Bluetooth Band Research Articles

Metamaterial inspired circular antenna for Bluetooth band integration

Metamaterial inspired circular antenna for Bluetooth band integration

Triple-Band Notched Ultra-Wideband Microstrip MIMO Antenna with Bluetooth Band.

In this paper, a novel ultra-wideband UWB antenna element with triple-band notches is proposed. The proposed UWB radiator element operates from 2.03 GHz up to 15.04 GHz with triple rejected bands at the WiMAX band (3.28-3.8 GHz), WLAN band (5.05-5.9 GHz), and X-band (7.78-8.51 GHz). In addition, the radiator supports the Bluetooth band (2.4-2.483 GHz). Three different techniques were utilized to obtain the triple-band notches. An alpha-shaped coupled line with a stub-loaded resonator (SLR) band stop filter was inserted along the main feeding line before the radiator to obtain a WiMAX band notch characteristic. Two identical U-shaped slots were etched on the proposed UWB radiator to achieve WLAN band notch characteristics with a very high degree of selectivity. Two identical metallic frames of an octagon-shaped electromagnetic band gap structure (EBG) were placed along the main feeding line to achieve the notch characteristic with X-band satellite communication with high sharpness edges. A novel UWB multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radiator is proposed. The proposed UWB-MIMO radiator was fabricated on FR-4 substrate material and measured. The isolation between every two adjacent ports was below -20 dB over the FCC-UWB spectrum and the Bluetooth band for the four MIMO antennas. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) between the proposed antennas in MIMO does not exceed 0.05. The diversity gains (DG) for all the radiators are greater than 9.98 dB.

Design and Construction of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Bluetooth Band Applications

Design and Construction of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Bluetooth Band Applications

A Compact Asymmetrical Triangular Truncated Polygon Super Wideband Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Communication Applications

The rapid growth in wireless communications of today’s era requires a new generation of antennas whose operating frequency range is greater than the FCC allocated UWB (3.1-10 GHz) frequency range and also operate simultaneously for multiple communication standards in single band of frequency. Microstrip antennas technology provides these features. A ubiquitous compact asymmetrical triangle truncated polygon structure monopole fed super wideband microstrip antenna for wireless communication is proposed in this paper. The antenna uses a compact size of 50X40 mm.2 The irregular tapered truncations on patch geometry have potential effects on enlargement of operating frequency band. The antenna is designed using modified epoxy substrate material of ε= 4.2, h=1.6 mm at 3 GHz, fabricated and measured. The measured results confirm that the antenna has operating frequency band of 1.2-20.03 GHz (177.39%) with bandwidth ratio of 16:1. The antenna has stable radiation patterns and consistent gain over operating band. The time domain group delay of antenna is within 4 ns, which indicates good linear phase response. Furthermore, this proposed antenna is able to cover the DVB-H in L-band for PMP (1.45-1.49 GHz), DCS, PCS, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiMAX2500, LTE2600 and UWB bands applications.

3-D twelve-port multi-service diversity antenna for automotive communications

This paper presents a twelve-port ultra-wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)/diversity antenna integrated with GSM and Bluetooth bands. The twelve-port antenna is constructed by arranging four elements in the horizontal plane and eight elements in the vertical plane. The antenna element, which is created using a simple rectangular monopole, exhibits a frequency range of 3.1 to 12 GHz. The additional Bluetooth and GSM bands are achieved by introducing stubs into the ground plane. The size of the MIMO antenna is 100 × 100 mm2. The antenna offers polarization diversity, with vertical and horizontal polarization in each plane. The diversity antenna has a bandwidth of 1.7–1.9 GHz, 2.35–2.55 GHz, and 3–12 GHz, the radiation efficiency of 90%, and peak gain of 2.19 dBi. The proposed antenna offers an envelope correlation coefficient of < 0.12, apparent diversity gain of > 9.9 dB, effective diversity gain of > 8.9 dB, mean effective gain of < 1 dB, and channel capacity loss of < 0.35 bits/s/Hz. Also, the MIMO antenna is tested for housing effects in order to determine its suitability for automotive applications.

