Blue Shading Research Articles

Colored Shading Nets Differentially Affect the Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Fruit Quality of Piquin Peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum)

Piquin pepper fruits, a semi-domesticated wild pepper species highly valued in Mexico, currently face the threat of unsustainable harvesting practices that endanger the species. For this reason, it is necessary to establish sustainable agricultural practices for the cultivation of these peppers. Solar radiation, a critical determinant in crop production, plays a crucial role in plant development, influencing a spectrum of physiological and morphological processes, including the synthesis of phytochemicals. Our study evaluated the effect of light manipulation through colored shading nets on the phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, and fruit quality of semi-domesticated piquin peppers at two maturation stages: immature and mature (green and red fruits). Our hypothesis posits that these shading treatments may induce changes in these fruits’ phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties, as well as quality. Our results indicate that the shading treatments and maturity stage have significant on capsaicinoid and carotenoid levels, with the highest levels observed in mature fruits. Notably, red fruits grown under black shading treatments resulted in the highest capsaicinoid levels. Carotenoid levels were higher in the black shading treatment during the first cycle, while in the second cycle, the blue shading treatment showed elevated carotenoid levels, suggesting that high irradiance conditions could reduce carotenoid contents. Although no significant differences were observed among the treatments in green fruits, in red fruits, both black and blue treatments exhibited the highest total phenolic compounds in both production cycles. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity revealed that red fruits exhibited higher antioxidant levels than green fruits. Color analysis showed that red fruits had higher chroma and hue angle values, indicating their brighter and more intense red color than green fruits. The morphological changes in fruit width, length, and weight can be attributed to shading treatments and maturation stages. These results indicate the potential of piquin peppers to act as rich sources of bioactive compounds, emphasizing the benefits of shading as an effective strategy to improve the quality and quantity of phytochemical compounds in piquin peppers. Our findings provide substantial insights into the intricate relationship between maturation, shading treatments, and phytochemical composition, offering a path to improve the nutritional value and quality of piquin peppers.

PRODUCTION OF AMARYLLIS CULTIVAT ED UNDER PHOTOCONVERTER SHADING NETS

Plant growth and development are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Considering the abiotic factors, light intensity can be manipulated using shading screens in order to induce better plant performance. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate how different shading conditions affect growth and development, starting from Hippeastrum plantlets, and plant flowering, after vernalization. Seedlings produced in vitro and acclimatized were transferred and covered with different shading nets (black, red, blue and, as a control, full sun). Agronomic and physiological analyses were performed. At the end of the cycle, the bulbs were collected, sanitized and went through vernalization in a cold chamber at 13 °C for 40 days. After this period, the bulbs with diameters between 50 mm and 60 mm were planted under the same conditions of shading and full sun; agronomic and physiological parameters were also analyzed. In the initial development stage, plants grown under black and blue shading nets showed higher chlorophyll content, in addition to fresh and dry matter of bulbs and leaves. A greater accumulation of fresh and dry matter was observed in plants grown under red shading nets. After the vernalization period, similarity was observed in initial cultivation, in which leaf growth and chlorophyll content were higher in plants grown in blue shading net and flowering was stimulated in the red shading net. Thus, the use of blue shading nets stimulates Hippeastrum leaf growth. However, with the objective of flower production, it is recommended to use red shading nets to accelerate the flowering process.

Effects of Different Shading Treatments on the Biomass and Transcriptome Profiles of Tea Leaves (Camellia sinensis L.) and the Regulatory Effect on Phytohormone Biosynthesis.

Our previous study showed that colored net shading treatments had comparable effects on the reduction of bitter and astringent compounds such as flavonol glycosides in tea leaves, compared with black net shading treatment, whereas the effects on the biomass and phytohormones are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the phytohormone and transcriptome profiles of tea leaves under different shading treatments, using black, blue, and red nets with the same shade percentages. The bud density, fresh weight of 100 buds, and yield under blue net shading treatments were greatly elevated by 2.00-fold, 1.24-fold, and 2.48-fold, compared with black net shading treatment, while their effects on flavonoid composition were comparable with black net shading treatment. The transcriptome profiles of different shade net-treated samples were well resolved and discriminated from control. The KEGG result indicated that the pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathways, and plant hormone signal transduction were differentially regulated by different shading treatments. The co-expression analysis showed that the contents of salicylic acid and melatonin were closely correlated with certain light signal perception and signaling genes (p < 0.05), and UVR8, PHYE, CRY1, PHYB, PHOT2, and HY5 had more close interactions with phytohormone biosynthetic genes (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that different shading treatments can mediate the growth of tea plants, which could be attributed to the regulatory effect on phytohormones levels, providing an instruction for the production of summer/autumn tea and matcha.

