Blue-red Color Research Articles

Film bleu: the development of cinematic aesthetics and disavowal of cultural traditions in Hong Kong crime cinema

ABSTRACT This essay revisits a period (from the early 1980s to early 2000s) in the history of Hong Kong film through the perspective of ‘film bleu’ and traces a brief and roughly chronological history of Hong Kong film bleu. In the early stages of the development of the film bleu aesthetic in local cinema, red was nearly as prominent as blue, whereas the blue–red scheme has largely been replaced by a monochromatic blue tone in more recent ‘bluish’ films. This essay reveals how a blue–red color and lighting scheme gradually gave way to a blue-dominated one and how blue was developed as a generic and cinematic convention in Hong Kong crime films. It propounds that, in addition to efforts to develop idiosyncratic generic conventions, the film bleu aesthetic in post-Handover Hong Kong cinema reflects a detached attitude toward and even a disavowal of both contemporary and traditional Chinese cultures.

Morphological and histological study of the spleen in Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus)

The present study aimed to investigate the morphological description and histological structure of the spleen in Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus); the anatomical study revealed that spleen in Hedgehog was elongated, tongue-like shape, with blue red color. It is situated in the abdominal cavity in the left side of the stomach. The results of histological study revealed that the spleen was surrounded by a thick capsule composed of outer layer of mesothelial cells and an inner layer consist of dense fibrous connective tissue, contains collagen and elastic fibers with more smooth muscle fibers, trabeculae extend from dense fibrous connective tissue the capsule into the splenic parenchyma. The contained trabecular arteries, nerves and were composed mainly of connective tissue made of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers and more smooth muscle fibers. It is comprised of two functionally and morphologically distinct compartments, the red pulp and the white pulp. The white pulp was made of lymphatic nodules consists of the marginal zone forming the outermost edge of white pulp, the periarteriolar lymphatic sheeth (PALS), central arteries and germinal centers Containing the phagocytic and plasma cells and Retinae cells win lymphocytes of medium and small-sized. The present study revealed some of these terminate in the marginal sinus at the junction of the white pulp and the marginal zone, whereas others traverse the marginal zone to form the venous system of the red pulp, which named after the large, blood-filled sinuses. Histological examination also showed that the red pulp spleen in hedgehog composed from vascular tissue that contain pulp arteries, venous sinuses and splenic cords Within the spaces between the cords are megakaryocytes and blood cells. Results of the present study revealed that extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) a normal occurs of the splenic red pulp. Extramedullary hematopoiesis may include increased numbers of erythroid precursors, myeloid precursors, megakaryocytes

Silicon quantum dots and MOFs hybrid multicolor fluorescent nanosensor for ultrasensitive and visual intelligent sensing of tetracycline

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with multiple emission centers have recently bloomed out as attractive fluorescence (FL) sensors due to their high sensitivity and selectivity to multiple target species. Herein, a novel silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) hybride MOFs multicolor fluorescent nanosensor (SiQDs@MOF-Eu) was elaborately tailored for tetracycline detection, using in situ composition of SiQDs@MOF and further decoration of Eu3+ on its surface due to the coordination of free carboxyl groups and Eu3+. In this nanosensor, both the SiQDs with blue emission (λem=472 nm) and Eu3+ ions with potential red FL (λem=616 nm) can be served as specific recognition units of TC based on the inner filter effect (IFE) and the antenna effect, respectively. Upon the addition of TC, the emission intensity of the SiQDs decreased slowly while that of the Eu3+ ion increased significantly, accompanied by obvious blue-red color switching, resulting in ultrahigh sensitivity (detection limit 3.16 nM). Furthermore, real-time visual determination of TC in actual samples was successfully achieved. With the assistance of color scanning APP in smart phones, real-time intelligent determination of TC can be realized.

Preparation and properties of hydrophilic P.R. 57:1 with inorganic core/solid solution shell

A series of modified pigment red 57:1(P. R. 57:1) were prepared by forming a pigment solid solution in-situ on the surface of different inorganic cores. Influence of core type (silica gel, kaolin, sepiolite and silica micropowder) and core size (silica micropowder 850 mesh and 1250 mesh) on the properties of the modified pigments were investigated, and it was found that the pigment with silica gel as core had the best performance. The schaffer's salt, tobias acid and sulpho toluic acid were used as the second components, and DSC and XRD analysis result showed that they all formed a pigment solid solution on the surface of the inorganic cores. When the amount of sulpho tobias acid was 3% and the inorganic core was silica gel, the modified pigment had the smallest particle size, narrowest particle size distribution and showed blue-red color, which was similar to the commercial available pigment sample C. P. R. 57:1. Moreover, the contact angle, Zeta potential analysis results and water-based ink test results showed that the hydophilicity of the modified pigments was obviously improved.