Compact Wideband Loop Antenna for Earbuds

This paper presents the compact wideband loop antenna with a small size of 7.05mm&#x2019;s radius covering ultra-wideband above 6 GHz, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth bands for earbuds. The wide bandwidth of the proposed compact loop antenna is obtained with the antenna structure consisting of the loop antenna and the capacitive loading pin inserted in the middle of the loop antenna. The loop antenna with the capacitive loading pin supports multi-resonant modes. A wider bandwidth can be obtained by adjusting the position of the capacitive loading pin. The half-wavelength resonant frequency of the basic loop can easily be tuned through the physical capacitance between the capacitive loading pin and loop antenna. Additionally, the impedance loop is considered for the impedance matching of the compact wideband loop antenna. The simulated and measured results are included to evaluate the performance of the proposed compact wideband loop antenna. Consequently, we obtained that the simulation and measurements results are consistent.

S- to X-Band Stretchable Inductors and Filters for Gigahertz Soft and Epidermal Electronics.

To fulfill the increasing demand for radiofrequency (RF) wireless communication capacity for epidermal electronics, stretchable integrated circuits (ICs) in the gigahertz (GHz) range are desirable. Lumped RF inductors, as a key component in RFICs, typically dominate a large portion of the circuit/chip area and therefore make such inductors mechanically stretchable is critical for GHz-frequency stretchable RFICs. Most of the reported stretchable inductors operate in the MHz frequency range. The only GHz stretchable inductor shows a quality factor of about 2, limiting its potential RF applications. Here, stretchable inductors with a high quality factor of Q > 12.6 and resonance operation frequency of fres > 11.6 GHz are demonstrated by combining microspirals with stretchable structures, overcoming all of the shortcomings of previous demonstrations. Furthermore, a stretchable 1.5-2.6 GHz filter with a peak insertion loss of -2.3 dB at 1.8 GHz is developed, showing negligible performance changes under stretching or on the skin to demonstrate the utility in practical wireless applications like GSM and Bluetooth (2.45 GHz) bands. The demonstrations can facilitate multiple GHz epidermal RFICs in the future.

Reconfigurable Quad-Band Antenna for Wireless Communication

This letter presents a thorough procedural investigation of a highly compact reconfigurable quad-band monopole antenna providing multiband operation at 1.85 GHz (GSM 1900 MHz), 2.42 GHz Bluetooth/IMTE, 3.4 GHz (Wi-MAX) and 5.3 GHz wireless LAN (WLAN) for personal wireless applications (PWA). The investigated antenna structure consists of a ‘5′- shaped stub that facilitates operation for GSM applications and a semicircular arc for Bluetooth/IMT-E applications, while an inverted L-shaped stub facilitates dual-band operation for Wi-MAX and wireless LAN applications. The presented antenna is fed using an asymmetrical coplanar strip-line (ACS) feed. The triple-band frequency reconfiguration operation, over the Bluetooth, Wi-MAX, and WLAN frequency bands, is achieved by embedding two PIN diode RF switches. The investigated antenna is developed on a highly economical FR-4 glass epoxy substrate that is 1 mm thick with a compact size of 24 × 10 mm2. The presented antenna has measured impedance bandwidths of 1.7–1.91 GHz (BW = 11.63%), 2.35–2.55 GHz (BW = 10.31%), 3.3–3.7 GHz (BW = 11.428%) and 5.10–5.6 GHz (BW = 9.345%) providing frequency reconfigurable quad-band operation at the aforementioned frequency bands. The antenna offers simulated gains of 1.8, 3.45, 4.91 and 0.86 dBi; measured gains of 2.3, 2.7, 2.82 and 2.6 dBi and radiation efficiencies of 83%, 61%, 82% and 86% at 1.85 GHz, 2.42 GHz, 3.4 GHz and 5.3 GHz, respectively. The investigated antenna exhibits nearly symmetrical radiation patterns and stable acceptable gains across all application bands, thus making the antenna suitable for wireless communication.