Between Light and Shading: Morphological, Biochemical, and Metabolomics Insights Into the Influence of Blue Photoselective Shading on Vegetable Seedlings.

High nursery densities reduce the seedling quality due to the competition for light. High light intensity, shading, and blue light depletion activate morphophysiological and metabolomic responses in plants, resulting in size modification to gain an advantage over neighboring plants. Our research aimed to unravel the effects of light intensity and quality on nursery seedlings at the morphological and biochemical levels. To this aim, the effect of black shading and blue photoselective shading nets were investigated in terms of morphometric, ionomic, and untargeted metabolomics signatures in Cucurbita pepo L., Citrullus lanatus L., Solanum lycopersicum L., and Solanum melongena L. seedlings. Plant height, diameter, sturdiness index, leaf area, specific leaf area, shoot/root ratio, and mineral content (by ion chromatography-IC) were evaluated. In C. pepo L and C. lanatus L., the blue net reduced the shoot/root and chlorophyll a/b ratios and increased stem diameter and total chlorophyll content. The black net increased plant height, stem diameter, and sturdiness index in Solanum lycopersicum L. and Solanum melongena L. At the same time, unshading conditions reduced leaf area, specific leaf area, shoot/root ratio, and total chlorophyll content. The blue net improved the sturdiness index and quality of C. pepo L. and C. lanatus L. Such impact on morphological parameters induced by the different shading conditions was corroborated by a significant modulation at the metabolomics level. Untargeted metabolomic phytochemical signatures of the selected plants, and the subsequent multivariate analysis coupled to pathway analysis, allowed highlighting a broad and diverse biochemical modulation. Metabolomics revealed that both primary and secondary metabolism were largely affected by the different shading conditions, regardless of the species considered. A common pattern arose to point at the activation of plant energy metabolism and lipid biosynthesis, together with a generalized down accumulation of several secondary metabolites, particularly phenylpropanoids. Our findings indicate an intriguing scientific interest in the effects of selective shading and its application to other species and different phenological stages.

Comments: Costs of Technology to Reduce Emissions

Seven years, and we’re on track to exceed the 1.5°C target established by the Paris Agreement in 2015 to limit global warming by 2030. Instead, we may be turning up the heat to 3.0°C, according to a report released last month by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). And in this case, doubling the wager does not hold potential for greater rewards. It’s clear that current climate policies will not accomplish the mitigation of emissions needed to achieve the target. Equally clear is the challenge for policymakers to decide how much to spend on measures to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and for people to understand the costs and reasons for the outlay from governments (the people’s money) or higher prices for products and services (again, the people’s money). To make informed and as-realistic-as-possible decisions, all stakeholders need to be able to compare and understand the costs of various options. Those costs are not easily calculated. Mitigative measures are nascent when viewed in the context of “how things have always been done.” In this third IPCC report released since August 2021, the focus was on the technologies to mitigate emissions. Science-based measurements of the types and amounts of emissions and their validly measured reductions are critical to making the most beneficial and cost-effective decisions about the technologies to be implemented. The IPCC tackled the task of quantifying various technologies’ effectiveness as estimated in GtCO2-eq yr–1 by 2030, their likelihood of doing so this decade, and the economics of their deployment. The chart shows the current accounting. Note the lines indicating the “uncertainty range” for each option. Blue shading represents cost competitiveness today; light orange to dark red means investment is needed. Mitigation options costing $100 GtCO2-eq–1 or less are estimated to potentially reduce global GHG emissions by at least half the 2019 level by 2030. Options costing less than $20 GtCO2-eq–1 are estimated to make up more than half of this potential. Large contributions that cost less than $20 come from solar and wind energy, energy efficiency improvements, reduced conversion of natural ecosystems, and CH4 emissions reductions (coal mining, oil and gas, waste). Carbon capture and storage, not surprisingly, needs investment today and in the longer term. Its potential by 2030 is small and it is expensive. For example, Oxy updated investors on 23 March on its plans to invest up to $1 billion in its direct-air-capture facility, expected to remove up to 1 mtpa of CO2 annually from its location in the Permian Basin to be sequestered in enhanced-oil-recovery reservoirs. Larry W. Lake presents a pragmatic view of using what has been learned in CO2-EOR to upscale CCS in this month’s Guest Editorial. The report dedicates a chapter to innovation, technology development, and transfer. Slowdowns result from an inadequate supply of trained scientists and engineers and the willingness of consumers to accept new technology. Another barrier referenced in the report is the concept of the “four valleys of death” for climate-tech entrepreneurs. The complete report can be found here and warrants at least a skim of the executive summaries of the chapters of interest to you.

