Bluetooth Antenna Research Articles

A Wireless Smart Adhesive Integrated with a Thin-Film Stretchable Inverted-F Antenna.

In recent years, skin-mounted devices have gained prominence in personal wellness and remote patient care. However, the rigid components of many wearables often cause discomfort due to their mechanical mismatch with the skin. To address this, we extend the use of the solderable stretchable sensing system (S4) to develop a wireless skin temperature-sensing smart adhesive. This work introduces two novel types of progress in wearables: the first demonstration of Bluetooth-integration and development of a thin-film-based stretchable inverted-F antenna (SIFA). Characterized through RF simulations, vector network analysis under deformation, and anechoic chamber tests, SIFA demonstrated potential as a low-profile, on-body Bluetooth antenna with a resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz that helps S4 retain its thin overall profile. The final S4 system achieved high correlation (R = 0.95, p < 0.001, mean standard error = 0.04 °C) with commercial sensors during daily activities. These findings suggest that S4-based smart adhesives integrated with SIFAs could offer a promising platform for comfortable, efficient, and functional skin-integrated wearables, supporting a range of health monitoring applications.

Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Receiving Antenna for sub-6 GHz Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Application Bands of 5G Technology

Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Receiving Antenna for sub-6 GHz Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Application Bands of 5G Technology

Design of Bluetooth 5.1 Angle of Arrival Homing Controller for Autonomous Mobile Robot

With the improvement of autonomous robot navigation technologies, mobile robots can now be deployed in uncertain, real-world environments. An aspect of autonomous robot navigation in such scenarios is the capability to navigate to a real-time determined (previously unknown) location anywhere in its vicinity. This is especially pertinent for indoor navigation where existing localization technologies such as GPS do not provide sufficient accuracy of target location. In this paper, a controller design is proposed which homes a mobile robot to an object of unknown location using Bluetooth 5.1 Angle of Arrival (AoA) technology. The proposed setup consists of a target object with a Bluetooth beacon and a single Bluetooth antenna array mounted on a mobile robot. The controller uses a hybrid approach to calculating and updating the estimated target position by implementing parallax and vector position calculations from AoA and RSSI Bluetooth data. Simulations with various levels of sensor noise showed convergence to accurate target positions (mean accuracy of 0.12 m or less) in both obstacle-free and obstacle-present environments. The controller can be implemented as a standalone controller by directly commanding robot motion toward the target, or it can integrate with other existing robot navigation techniques by outputting a target position.

Compact SCSRR‐based quad‐band antenna for Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN, and fixed‐satellite services

SummaryThis research describes the detailed analysis and design of the compact complex‐free structural metamaterial quad band radiating element applicable for Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN, and fixed‐satellite service. The radiating element designed is composed of an inner angle‐rotated circular Split Ring Resonator (SRR) placed within the outer square‐shaped SRR interlinked by a strip to design the multiband operational characteristics and is fed by a coplanar waveguide. Suggested radiating element is imprinted over the FR4 substrate material with the electrical dimension of 28 × 31.26 × 0.8 mm3. The initial outer‐closed square ring offers dual‐band operation by resonating at 2.8 and 8.5 GHz frequencies, and the incorporation of a circular SRR offers quad‐band operation. The unique negative permeability feature of the proposed Square and Circular Split Ring Resonator (SCSRR) structure is extracted, and its band characteristics are analyzed. Results obtained from the simulated radiating element are validated with the fabricated antenna. The measured E plane pattern resembles a numeric eight shape, and the H plane pattern is omnidirectional. Suggested SCSRR antenna offers a gain of above 3.2 dBi in all the operating bands.