Compact UWB Band-Notched Antenna with Integrated Bluetooth for Personal Wireless Communication and UWB Applications

A compact band-notched UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) antenna with integrated Bluetooth is developed for personal wireless communication and UWB applications. The antenna operates at the UWB frequency band (3.1–10.6 GHz) as well as Bluetooth (2.4–2.484 GHz), with band-notch characteristics at the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) frequency band (5–6 GHz). A new technique of integrating Bluetooth within a UWB band-notched antenna is developed and analyzed. The UWB frequency band is realized by utilizing a conventional cylindrical radiating patch and a modified partial ground plane. The Bluetooth band is integrated using a miniaturized resonator with the addition of capacitors. Further, to mitigate the interference of the WLAN frequency band within the UWB spectrum, a conventional slot resonator is integrated within the radiator to achieve the task. The antenna is designed and fabricated, and its response in each case is provided. Moreover, the antenna exhibits a good radiation pattern with a stable gain in the passband. The present antenna is also compared to state-of-the-art structures proposed in the literature. The miniaturized dimensions (30 × 31 mm2) of the antenna make it an excellent candidate for UWB and personal wireless communication applications.

All-Digital PLL for Bluetooth Low Energy Using 32.768-kHz Reference Clock and ≤0.45-V Supply

In this paper, we introduce an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) for Bluetooth low energy (BLE) that eliminates the need for a crystal oscillator (XO) other than a 32.768-kHz real-time clock (RTC) already present in wireless systems. Specifically, we propose to replace the conventional channel settling with a band settling that would be carried out only once per global device power up. The ADPLL locks to the center of the Bluetooth band (2440 MHz) upon system power-up and jointly performs an instantaneous channel hopping and Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) modulation in a two-point manner to overcome the narrow PLL bandwidth (BW) due to the 32.768-kHz reference. Extensive calibrations linearize the effective cubic digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) transfer function to achieve a precise frequency range of hopping and modulation. Realized in 16-nm FinFET, it consumes <1 mW at ≤0.45 V, while achieving best-in-class performance and <100-ns hopping time.

A Novel Dual Band Hexagonal Antenna for Bluetooth and Uwb Applications With Single Band Notched

This paper presents a regular hexagonal antenna for ultra wide bandwidth (UWB). Then this antenna is modified to obtain a dual band with single band notched.The Bluetooth band is integrated in ultrawideband (UWB) when the antenna is loaded by pair of inverted 𝛤-shaped strips.To avoid interference with the uwb systems , the wireless local area network of 5.72–5.825 GHz (IEEE 802.11a) is notched by incorporating a complementary split ring resonator (SRR) slot within the hexagonal shaped . The operating frequency ranges of the proposed antenna are 2.22 GHz - 2.52 GHz and 3.5 GHz - 10 GHz, which covers Bluetooth (2.4 GHz - 2.484 GHz) and UWB (3.1 GHz - 10.6 GHz) band, besides the range of Wlan (5.72 GHz - 5.825 GHz) with return loss more than 10 dB. The performance of the antenna is simulated and optimized by CST Microwave Studio and validated against using Ansoft HFSS . Surface current distributions is used to analyze the effects of the slot and strips. The antenna shows an acceptable gain over both Bluetooth and UWB bands. In the band notched regions, the gain reduces from its normal value to about 4 dBi at 5.75GHz.

A Study of Delay and Data Traffic of IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee-Based WSN in a Smart Home

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) play a key role in modern applications, for instance, in smart homes as will be demonstrated in this paper. ZigBee technology provides better support when compared with WiFi, Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band (UWB) standards regarding transmission range. This paper deals with the use of ZigBee WSN in a domestic application, namely smart home control. This model comprises a smart home with multiple rooms, designed in such a way that each room has sensors comprise for a varied environment. The sensor nodes will be presented by ZigBee end device which transmits the traffic to a master node in the form of a ZigBee coordinator. An OPNET modeler V14.5 was used in this simulation study. This paper presents seven models related to delay and data traffic received to improve WSN performance. Seven different WSN designs variations were utilized according to the number of rooms, sensors, coordinators, and routers. The outcomes demonstrate that one coordinator model causes more delay when compared with multiple coordinator models. Conversely, the presence of a router causes additional delay. This model should help electrical engineers when designing smart homes that utilize WSNs.