Repetitive Syncope Caused by an Intracardiac Mass from the Uterus

A 59 year old female was referred with a two month history of repetitive syncope. Echocardiography showed a 56 × 45 mm floating mass in the right atrium, initially described as atrial myxoma. However, contrast enhanced computed tomography revealed an extensive mass (A, red shading) emerging from a uterine tumour (violet arrow) that extended to the inferior vena cava (blue shading) via the right ovarian vein (white arrow), and then protruded into the right atrium (asterisk). Under extracorporeal circulation, the patient underwent a combined one stage procedure with thoraco-abdominal incision, including tumour resection, hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (B). Pathological and hormonal analyses confirmed intravenous leiomyomatosis. Syncope diminished during the follow up.Image 1

The continuing impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on diagnosis and surgical prostate cancer management: a population‐based analysis

The continuing impacts of the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 pandemic on diagnosis and surgical prostate cancer management: a population‐based analysis

Correction: Tumor Burden Limits Bispecific Antibody Efficacy through T-cell Exhaustion Averted by Concurrent Cytotoxic Therapy.

In the original version of this article (1), there is an error in the Methods section, as well as in Fig. 3A and its accompanying legend. The correct BAC is CTD-2197P5, not RP11–1042H15. Figure 3A has been revised to show CTD-2197P5 in place of RP11–1042H15, and blue shading illustrating the genomic region spanned by this BAC has been adjusted accordingly. The errors have been corrected in the latest online HTML and PDF versions of the article. The authors regret these errors.

Effect of Different Colour Shading on Seedling Growth, Fruit Morphology and Phytochemical Properties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var KWR)

Context: Producing high quality and chemical free tomato would favorably enhance consumer preference. There are most promising findings available on growth and quality attributes of tomato and other plants under different light spectrum in closed house conditions using different light sources. Installment of light emitting devices and running cost with high power consumption might not favorable for commercial cultivators and small scale growers.&#x0D; Aim: In present study we used colour transparent sheets such as colourless (control), red, blue, green and yellow as shading material to transmit respective spectrum of light on tomato plants to study the effect.&#x0D; Methodology: Tomato seed germination study was done under different colour shading in petri plates. Seedling and plant growth parameters and phytochemical properties of tomato plants grown under different transparent colour shadings were studied such as number of leaves, leaf area, weight of shoot and root, chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content of fruits, lycopene contents of fruits, fruit physical parameters and flowering.&#x0D; Results: Seed germination was significantly high under yellow, colourless and red shading over blue and green. Seedling growth was significantly high under yellow shading. Fruit Ascorbic acid content was positively enhanced by yellow, green and colourless shading, whereas chlorophyll and lycopene content significantly high under green and red. Number of flower setting per plant was high under green shading (40±5.77), whereas lowest under yellow shading (22.33±6.38). Fruit setting significantly high under yellow shading (14±2) and lowest was red (9±1). Blue shading showed significantly high effect on fruit morphological traits such as pericarp thickness and fruit size.&#x0D; Conclusion: Yellow colour shading enhances seedling growth and fruit setting of tomato, while green having positive impact on fruit morphology. However, different characters of tomato were differently affected by different colour shading in greenhouse condition and for the better effect appropriate colour shading should be selected at particular stage of growth.