A Strip Biosensor with Guinea Green B and Fuchsin Basic Color Indicators on a Glass Nanofiber Carrier for the Cholinesterase Detection of Nerve Agents.

This paper deals with the innovation of the Czech colorimetric biosensor Detehit designed for the simple, fast, and sensitive detection of nerve agents. The innovation is based on the use of an indicator consisting of a mixture of two triphenylmethane dyes, Guinea green B and a basic fuchsin, on a glass nanofiber filter paper carrier. The advantage of this solution is the blue–red color transition, which is much more visible than the white–yellow transition of other Detehit biosensors. The newly designed biosensor allows the users to visually detect (with the naked eye) the presence of the most significant paralytic substances (sarin, soman, cyclosarin, tabun, VX) in water at concentrations of at least 0.001 μg/mL. This biosensor design also enables one to detect these substances in air or on contaminated surfaces.

Chromatic detection of Cs ions using polydiacetylene-based vesicles containing crown-ether-like ethylene glycol units

Radioactive 137Cs, which have a half-life of about 30.17 years, are a major source of nuclear pollution and should be detected and removed. For this purpose, a colorimetric, polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicle-based sensor was synthesized to detect Cs ions. The polymer vesicles consisted of commonly used 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) and its derivatives. One of the derivatives that contained tetraethylene glycol (TEG) units at the end of the PCDA side chain, and thus it acted as a chelating agent that surrounded the Cs ion like a crown ether. As a result, the main chain of the PDA was distorted by the chelation of TEG and Cs ions, resulting in a blue-red color change. To provide selectivity to the PDA vesicles, another derivative was incorporated to the PDA vesicles with controlled amount, which was not responsive to alkali metal ions. The changes in the colorimetric response of the vesicles were not observed in the presence of other alkali metal ions such as Na, K, and Rb ions, indicating that the TEG units fitted well in size with the ionic radius of the Cs ion, resulting in high selectivity. Solid-state PDA film was also fabricated to provide selective detection of Cs ions.

Comparative Analysis of Inhibition-Based and Indicator-Independent Colorimetric Assay for Screening of Bacteriocin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria.

Screening of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an important aspect for the search of new/novel probiotic strains. Here, a vesicle-based colorimetric assay was compared with conventional inhibition-based antimicrobial assays using 54 isolates of LAB. All isolates demonstrated zone of growth inhibition ranging from 2.5 to 7.5mm against indicator strain, Micrococcus luteus MTCC106 using point inoculation method. Cell-free supernatant of the isolates showed zone of growth inhibition varying from 14.5 to 25mm using agar well diffusion assay. These isolates inhibited the growth of indicator strain by 89.56-98.65%. The antimicrobial activity present in cell-free supernatant of different isolates was found to be in the range of 10-160AUml- 1. The treatment of polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicles with cell-free supernatant of selected isolates led to blue-red color transition, and presence of protein band on tricine SDS-PAGE confirmed the presence of membrane-acting peptides, bacteriocins. The colorimetric responses (CR%) varied between 0 and 59%, and the assay was found to be more sensitive, faster, and reliable as compared to the other conventional indicator-based methods used. Therefore, the colorimetric assay may be specifically applied for screening of bacteriocin-producing LAB.

Stepwise blue-red-yellow color change of a polydiacetylene sensor through internal and external transitions

A reversible red-yellow color change in PDA (polydiacetylene) was achieved by controlling the head group of the diacetylene molecules. Typical PDAs show blue-red color transitions, and this reversible red-yellow color transition could be applied to various sensing applications. The introduction of an alkyl substituent to the head group as an internal stimulus resulted in a primary blue-red color change, and this change became clearer as the length of the alkyl chain became longer. The PDA vesicle, once colored red in response to an internal stimulus, showed a reversible and very selective red-yellow color change in response to a second external stimulus, such as temperature or pH.

Clinical and histopathological diagnosis of glomus tumor: an institutional experience of 138 cases.

Glomus tumors are relatively uncommon subcentimeteric benign perivascular neoplasms usually located on the fingers. With their blue-red color and common subungual location, they are commonly confused for vascular or melanocytic lesions. To date there is no comprehensive review of an institutional experience with glomus tumors. A 14-year retrospective review of all cases within University of California, Los Angeles, with either a clinical or pathological diagnosis of glomus tumor was performed. Data obtained included demographic information, tumor description, pathological diagnoses, immunohistochemical studies, radiographic and treatment information, and clinical course. Rates of concordance between clinical and pathological diagnoses and an evaluation of overlap with other entities were assessed. Clinical diagnosis of glomus tumor showed concordance with a histopathological diagnosis (45.4% of cases). The most common alternate clinical diagnoses included lipoma, cyst, or angioma. A pathological diagnosis of glomus tumor was most common in the fourth to seventh decades of life. The most common presentation was a subcentimeter lesion on the digit. Deep-seated tumors had a strikingly increased risk for malignancy (33%). Radiological studies were not relied on frequently (18.2% of cases). Immunohistochemical analysis showed diffuse αSMA and MSA expression in nearly all cases (99% and 95%, respectively), with focal to diffuse CD34 immunostaining in 32% of cases. Our study illustrates trends in the clinical versus pathologic diagnoses of glomus tumor, common competing diagnoses, a difference in demographics than is commonly reported (older age groups most commonly affected), and important differences in the use adjunctive diagnostic tools including radiology and immunohistochemistry.