Design of stretchable inverted-F antenna based on PDMS substrate

In recent years, the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the rapid rise of wearable devices, and the emergence of body-area networks (BANs) has resulted in new demands for antennas. In some areas, such as biomedical applications, antennas are required to not only be stretchable, but also bendable. Traditional PCB antennas, usually fabricated on a rigid substrate, can hardly stretch or bend and are not suitable for wearable devices physically and electrically because, once stretched, the antennas length will increase, resulting in a lower center frequency. In this paper, a stretchable flexible inverted-F antenna based on a PDMS substrate is designed that operates in the Bluetooth band. Because of the design of the meandered-line radiation arm and the division of the ground plane and flexible substrate, a stretchable inverted-F antenna is achieved. Simulation results of the antenna during stretching and bending show that the designed antenna is able to stretch up to 20% in the $X$ axis, 60% in $Y$ axis, and to bear bending with a minimum radius of curvature of 8 mm while still fully covering a Bluetooth band.

Dual‐band circularly polarised planar monopole antenna for WLAN/Wi‐Fi/Bluetooth/WiMAX applications

A novel planar monopole antenna with dual-band circularly polarisation (CP) is presented here. The antenna consists of a modified L-shaped monopole, an inverted-L strip, and a modified ground. The utilisation of the modified L-shaped monopole not only generates dual-band operation, but also excites CP radiation in the lower band. In order to achieve CP in the upper band, a parasitic inverted-L strip is added on the top plane of the substrate and a modified ground is designed. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and tested, the measured -10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidths are 370 MHz (2.38-2.85 GHz) in the lower band and 2330 MHz (4.05-6.38 GHz) in the upper band. The measured corresponding 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths are 610 MHz (2.39-3 GHz) and 850 MHz (5.15-6 GHz), respectively. The overlapped -10 dB reflection coefficient and AR bandwidths can totally cover the WLAN bands, Wi-Fi bands, Bluetooth band, and partly cover the WiMAX bands. The proposed antenna owns bidirectional radiation characteristic and reasonable gain at both the lower band and the upper band.

Multiband integrated wideband antenna for bluetooth/WLAN applications

The paper presents an O-shape multiband monopole antenna design (Antenna-I) with different patch orientations; 90-degree (Antenna-II) and 180-degree (Antenna-III). The proposed Antenna-I is a multiband integrated wideband monopole antenna with two integrated bands supporting modern wireless services such as Bluetooth and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) in addition to wideband covering upper Ultra-wideband (UWB) frequencies. The first band ranges from 2.05 to 3.05 GHz and second band from 3.65 to 3.92 GHz in the −10 dB impedance bandwidth range. The wideband covers upper frequencies (5.24–10.75 GHz) in the range of Ultra-wideband. Antenna-II resonates at 2.38 GHz (2.11–2.90 GHz) covering Bluetooth band and upper UWB region 5.18–10.86 GHz. The proposed Antenna-III covers 1.96–2.33 GHz and 3.74–10.46 GHz frequency bands. The antenna gain at integrated band is around 2.8 dBi and varies from 4 dBi to 8.03 dBi in the UWB region. The measured fidelity factor is 0.89 for face to face and 0.82 for side by side. Measured results are presented to validate the antenna performances.