Abstract WP76: Artificial Intelligence CTA Vessel Density Mapping to Enhance Identification of Large Vessel Occlusions in Mobile Stroke Unit

Background: Equipped with CT scanners capable of imaging the brain parenchyma and vasculature, Mobile Stroke Units (MSU) have the ability to image, diagnose and treat stroke patients in the prehospital setting. Automated CTA vessel density mapping could enhance frontline neurologist scan review in identifying large vessel occlusion (LVO), ensuring appropriate patient diagnosis and routing. Methods: We analyzed consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients undergoing CTA imaging in a regional Mobile Stroke Unit. Automated CTA vessel density mapping was performed in the field immediately after scan completion. CTA source images were wirelessly transferred to an off-site processing server (RAPID.Ai, IschemiaView) for artery reconstruction and color-coded density mapping, with blue, green, yellow, and red color shading indicating vessel density decreases of 70%-85%, 60%-75%, 45%-60%, and &lt;45%. Results: Among all 16 patients, median processing time was 186 secs, and all images were available in time to aid clinical decision-making. Overall, automated processing yielded evaluable images in 94% (suboptimal contrast opacification precluded analysis of 1). Of the 15 diagnostically adequate exams, 100% (15/15) showed concordance for identification of anterior circulation occluded/abnormal vessel territories between automated CTA vessel density mapping and expert physician final CTA interpretation. Cases included true positives in 7, and true negatives in 8. Among true positives, CTA vessel density mapping identified the symptomatic occlusion in 6/6 and also correctly identified a severe cervical ICA stenosis unrelated to the clinical presentation in 1/1. Correctly detected intracranial occlusions included: ICA-17%. M1-17%, M1-M2 junction-17%, and M2-50%. Degree of vessel density diminution correlated with proximal-distal occlusion location. Conclusion: CTA vessel density mapping can feasibly and efficiently be conducted in Mobile Stroke Units and shows high accuracy in detection of large and medium intracranial vessel occlusions. Extension of mapping to the intracranial posterior circulation and algorithmic adjustment for proximal cervical stenoses/occlusions would further improve utility in aiding prehospital routing.

Photoselective nets impact apple sap flow and fruit growth

•A red net shading 50% increases apple tree water use, limiting fruit growth.•A red net shading 50% is not advisable for apple production when water is limited.•A white net shading 50% lowers crop water use, representing a useful tool to save water.•A blue net shading 50% improves fruit growth, despite intermediate sap flow rates.

Fusion of RGB and HSV colour space for foggy image quality enhancement

The physical properties of water cause light-prompted degradation of foggy images. The light quickly loses intensity as it goes in the water, depending upon the shading range wavelength. Visible light is consumed at the longest wavelength first. Red and blue are the most and least absorbed, respectively. Foggy images with low contrast, are captured due to the degradation effects of the light spectrum. Therefore, valuable information from these images cannot be fully extracted for further processing. In this paper, the authors have proposed a new method to increase contrast and reduce the noise of foggy images using CLAHE (Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization) algorithm. The proposed method fuses the modification of image histogram into two main colour models, namely, Red–Green–Blue (RGB) and Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV). In the primary stage, the CLAHE is connected just on the red part as in water, red shading is more influenced than the blue or green shading. Furthermore, in the second stage, without influencing the hue, the CLAHE is connected to saturation and value components of the HSV colour model. Finally, enhanced image has been produced using a fusion of output of primary phase and output produced in the second phase. Two parameters, namely, RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) and the PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) have been considered in comparing the experimental results of the proposed system with state-of-the-art work.