Paper Chromatography and UV–Vis Spectroscopy To Characterize Anthocyanins and Investigate Antioxidant Properties in the Organic Teaching Laboratory

A variety of fruits and vegetables, including raspberries, blueberries, Concord grapes, blackberries, strawberries, peaches, eggplant, red cabbage, and red onions, contain flavonoid compounds known as anthocyanins that are responsible for the blue-red color and the astringent taste associated with such foods. In addition, anthocyanins exhibit a wide range of chemical properties, such as radical scavenging, metal chelation, pH-dependent color changes, and intramolecular stabilization. Two experiments have been developed for anthocyanin-containing extracts isolated from freeze-dried berries to teach students the skills of solid–liquid extraction, paper chromatography, UV–vis spectroscopic characterization, and detection and evaluation of radical scavenging properties.

Novel energy transfer mechanism in single-phased color-tunable Sr2CeO4:Eu3+ phosphors for WLEDs

A series of color-tunable Sr2CeO4:Eu3+ phosphors have been successfully synthesized. The Rietveld refinement was firstly used to probe the phase purity and the structure of Sr2CeO4:Eu3+. The photoluminescence excitation spectra exhibit that the phosphors show a broad excitation band from 200 to 400nm, which concurs well with the commercial near-UV LED. The photoluminescence spectra vary with the dopant content due to the energy transfer and the tunable blue-red color can be simply achieved by altering the doped Eu3+ ions concentrations. On the basis of the Inokuti–Hirayama theory, we obtained that the dipole-dipole interaction type takes charge for the energy transfer from the Ce4+–O2− charge-transfer state transition to Eu3+ ions and the schematic was plotted to illuminate the possible energy transfer process. The experimental results indicate that Sr2CeO4:Eu3+ phosphors may be potentially used as promising single-phased phosphors for near-UV white light-emitting diodes applications.

Microbead-assisted PDA sensor for the detection of genetically modified organisms

A simple and sensitive approach for the detection of marker protein, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, from genetically modified crops was developed based on the colorimetric transition of polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicles in combination with silica microbeads. PDAs have attracted a great deal of interests as a transducing material due to their special features that allow colorimetric response to sensory signals, as well as their inherent simplicity. However, most PDA-based biosensors require additional analytical equipment such as a fluorescence microscope or UV-Vis spectrometer. In this study, we report a new approach to increase the degree of color transition by coupling antibody-conjugated PDA vesicles with silica microbeads in an effort to monitor the results with the unaided eye or simple RGB analysis. By immobilizing PDA vesicles on silica microbeads, we were able to overcome the disadvantages of colloidal PDA-based sensors and increase the degree of colorimetric changes in response to target molecules to a concentration as low as 20 nM. The additional stresses were given to PDA vesicles by antigen-antibody bridging of PDA vesicles coupled with microbeads, resulting in enhanced blue-red color transition. All the results showed that PDA vesicles in conjunction with silica microbeads will be a promising transducing material for the detection of target proteins in diagnostic and biosensing applications.

Hydrogen bonded arylamide-linked cholesteryl dimesogenic liquid crystals: a study of the length and side chain effects

Dimesogenic compounds 1a– c, 2a– i, and 3, that are composed of a hydrogen bonding-induced straight arylamide spacer and two appended cholesterol groups, have been designed and synthesized. The backbones of the rigid spacers of 1a– c, 2a– i, and 3 contain one, three, and five benzene units, which bear two, six, and ten alkoxyl (methoxyl, n-octoxyl, or n-dodecoxyl) groups, respectively. The thermal and optical properties of the compounds are investigated by using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. It is revealed that 1a– c exhibit one or two liquid crystalline (LC) phases, 2a– i exhibit no, one or two LC phases, while 3 exhibits one LC phase in a wide temperature range. Generally, the more and longer alkoxyl chains facilitate the formation of the LC phases at low temperature. Notably, compound 2g, which bears two methoxyl and four dodecoxyl groups, displays a blue-red color change during both the heating and cooling cycle. The result illustrates that dimesogens with large rigid spacers can exhibit different LC phases when long aliphatic chains are appended to balance the strong stacking of the rigid backbones.