Hybrid method to predict the resonant frequencies and to characterise dual band proximity coupled microstrip antennas

ABSTRACTA new hybrid technique, which is a combination of neural network (NN) and support vector machine, is proposed for designing of different slotted dual band proximity coupled microstrip antennas. Slots on the patch are employed to produce the second resonance along with size reduction. The proposed hybrid model provides flexibility to design the dual band antennas in the frequency range from 1 to 6 GHz. This includes DCS (1.71–1.88 GHz), PCS (1.88–1.99 GHz), UMTS (1.92–2.17 GHz), LTE2300 (2.3–2.4 GHz), Bluetooth (2.4–2.485 GHz), WiMAX (3.3–3.7 GHz), and WLAN (5.15–5.35 GHz, 5.725–5.825 GHz) bands applications. Also, the comparative study of this proposed technique is done with the existing methods like knowledge based NN and support vector machine. The proposed method is found to be more accurate in terms of % error and root mean square % error and the results are in good accord with the measured values.

Spiral Shaped Multi Frequency Printed Antenna for Mobile Wireless and Biomedical Applications

A novel multi frequency printed antenna is presented in this article. This type of antennas is very useful for the wireless world of today. The proposed antenna covers the low frequency biomedical band as well as various mobile wireless bands such as GSM bands, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WLAN and LTE bands etc. The antenna has multi resonating point between 0.5 and 5.6 GHz. The antenna is compact and its size is 32 × 40 × 1.6 mm3. Coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed is used to excite this antenna. CPW feed improves the bandwidth of every resonating point between the above said frequency range. A detailed parametric study of the proposed prototype is presented in this paper. The results show that gain is improved from low frequency to high frequency range. The radiation pattern is directional, which is the most important need of biomedical and specific mobile wireless applications, and radiation efficiency is also good. The prototype is designed and simulated using HFSS. Further measured and simulated results are compared and a good impedance match is found between them. Overall this antenna can be used as a module with bunch of wireless applications.

Performance evaluation of loop‐type ground radiation antenna based on its optimum impedance level

The performance of a loop-type ground radiation antenna was analysed based on its impedance level for an arbitrary location on the ground plane. At the corner of the ground plane, the open capacitor configuration (i.e. the PIFA type antenna) shows better performance, whereas the loop-type antenna with a capacitor and shorted inductor is a better choice at the middle of the ground plane. The optimum value of the impedance level of the antenna determines the antenna performance for an arbitrary location on the ground plane is proposed. The idea was demonstrated using a 10 × 4.5 mm loop-type antenna, which was fabricated on the 50 × 25 mm ground plane. The design is intended for mobile device applications operating in the Bluetooth band.

A Dual-Band Bandpass Filter Using Quad-Mode Resonator for Bluetooth and WLAN Applications

This paper presents a quad-mode dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) using one shorted stub and two pairs of open stubs. The proposed filter simultaneously operates at Bluetooth (2.4–2.485[Formula: see text]GHz) and WLAN (5.1–5.35[Formula: see text]GHz) band. The filter has been designed and fabricated on Rogers’s RO4350 substrate and has a size of 13 × 12.26mm2.

Design of band‐rejected UWB planar antenna with integrated Bluetooth band

In this study, a compact monopole antenna along with Bluetooth band and a band notched characteristic for ultra wideband (UWB) applications is designed. The antenna consists of a triangular shaped patch, an L-shaped ground plane and a tapered microstrip feedline to obtain UWB operation. An additional resonance is excited for the Bluetooth band (2.4–2.48 GHz) by attaching an L-shaped strip to the radiator. Further, a C-shaped slit is etched in the radiator to restrict electromagnetic interference at IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C-band from 6.7–7.1 GHz. The size of the antenna is only 13 × 24 × 1.6 mm3. A prototype of the proposed design is fabricated to validate the performance of the antenna. Measured results show that the antenna successfully operates over Bluetooth and entire UWB bands except the IEEE INSAT/Super-Extended C-band. A large bandwidth of 21.4 GHz from 3.1 to 24.5 GHz for UWB band is obtained. Current distribution on the antenna is used to develop design equations, and analysed the effect of L-shaped strip and C-shaped slit on the antenna operation. The simple structure and small size of the antenna makes it suitable for most of the wireless communication systems.