DIFFERENT SHADING ENVIRONMENTS IMPACT GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE MINI-TOMATO CULTIVARS

ABSTRACT Our study was conducted in the experimental field of the Department of Technology and Social Sciences (DTCS) of the State University of Bahia - UNEB, Juazeiro-BA. The experimental design was comprised of randomized blocks, sub-subdivided in plots, with four replicates comprising the plots of three different shading methods, gray shading screen (GS), red shading screen (RS), and blue shading screen (BS), and the control treatment with no shading. The subplots comprised three mini-tomato cultivars (“Sweet Million”, “Red Sugar”, and “Shani”), and sub-subplots consisted of seven sampling times. The traits evaluated were: dry matter accumulation in leaves, stems, roots, and fruits, total dry matter, shoot length, root length, total number of fruits, and overall yield. The results of the growth analysis showed that dry matter accumulation in organs of mini tomatoes was similar in all treatments and that the highest total dry matter accumulation occurred under RS. In all treatments, fruit was the preferential drainage; however, the cultivar “Red Sugar” showed higher dry matter accumulation in other plant organs. “Red Sugar” also showed the highest number of fruits per plant; however, when we evaluated total productivity, “Sweet Million” and “Shani” showed similar, higher values than “Red Sugar”.

Effects of shading in summer and autumn on physiological and biochemical characteristics of 'Huangjinya' in Shandong Province, China

In order to ensure the suitable shade model for 'Huangjinya' tea plant in Shandong Province, black or blue shading net at 55%, 70% or 85% shading rates was selected to recover tea garden in summer and autumn, then micro-climate of tea garden, leaf color, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, growth status and biochemical composition of tea shoots were investigated.The results showed that compared with the control, light intensity and air temperature in tea garden, leaf temperature of tea plants in different shading treatments significantly decreased, while air humidity in tea garden increased. The contents of chlorophyll in the tea leaves were obviously increased with increasing the shading rate, which resulted in the leaf color becoming green. The yellowing characteristics and biochemical quality of 'Huangjinya' tea plants could be well kept in 55% shading treatments. In 70% shading treatments, 'Huangjinya' tea plants had better growth situation and higher yield with no photo-inhibition. Compared with the blue shading treatments, black shading treatments could obviously promote the growth of 'Huangjinya' tea plants, keep yellowing characteristics, and improve the quality. Therefore, the 70% black shading treatment (daily PAR values of 1.2-3.5 ten thousand lx) was appropriate for promoting the growth of 'Huangjinya' tea plants at the seedling stage. For mature tea plants, the 55% black shading treatment (daily PAR values of 1.8-5.5 ten thousand lx) could be used to keep the yellowing characteristics and to improve biochemical quality effectively, so as to give full play to its variety characteristics, to achieve goal of high quality and high yield.

Substrate Affinity Differentially Influences Protein Kinase C Regulation and Inhibitor Potency

The overlapping network of kinase-substrate interactions provides exquisite specificity in cell signaling pathways, but also presents challenges to our ability to understand the mechanistic basis of biological processes. Efforts to dissect kinase-substrate interactions have been particularly limited by their inherently transient nature. Here, we use a library of FRET sensors to monitor these transient complexes, specifically examining weak interactions between the catalytic domain of protein kinase Cα and 14 substrate peptides. Combining results from this assay platform with those from standard kinase activity assays yields four novel insights into the kinase-substrate interaction. First, preferential binding of non-phosphorylated versus phosphorylated substrates leads to enhanced kinase-specific activity. Second, kinase-specific activity is inversely correlated with substrate binding affinity. Third, high affinity substrates can suppress phosphorylation of their low affinity counterparts. Finally, the substrate-competitive inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I displaces low affinity substrates more potently leading to substrate selective inhibition of kinase activity. Overall, our approach complements existing structural and biophysical approaches to provide generalizable insights into the regulation of kinase activity.

InvasiveSalmonellaDiscussed in Africa Consensus Meeting 2014, Blantyre, Malawi

Invasive<i>Salmonella</i>Discussed in Africa Consensus Meeting 2014, Blantyre, Malawi

&lt;b&gt;Growth and photosynthetic responses during &lt;i&gt;ex vitro&lt;/i&gt; acclimatization of &lt;i&gt;Etlingera elatior&lt;/i&gt; (Jack) rm smith (torch ginger)

Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Smith) can be propagated in vitro, but there is currently little information about the stages of acclimatization and adaptation for torch ginger in a greenhouse. The objective was to study the growth responses, survival and photosynthetic response during the acclimatization of plants maintained on three different substrates (Plantmax forestry ® , sand and 1:1 Plantmax forestry ® and sand) under three shading conditions (50% red and blue shading nets and control without shading nets). The highest leaf and shoot numbers per plant and survival rate were observed in treatments with the Plantmax forestry ® type substrate in the absence of shading. In vitro culture plants behaved similarly or better than rhizome propagated control plants with regard to the net photosynthesis rate, carboxylation efficiency, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. In general, for both conditions, in vitro and control plants had similar efficiency of biochemical functions and of photosystem II. These results show that plants derived from in vitro culture exhibit satisfactory physiological yield and greenhouse acclimation capacity.