Design of a Novel Wearable Hybrid Fractal Antenna for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and WiMax Applications

Design of a Novel Wearable Hybrid Fractal Antenna for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and WiMax Applications

Compact Slit-Loaded ACS-Fed Monopole Antenna for Bluetooth and UWB Systems With WLAN Band-Stop Capability

A compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed monopole antenna is presented, which operates within the Bluetooth and UWB frequency bands with the capability to simultaneously reject the lower WLAN interfering band. The antenna consists of an inverted right triangle patch monopole loaded by open-ended L-shaped slits not only to produce the additional 2.4 GHz passband to the UWB design but also to achieve stopband characteristics around 5.2 GHz. The conceptual equivalent circuit model as well as characteristic mode analyses are carried out in the design evolution process. The proposed antenna has an overall size of only 20 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, having the smallest area among the so far developed designs, which can be easily integrated within any wireless gadgets. A prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the design, demonstrating the predicted behavior fairly achieved by full-wave analysis. The antenna −10 dB operating bandwidth ranges from 2.38 to 2.42 GHz and from 3.35 to 11 GHz while rejecting from 4.69 to 5.2 GHz. Unlike the unwanted stopband, where the radiation characteristics are adequately deteriorated, the proposed antenna fairly provides stable omni-directional radiation patterns in the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -plane, and has an average efficiency (gain) of 87.3% (2.6 dBi) in the desired passband. As far as the antenna transient behavior is concerned, an adequate measured (simulated) system fidelity factor of 0.7 (0.68) is achieved for the transmission of impulse-type UWB signals in the face-to-face configuration.

ZERO INFRASTRUCTURE GEOLOCATION OF NEARBY FIRST RESPONDERS ON RO-RO VESSELS

The early suppression of fires on ro-ro vessels requires rapid fire identification as a fire of medium growth exponentially reaches 50kW after only 1 minute. Fire patrol members (e.g., able seamen) are asked to act as first responders in such fire incident cases. They do however lack the necessary digital technology for immediate localization, verification and coordination with the bridge and other first responders. Indoor localization requires dense referencing systems (such as Wi-Fi, UWB, Bluetooth antennas), but these technologies require expensive installations and maintenance. Also, Satellite-based indoor localization is obstructed by the bulky steel structures of vessels, so this doesn’t work either. Within the LASH FIRE project, an H2020 funded project (Grant Agreement #814975) in which this publication is framed, research has been carried out to develop a ground-breaking localization technology that requires zero infrastructure using computer vision on commodity smartphone devices attached to the gear of first responders. The developed solution comprises of three steps: (i) Training, where vessel owners supply video recordings that are processed on a deep learning data center to produce an accurate computer vision machine learning model; (ii) Logging, where a mobile app allows referencing non-movable objects to the (x,y,deck) coordinates of a vessel; and (iii) Localization, where first responders localize on a digital map. Additionally, in case a sparse communication network is available, first responders can share their location, emergency messages and heat scan images with nearby first responders and the bridge. Our proposed technology is shown to be 80% and 90% accurate for localization and tracking scenarios, respectively, in a study we carried out with video traces from a real ro-ro vessel. The overall developed Smart Alert System (SMAS), streamlines the lengthy fire verification, coordination, and reaction process in the early stages of a fire, improving fire safety.

Wearable 2.4 GHz Bluetooth Antenna for Respiration Monitoring and Contact Tracing.

A 2.4 GHz on-body Bluetooth antenna (BLEpatch) is proposed for respiration monitoring and contact tracing applications. Due to its patch structure, the antenna performance is robust at body proximity. The introduction of a compressible foam substrate allows it to periodically compress and relax in response to abdominal pressure due to respiration. The antenna is simulated both in free space and on a human body model. The antenna passband is 2.36 - 2.57 GHz with a maximum gain of 8.2 dBi in the relaxed state.

Parasitic Element Based Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna with Dual Wideband Characteristics for Wireless Applications

A Microstrip Frequency Reconfigurable circular patch slot antenna for switchable Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN, and satellite communication applications is analyzed and presented in this work. The optimized overall size of 47 mm x40 mmx1.6 mm is utilized in the design, and which can cover wide range of frequencies below 10 GHz. In the initial phase, different monopole antennas are designed with various shapes of same size and later parasitic patch elements has been added to those monopole antennas. The circular monopole driven element and parasitic element are connected with a PIN diode, and which reinforced in achieving frequency reconfigurability. The proposed antenna is resonating at various frequencies of 2.4 GHz, 4 GHz, and 8.4 GHz when the diode in ON condition and resonating at 3 GHz, 5.4 GHz, and 8.4 GHz when the diode is in OFF condition. The performance of the designed antenna prototype is scaled and differentiated with the results of simulation and found good matching with respect to performance characteristics.

