risk factors etc. Violence not only results in physical problems butit also has economic and psychological impact on the victim. Cases of physical violence are usually brought toemergency and vary from minor injuries to fatal outcome.Methods: This research aims to understand patterns of physical assault and identify ways to prevent and reducethe incidence. The two year retrospective study was carried out between 1st June 2020 to 31th June 2022 from thein the causality data of tertiary care center in Punjab.Results: Of the total, 76.5% of the cases were male. 35.2% cases fall in age group of 21 to 30 years. Most commonlyencountered injury sites were head-face-neck region in 39.6% of the cases. 60.89% cases were seen in rural area.Use of blunt weapon was seen in 64.80% of cases. Bruise was most common type of injury seen in 38.42% cases

The Ceremonial Mace in the House of Commons and Great Maces of Cities and Boroughs in the 16th and Early 17th Century*

AbstractThe Commons obtained the service of a royal sergeant‐at‐arms in 1414. Alongside him, the sergeant‐at‐arms brought his mace. Originally a blunt weapon and a badge of the sergeants‐at‐arms’ office, the later merely ceremonial mace became associated with the Speaker of the House and part of the Speaker's processions by the mid 16th century. I will argue that the change in parliamentary rituals was an imitation of the usage of great maces of cities and boroughs, in which sergeants had carried great maces in front of their mayors in processions since the 14th century. I will further argue that the House's imitation of this ritual lead to an uplift of the Speaker's position within the House. The enhancement in the Speaker's role in the House's ceremonial proceedings went alongside an enhancement in the Speaker's role in the House's political proceedings. The Speaker evolved from a mere mouthpiece of the Commons into a representative of the House. This example illustrated the interdependency between symbolic and functional elements observable within the house of commons, but also more broadly in the study of parliamentary history.

Self-Inflicted Injuries Among Young Age Group in Lahore, Pakistan

Introduction: Self-inflicted injuries have always attracted medicolegal experts. These injuries are produced by a person on his own body for ulterior motives. Majority of such cases are observed among adults dominated by male gender. Such cases when observed among young age group are alarming and need to be explored. Excessive use of social media, unresolved social issues, large family size, lack of education, family conflict are among the leading causes of rise in such cases. Parental guidance in all such cases need to stressed as such children who has some psychiatric problems are already highlighted and known to the parents, close supervision of such adolescents could help them to prevent such grave incidences. The emotional bond between children and parents at this age is quite strong any emotional disturbance if properly handled at this stage could lead to a healthy state of mind rather than to be a stigma resulting in self-inflicted injuries which shall leave a long lasting effect on the emotional status of the child. Material and Method: Data from three major hospitals from Lahore catering paediatric cases was collected from January 2000 to December 2010. This data was analyzed for further study. Inclusion criteria: Those cases which were declared self-inflicted case by the examining medical officer were included in the study. Results: Results showed that males were more involved in self-infliction and the dominant weapon used sharp edged weapon followed by blunt weapon. Most common site of such injuries is wrist. Females were involved to a lesser extent in such cases, however, the weapon most commonly used among females was also sharp edged and wrist was the most common site of such injuries. Conclusion: Large family size, loose association between parents and children, low socioeconomic condition, family headed by single parent usually shows higher incidence of such injuries among young age group. Keywords: Self-inflicted injuries, Medico-legal issues, Age group.

Physical Assaults assessment concerning their pattern, severity & bone of contention, in rural areas of Punjab