A Technique for Recreation of the Nasolabial Skin Fold and Alar Skin Crease Following Naso-Labial Flap Reconstruction of the Nose

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the nose presents a unique set of problems because of its inherent skin texture and complex contours. These factors are never more critical than on the lower third of the nose. A common reconstruction for lower third nasal defects is the nasolabial flap. Unfortunately, outcomes are often suboptimal due to a loss of important facial aesthetic landmarks such as the nasolabial fold (NLF) or the alar skin fold (ASF). There are few options available to recreate these landmarks. Several proposed in the past include excision of the flap and full-thickness-skin-grafting, periosteal sutures to help recreate the fold, and lastly trying to preserve an intervening skin bridge representing the NLF (not always possible in skin cancer/lesion excision). We propose a reproducible 3-flap technique for late recreation of the NLF and ASF following nasolabial flap reconstruction. METHODS: Three consecutive patients underwent a 3-flap technique. The first flap utilizes the unaesthetic “web” that bridges the ala onto the cheek to recreate the lower lateral ala. This flap is nasally based and its perfusion crosses the old inset incisions. This does not affect viability provided that it is not undermined too close to these incisions. The next two small flaps close the resulting triangular defect on the cheek by employing the technique of “opposing triangles” (Figure 1).Figure 1: Steps to Surgical Procedure. A, Pre-operative appearance of a nasolabial flap reconstruction B, Blue shading outlines approximate limits of first flap C, First flap is thinned and then through and through sutures are placed to sharply define the alar convexity D, Grey triangle represents resulting defect and red triangle outlines skin to be excised E, Resulting “opposing triangles” F, The inferior triangular flap is advanced superiorly and the superior flap moves inferiorly preventing any deforming lateral forces on the new ala.RESULTS: All patients achieved restoration of ASF and NLF. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a surgical technique that allows reliable recreation of important facial aesthetic transition landmarks such as the ASF and NLF that may be lost as a result of nasolabial flap reconstruction of the nose.

Iceberg risk in theTitanicyear of 1912: was it exceptional?

At 2340h local time (0310 GMT) on the cold, moonless, night of 14 April 1912, near 41°47 N, 49°55 W (Marine Accident Investigation Branch, 1992), the crow’s nest lookouts on board RMS Titanic sighted a large iceberg only 500m ahead. Despite quick action on the bridge to slow the ship, and turn to port, as well as the closing of the water-tight doors, the slow response of a large vessel meant that the iceberg still struck the ship aft of the bows. Some 100m of her hull below the waterline buckled, allowing water to flood into the ship across several compartments (Howells, 1992). In little more than two and a half hours she had sunk, with the loss of 1514 lives (Havern, 2012). A distress call requesting assistance was transmitted only 20 minutes after the collision, and RMS Carpathia turned and raced towards the Titanic at a speed of 17.5kn, 20% above her normal maximum speed. However, she did not arrive at the scene until around 0330h (15 April; 0700 GMT), by which time only 710 people remained to be rescued from the 20 lifeboats that had been able to be launched (Howells, 1992). The weather, ice conditions and time of year combined to increase the iceberg hazard on that fateful day. High pressure had dominated the mid-latitude, central Atlantic for several days (Howells, 1992) and by the time of the collision a ridge linking two high-pressure centres over Nova Scotia and the south of Ireland extended across the entire Atlantic (Figure 1). This resulted in northnorthwest winds transporting nearfreezing air from northeast Canada over the western Atlantic south of Newfoundland (Figure 1). These winds and temperatures, assisted by the prevailing southward flow of the ocean’s Labrador Current on the Grand Banks, led to transport of icebergs and sea ice further south than is currently normal for the time of year, but not beyond the known limits to icebergs during the twentieth century (Figure 2). However, note that Figure 2. The average sea-ice limit for April 1979–2013 (dotted), a typical Newfoundland maximum sea-ice limit for the early twentieth century (dashed and denoted as 1912; from Hill and Jones, 1990) and the maximum iceberg limit for 1900–2000 are shown, in addition to the 48°N line. The location of the Titanic is shown by an ‘X’. The blue shading shows depth, with the lightest blue denoting the continental shelf (<100m depth). Figure 1. Sea-level pressure and air-temperature chart for 0000 GMT, 15 April 1912, taken from the ensemble mean of the twentieth century reanalysis (Compo et al., 2011). The location of the Titanic is shown by an ‘X’.