Bluetooth Worm Propagation in Smartphones: Modeling and Analyzing Spatio-Temporal Dynamics

The use of smartphones has become an inherent part of daily human life. It allows users to keep personal information, emails, pictures, social media accounts, and financial data in one place. Consequently, smartphones are an attractive target for malware developers to spread malicious content, aiming at extracting information without the user’s knowledge. Therefore, understanding malware propagation characteristics could provide a means to evaluate how they behave in order to plan security solutions accordingly. Bluetooth antennas are a channel for spreading malware through smartphones, where the probability of infection, similar to biological viruses, depends mainly on the attacker’s physical proximity. This work presents a model based on cellular automata and epidemiological compartmental models for studying the spatial and temporal propagation of Bluetooth worms in smartphones. The proposed model incorporates the individual characteristics of each device, such as security settings, latency time, operating system, different classes of Bluetooth antennas (range and transfer rate), and different user mobility patterns. Several simulation scenarios are analyzed in order to study the spreading dynamics of Bluetooth-based worms, considering the location where the outbreak begins, and the different types of antennas integrated into the smart devices. Simulation results indicated that the proposed model is appropriate for studying how the users’ demographics affect the worm’s propagation dynamics in time and space. Moreover, the model permits an analysis of the impact of users’ awareness about the risks inherent in using smart devices in Bluetooth networks, based on the acceptance of incoming communication and the effects of recovery and immunity to threats. Finally, the proposed model preserves simplicity and computational efficiency, with the possibility of extending beyond Bluetooth in order to include other transmission media.

A Dual Band Slotted Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Bluetooth and Commercial WLAN Applications

In this paper, a simple, low-cost and compact printed dual band slotted circular microstrip antenna with multiple slots and defected ground is proposed for Bluetooth and ITU10 SHF frequency. Dual-band operating frequencies 2.45 GHz (Bluetooth) and 4.25 GHz (WLAN) are obtained by using a slot insert in the circular radiating patch and a fractal rectangular ground patch. The proposed fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate having dimensions 45(Lsub)×45(Wsub)×1.6(Hsub) mm3 and fed by printed 50ohm microstrip feed line. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software. The antenna structure is fabricated and tested. Antenna measured S11 ≤ -10 dB at 2.45 GHz and 4.25 GHz.

Bluetooth antenna for metal‐cased smart jewellery

This Letter presents a Bluetooth antenna for metal-cased smart jewellery. The designed antenna is competent enough to operate in free space; moreover, antenna performance is investigated with cubical shape model which has the electrical properties similar to human body tissue. The measured prototype achieves 68% total efficiency in the free space and 27% total efficiency when measured with a cubical model in the Bluetooth frequency range of 2.4-2.48 GHz.

Pacemaker Bluetooth Antenna Misinterpreted as Fractured Wire

Pacemaker Bluetooth Antenna Misinterpreted as Fractured Wire

PRINTED GNSS AND BLUETOOTH ANTENNAS EMBEDDED ON FLEXIBLE LOW LOSS SUBSTRATES FOR WEARABLE APPLICATIONS

PRINTED GNSS AND BLUETOOTH ANTENNAS EMBEDDED ON FLEXIBLE LOW LOSS SUBSTRATES FOR WEARABLE APPLICATIONS

Metamaterial Loaded Elliptical Ring Structured Mimo Antenna

The article proposes a MIMO isolation enhanced MIMO antenna for LTE bands, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The antenna is consisting of two radiating elements, where two are similar radiating elements separated by a distance. Another patch element is also added to create the peaks in the return loss. The antenna designed is working in the bands 1.29GHz-3.98GHz, 7.12GHz-8.09GHz, 14.01GHz-15.82GHz and 17.64GHz-20GHz. It has achieved good gain in the working bands of the antenna. The antenna is fabricated on 50×60×1.6 mm^3 FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4. The antenna is analyzed and simulated using Ansys electromagnetic desktop 18. The other parameters such as gain, radiation patterns etc. are also discuss

Design Trade-Offs and Challenges on Miniaturized Antenna for Bluetooth in Internet of Things Applications

Design Trade-Offs and Challenges on Miniaturized Antenna for Bluetooth in Internet of Things Applications