Background: The rural areas of Punjab have a very high prevalence of physical assault due to illiteracy, pride of cast system, related to agricultural land disputes, illegal breaches in violating the watering system of their crops, political motives of landlords in their area, and social issues related to marriages, love affairs, and illegal interference into the privacy of others. Aim: To analyze different forms of physical assaults related to their pattern, severity, and reasons behind these physical assaults keeping in view their medico-legal aspects. Methods: The data of physical assaults in medico-legal cases were collected from the peripheral rural areas of Faisalabad, Sargodha and Mianwali on specifically designed Performa. The cases were selected from these districts reported in Causality & Accident departments of the district and tertiary care Hospitals during one year June 2020 to May 2021. The inclusion criteria were based on non-probability with random sampling in this retrospective study. In total 200 cases were selected for this study. Association with demographic parameters like age, sex, type of weapon used, the pattern of injury. Results: Physical Assaults had a direct association with male predominance; the age of 20 to 30 years of age, blunt weapons especially fists, kicks, and daggers, wooden sticks were used for offense as determined by the findings in this study. Various social reasons related to cast & clan system, disputes of agricultural land, family issues related to inheritance, illiteracy, pride of cast system, domestic violence, illegal breaches in violating the watering system of their crops, political motives of landlords in their area and social issues related to marriages, love affairs and illegal interference into the privacy of others, were the main bone of contentions. Conclusions: Different variety of weapons used in the rural setting. Males as predominant participants of assault suggest a socially active status of men in the rural setup of Punjab where male dominance is evident. The feudal system of landlords main responsible for social injustice and exploitation of the low class, is determined in this study. There need reforms through social literacy, justice provision for all, reforms in medico legal reporting and social awareness of human rights. Keywords: Physical assaults (PA), blunt trauma, domestic violence, rural areas, and bone of contention

Whistleblowing Intention: Suatu Tinjauan Theory of Planned Behavior

Entering the 21st century, there has been an increase in white-collar crime both in quantity and quality in various parts of the world. White-collar crime is synonymous with various frauds committed by business and government professionals characterized by fraud, concealment, or breach of trust and is not dependent on the application of threats of violence or physical force. The internal control system, which has been very popular and is believed by many parties to prevent various violations, is a blunt weapon to expose various forms of certain white-collar crimes. This is because certain types of white collar crimes often involve the top leaders of an organization that has high authority in the organization, even though the person functions as a guardian of the rules in the internal control system that is applied. Bearing in mind the weaknesses of the internal control system and the increasing white collar crime, various countries and business associations have made various prevention efforts and have increasingly increased the demand for a good governance system. The violation reporting mechanism can be one of the elements that can be relied upon in a good governance system. It is recognized that whistleblowers have given a very important role in exposing various major crime scandals. The population in this study are employees of private companies located in Jakarta. The research data was obtained from distributing questionnaires directly to respondents or via email. The research sample is non random selected in convenience. The results showed subjective norms had a positive and significant effect on intentions of reporting violations, while attitudes and behavioral control perceived positive but not significant effect on intentions of reporting violations. Keywords: intentions of reporting violations, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control.

Gender-Based Distribution of Medico-Legal Cases at Peoples Medical College Hospital, Nawabshah

Background: Injured patients who are brought to a hospital's emergency room or trauma centre undergo medical treatment, as well as a medico-legal evaluation and certification. In different societies, the likelihood of male and female population members engaging in physical attack and the usage of various weapons varies. Objective: To determine the pattern of medicolegal cases among men and women, as well as the type of weapon used during physical assaults. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Peoples Medical College Hospital, Nawabshah from 1st October 2021 to 30th September 2021. Methodology: Six hundred and forty eight cases were enrolled. The medical-legal records of the healthcare facility were used as the primary source of data for this investigation. Results:, There were 490 (75%) males and 158 (24%) females. Overall mostly blunt weapons 265 (40%) were used, as far as use of different weapons was concerned; in 216 male cases and in 49 female cases. Overall sharp edged weapon were used in 73 (11%). Firearm was used by 68 (10%), road side accidents were in 159 (24%) and 33 (5%) cases of sodomy males. Conclusion: Males were more likely to be involved in physical assault. The results found are consistent with the dominant male’s society standards. Sharp weapons were employed more than any other type of weapon. Keywords: Medico-legal, Blunt weapon, Sexual assault

Overqualification as a Blunt Weapon on Productivity Improvement: Person-Job Fit Theory Integration

Despite the growing number of studies that underlie the influence between perceived overqualification (POQ) and counterproductive behaviour (PKP), there is still a gap in the lack of research involving the role of affective mechanisms on the effect of POQ on PKP. In this study, researchers focused on the mediating role of job boredom (KTP) in the pathway of influence of POQ on PKP. Using a sample of 106 employees and lecturers at Islamic universities in Indonesia and using the integration of the theory of person-job fit, the researchers found that KTP fully mediates the effect of POQ on PKP.