New perspectives in visualisation for neuroimaging

Event Abstract Back to Event New perspectives in visualisation for neuroimaging David Barnes1*, Gary Egan2, Parnesh Raniga2 and Owen Kaluza3 1 Monash Biomedical Imaging & Monash e-Research Centre (Monash University), Australia 2 Monash Biomedical Imaging (Monash University), Australia 3 Monash e-Research Centre & Monash Biomedical Imaging (Monash University), Australia Scientific discovery depends critically on the visualisation of data. Visualisation has a special role in imaging experiments, specifically, the comprehension and analysis of data, and the communication of outcomes. Our ability to derive new knowledge from increasingly large and more detailed images depends on understanding, applying and advancing appropriate visualisation strategies to the data at hand. In neuroimaging, visualisation techniques are ordinarily applied to 3-dimensional images, or time-evolving (4-d) images, yet the communication and publication of study outcomes routinely depends on static, 2-d representations of 3-d or 4-d phenomena. This predicament is not unique to the neuroimaging discipline. However the constraints of 2-d display media have influenced the development of data analysis and visualisation techniques for neuroimaging. For example: (1) techniques for flattening the cortical surface (e.g. Fischl et al., 1999, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg.1998.0396 ) are in significant part motivated by the difficulty of visualising a highly folded and warped sheet; (2) the ubiquitous red, green, blue shading of diffusion tensor images to show left-right, anteroposterior and superior-inferior white matter fibre direction indeed allows the encoding of 3-d information in a 2-d figure, but the result cannot be fully interpreted by 5-10% of the community (the red-green colour-blind). We have developed tools that directly address the broad challenge of publishing 3-d and 4-d scientific data (including images) as fully-interactive figures within Adobe PDF documents (Barnes & Fluke, 2008, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newast.2008.03.008 ; Ruthensteiner et al., 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micron.2010.03.010 ). No special viewing software is required, and 3-d PDF figures can now be generated using free software. Here, we present our technique applied to standard neuroimaging data: 3-d MR images, 4-d fMRI images, cortical surfaces, diffusion tensor images and derived datasets. We describe how publishing and communicating using interactive, 3-d figures, allows us to begin addressing some of the shortcomings evident in discipline-specific visualisation and analysis: is cortical flattening necessary when we can directly publish and visualise complex, 3-d surface structures as figures in PDF articles? Are RGB fibre maps appropriate when we can directly publish a less-derived, more meaningful 3-d tensor image within an academic paper? Keywords: Neuroimaging Conference: 5th INCF Congress of Neuroinformatics, Munich, Germany, 10 Sep - 12 Sep, 2012. Presentation Type: Demo Topic: Neuroinformatics Citation: Barnes D, Egan G, Raniga P and Kaluza O (2014). New perspectives in visualisation for neuroimaging. Front. Neuroinform. Conference Abstract: 5th INCF Congress of Neuroinformatics. doi: 10.3389/conf.fninf.2014.08.00123 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 21 Mar 2013; Published Online: 27 Feb 2014. * Correspondence: Dr. David Barnes, Monash Biomedical Imaging & Monash e-Research Centre (Monash University), Melbourne, Australia, david.g.barnes@monash.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers David Barnes Gary Egan Parnesh Raniga Owen Kaluza Google David Barnes Gary Egan Parnesh Raniga Owen Kaluza Google Scholar David Barnes Gary Egan Parnesh Raniga Owen Kaluza PubMed David Barnes Gary Egan Parnesh Raniga Owen Kaluza Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.