Multimode resonator‐assisted dual band notch UWB antenna with additional bluetooth resonance characteristics

A compact planar integrated ultra-wideband (UWB) and Bluetooth antenna are presented in this study. The basic radiator is circular in shape with a wide slit in it to accommodate a space optimised T-shaped stub for Bluetooth frequency band. The proposed antenna is CPW-fed with bevelled ground planes for the purpose of improvement in input impedance matching. A novel multimode resonator at the back of the substrate is responsible for the creation of two-notched band at 5.5 and 8.1 GHz. The antenna exhibits an operational bandwidth of 3.–12 GHz for UWB application. The proposed antenna also has Bluetooth resonance characteristics at 2.4 GHz. The overall size of the antenna is 14 × 32 × 1.59 mm 3 . The antenna has a peak realised gain of 4 dBi and a constant group delay. The radiation pattern is also stable throughout the operational bandwidth. A fabricated prototype is developed and tested. Results obtained from electromagnetic simulation, equivalent circuit model, and measurement are in good agreement.

Design of H-Tree fractal slots frequency reconfigurable hexagonal patch antenna using PIN diodes

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a frequency reconfigurable hexagonal patch antenna with the ability to operate in L and S bands is been presented. This patch incorporates a H-Tree fractal slot on the patch and ground plane of the resonating element with five (5) PIN diodes integrated on the antenna surface to change the current distribution which consequently changes the resonance frequency under different conditions of switches, thereby making it a frequency reconfigurable antenna. The proposed patch antenna allows reconfigurable switching in multiple frequency bands between 1 and 3 GHz, with relative narrow bandwidths. Computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio software is used to analyze the design and it’s fabricated on a Rogers R4350 substrate (0.508 mm thickness) with an area of 63 mm × 69.75 mm. Both simulation and measurement have shown good agreements with each other, satisfying the requirements for Bluetooth, GSM and WLAN antenna applications.

Compact multiband planar monopole antenna for Bluetooth, LTE, and reconfigurable UWB applications including X‐band and Ku‐band wireless communications

In this article, a small-printed Bluetooth/LTE/UWB/X-band/Ku-band monopole antenna with high rejection triple band-notch is presented. Notched bands include WiMAX (IEEE802.16 3.30-3.80 GHz), WLAN IEEE802.11a/h/j/n (5.15-5.35 GHz, 5.25-5.35 GHz, 5.47-5.725 GHz, and 5.725-5.825 GHz), and downlink satellite system (7.1-7.9 GHz). By including inverted T-shaped stub and etching two C-shaped slots on the radiating patch, triple band-notch function is obtained with measured high band rejection (VSWR = 14.59 at 3.69 GHz, VSWR = 39.40 at 5.42 GHz, and VSWR = 6.43 at 7.57 GHz) and covers a UWB useable fractional bandwidth of 157.75% (2.285-19.35 GHz = 17.065 GHz). Reconfigurable characteristics are obtained using PIN diodes, which control the individual notched bands. Proposed antenna is printed on Rogers RT/duroid5880 substrate with compact dimensions of 20 × 22 mm2. Proposed antenna finds its applications for Bluetooth, LTE, UWB, other multiple wireless applications for close range radar (8-12 GHz) in X-band, and satellite communication in Ku-Band with omnidirectional pattern in H-plane.

Proximity Coupled Microstrip Antenna for Bluetooth, WIMAX and WLAN Applications

This paper presents a new design of a multiband microstrip antenna with a proximity coupled feed for operating in the LTE2300 (2300–2400 MHz), Bluetooth (2400-2485 MHz), WiMAX (3.3-3.7 GHz), and WLAN (5.15-5.35 GHz, 5.725-5.825 GHz) bands. In addition, it also covers 6-dB impedance bandwidth across the UMTS (1920–2170 MHz) band. The proposed antenna consists of a corner-truncated rectangular patch with a rectangular slot, meandered microstrip feed, and defected ground plane. The antenna is fabricated using 0.8 mm thick FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and has a small size of only 27x24 mm2. The antenna shows a stable gain over the operating bands and good radiation characteristics. The simulated and measured results are shown to have good agreements.