Human skeletons showing traces of violence discovered in disused medieval wells

In Normandy, near Rouen, in Tournedos-sur-Seine and Val-de-Reuil, two adult skeletons thrown into wells during the Middle Ages have been studied. The wells are located at two separate sites just 3 km apart. Both sites consist of clustered settlements inhabited from the seventh to the tenth century and arranged around a cemetery. The backfill of the well shafts contains animal remains, but also partially or completely articulated human bodies. In Val-de-Reuil, the incomplete skeleton of a man, probably representing a secondary deposition, had traces of a violent blow on the skull, certainly with a blunt weapon. In Tournedos-sur-Seine, a woman thrown in headfirst had several impact points and bone fractures on the skull that could have been caused by perimortem mistreatment or a violent death. After a detailed description of the two finds and a contextualisation in the light of similar published cases, we will discuss the possible scenarios for the death and deposition of the individuals as well as their place in their communities.

Variations in the Impact Spatter Patterns due to Blunt Weapons Inflicted by Different Gender and Age Groups

Bloodstain pattern analysis makes use of the mechanics of bloodstains to estimate the time, nature and the sequence of events at the crime scene. In this study, a quantitative methodology was developed which includes manually calculating the average size of the bloodstains and the synthetic bloodstains to distinguish the impact stain patterns created by different gender and age groups using the two blunt weapons. Impact stains were created by hitting sponges soaked in blood and synthetic blood using a hammer and a cricket bat. A smaller bloodstain size was observed of the group of males aged between 18 to 30 years. Greater amount of spatter and the distribution of the blood spatter were observed with the bat as compared to hammer due to larger surface area of bat. Cast off patterns were studied and were observed to be produced only by the bat which can be attributed to its higher surface area. Results showed difference in the bloodstain diameter produced from human blood and synthetic blood evaluating if the synthetic blood is suitable for use, as well as variation in the average stain size between produced by the four groups using both the fluids.

Terrorism in China and the Emerging Needs for Counter- Terrorism Medicine Following a Decade of Deaths and Injuries.

China is ranked 42nd on the Global Terrorism Index (2019), a scoring system of terrorist activities. While China has a relatively low terrorism risk, events globally have wide-ranging repercussions for future attacks, putting first responders and emergency health workers at risk. This study aims to provide the epidemiological context for the past decade detailing the unique injury types responders are likely to encounter and to develop training programs utilizing these data. The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks in China between the years 2008-2018. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD's Codebook. Ambiguous events, as defined by the GTD's Codebook, were excluded. English language grey literature was searched to ensure no events meeting these criteria were missed. A focused search of online English language newspaper articles was also performed for any terrorist events between 2008-2018. One-hundred and eight terrorist events occurred in the study time period. Of the 108 incidents, forty-seven (43.5%) involved Explosives/Bombs/Dynamite (E/B/D) only, with an average fatality count of 2.9 and injury count of 7.5 per event. Twenty-seven (25.0%) used bladed or blunt weapons in melees with an average fatality count of 9.7 and an injury count of 8.8 per event. Five (4.6%) involved incendiary weapons with an average fatality count of 2.4 and an injury count of 7.2 per event. Two used only chemical weapons (1.8%) with no recorded deaths and an injury count of 27.0 per event. Two events had unknown weapon types (1.8%) with one recorded death and no injury count. One event used a firearm (0.9%) and led to one death and no injuries. One event used a vehicle (0.9%), which also led to one death and no recorded injuries. Twenty-three attacks used a mix of weapons (21.2%) with an average fatality count of 17.1 and an injury count of 12.0 per event. One-hundred and eight terrorist attacks were recorded between 2008-2018 on Chinese soil using well-understood modalities. This resulted in a total of 809 recorded fatalities with 956 non-fatal injuries. The most commonly chosen methodology was E/B/D, followed by melees and the use of bladed weapons. Three events individually recorded a combined casualty toll of over 100 people.

Characteristics and patterns of older adult homicides in the United States

BackgroundNearly 1800 homicides were reported in 2018 among individuals aged 60 years or older in the US. The characteristics and circumstances of these homicides are understudied. We investigated the trends of homicides over time and compared victim, perpetrator, and incident characteristics by mechanism (firearm vs. non-firearm) among adults aged 60 years or older.MethodsWe examined cross-sectional restricted-access data from the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2017. Fatal Injury Data by CDC provided age-adjusted homicide rates. We quantitatively summarized victim, perpetrator, and incident characteristics for firearm and non-firearm homicides. We also reviewed 150 qualitative narratives to better understand the context of older adult homicides perpetrated by firearms. All data were analyzed in February 2020.ResultsOverall and firearm-specific older adult homicide rates increased between 2014 and 2017. Of the 6188 victims, 62% were male. The majority of victims (68%) were killed at home. Firearms (44%), sharp (19%) and blunt weapons (15%) were common mechanisms used in older adult homicides. The perpetrator was an intimate partner in 39% of firearm homicides and 12% of non-firearm homicides (prevalence difference = 27%; 95% CI: 25, 30%). Similarly, homicide-suicides (prevalence difference = 21%; 95% CI: 19, 22%) and multiple-victim incidents (prevalence difference = 7%; 95% CI: 5, 8%) were more common in firearm (23 and 13%, respectively) than in non-firearm (2 and 6%, respectively) homicides. Common contexts of firearm homicides were familial/intimate partner problems, robbery/burglary, argument, and illness.ConclusionsA substantial number of older adults were killed with firearms and by their intimate partners. Further research to identify violence victimization prevention strategies in this group, especially those that limit access to firearms by potential perpetrators, is warranted.

Pattern of Alleged Homicidal Deaths in and Around Cooch Behar Region

Homicidal deaths are a significant public health problem and affect every society around the world. Theincidence of homicide has seen a worldwide upsurge with varying trends across geographical locations.Detailed information on the characteristics of victims of homicide from the Cooch Behar region is limited.This article explores recent trends of homicide in the Cooch Behar region. The study was conducted betweenJune 2019 to May 2020 at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Cooch Behar GovernmentMedical College and Hospital, Cooch Behar. 1133 autopsies were conducted over the time-period with 70homicidal deaths. Most of the victims were males (70%) with a male to female ratio of 2.33:1. 34.3% ofvictims were between the ages of 21 – 30 years. Most of the victims were laborers (18.6%) while Hinduismwas the most common religion (65.7%). 06:00 pm to 12:00 midnight was the time when the majority ofthe incidents took place and 68.5% of victims were brought dead. Injuries by hard blunt weapons andsharp cutting weapons were responsible for maximum deaths, constituting 21 (30%) and 15 (21.4%) casesrespectively. Multiple regions of the body were involved in 35.7% cases followed by head and face regionwith 34.3% cases. This study is significant as it aims to identify the profile of risk factors of victims ofhomicide and suggest new lines of research that would help to reduce the number of homicides.

The pattern of homicide in Haryana — A retrospective study

Homicide is an utmost crime in human society. Land dispute, women and revenge are the usual causative agent behind every homicide. The present retrospective study is conducted on 100 cases brought for autopsy in the mortuary of the Department of Forensic Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak from 1st January 2017 to 10th November 2019. The commonest age group of victims was 31–40 years and same in age group 41–50 years. Male were victimized 5 times more than the females. Most incidents occurred in monsoon season i.e., July to September in between 6 PM to 12 PM midnight. Hard and blunt weapon was most common type of weapon used in 26% cases. Brain was the most common organ involved leading to death in 43 cases. Previous enmity followed by property dispute were the most common motive behind the homicide.