A new colorimetric assay for studying and rapid screening of membrane penetration enhancers.

This work aims to demonstrate a novel chemical assay for rapid screening and analysis of the mode of action of membrane interaction by penetration enhancers. The new bio-mimetic membrane assembly, consisting of supramolecular aggregates of lipids and conjugated polydiacetylene, undergoes visible and quantifiable blue-red color transitions upon interaction with penetration enhancers. The new colorimetric model has been employed to examine various classes of penetration enhancers, including 1-dodecylhexahydro-2H-azepin-2-one (Azone), oleic acid, propylene-glycol, menthol, ethoxyglycol-diethyleneglycol-monoethyl-ether (Transcutol), polysorbate-polyethylenesorbitan-monolaurate (Tween-20), and the drug 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Diazepam). The assay enables to evaluate the validity of various observations and hypotheses proposed in previous studies regarding permeation enhancement activities. Our results suggest, for example. that propylene glycol (PG) by itself does not interfere with membranes, but rather exhibits synergistic effect in combination with other penetration enhancers. Similarly, our data demonstrate that Transcutol does not independently interact with membranes. The colorimetric system also indicates that interaction of penetration enhancers with membranes depend upon the lipid phase, as well as the self-assembly properties of the enhancer molecules. The new biomimetic model membrane system can be applied for rapid screening of the activities of penetration enhancers, and provides insight into the mechanisms of permeability of membrane-active compounds.

Colorimetric sensors for drug discovery and biomedical diagnostics

Supramolecular assemblies constructed from polymerized polydiacetylene (PDA) lipids have been shown to exhibit colorimetric transitions, which are induced by a variety of biological analytes. Among the analytes that give rise to the unique blue-red color changes in the system are viruses, toxins, antibacterial peptides, ions, and antibodies. The colorimetric transitions occurring in the PDA-based aggregates are associated with structural perturbations within the conjugated backbone of the polymer. The rapid and specific color changes observed in the PDA systems open wide-range possibilities for biosensor, drug discovery, and diagnostic applications. Drug Dev. Res. 50:497–501, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Colors of Seven Cepheid Variables in Cygnus.

view Abstract Citations References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Colors of Seven Cepheid Variables in Cygnus. Heyden, Francis J. Abstract Complete light-curves in the blue photographic, photovisual, and photored wave lengths have been determined for seven cepheid variables in the constellation Cygnus. All the plates for the programs were taken with the 8-inch and 3-inch Ross telescopes at Harvard Observatory. Color-curves derived from the light-curves run parallel for the most part with the spectral curves obtained by Struve at Yerkes Observa- tory. Normal color indices for the spectra were computed by Miss Hagopian at Harvard, and the blue- yellow and blue-red color excesses derived from these and the observed color indices indicate that all seven variables are reddened by interstellar absorption. The total photographic absorption was obtained by multiplying the blue-yellow color excesses by the factor 4 and the blue-red color excesses by 3. Good agreement was found between the absorption determined from both sets of color excesses at maximum and minimum light. The total absorptions for the various stars compare closely with the values estimated for the same regions of the sky by Miller from general star counts and computed from the photoelectric color excesses observed by Stebbins, Huffer, and Whitford. This investigation indicates that it is possible to use cepheid variables and their fundamental relations between spectrum and luminosity aiid period and luminosity for the measurement of space reddening at very great distances Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: November 1947 DOI: 10.1086/144969 Bibcode: 1947ApJ...106..325H full text sources ADS |

Colors of seven Cepheid variable stars in Cygnus.

view Abstract Citations References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Colors of seven Cepheid variable stars in Cygnus. Heyden, Francis J. Abstract Light curves of seven Cepheid variables in Cygnus, namely, V 386, MW, VY, BZ, TX, SZ and CD Cygni, have been determined in blue- photographic, photovisual and photored light from photometric plates taken at the Harvard Oak Ridge Station. The mean light-curves were derived from observations taken during the summers of 1944 and 1945. Two telescopes were used so that each yellow or red plate was taken simultaneously with a blue one. Color curves showing the variation of the blue- yellow and the blue-red color indices have been derived from the mean light-curves for each of the seven stars. These color curves show a definite correlation with the spectral curves which have been prdvided for this program by Dr. Struve of Yerkes Observatory. Color excesses from the blue-yellow color indices are based on the difference between the observed color index at minimum light and provisional normal color indices for stars of luminosity class Ib in the Morgan, Keenan and Kellman system. These normal colors were prepared by Miss Hagopian at Harvard Observatory. The color index at minimum light was selected because Struve has found1 the spectra nearest to normal at that part of the light curve. Total photographic absorptions have been computed by multiplying the color excesses b the factor 5. This factor is perhaps too large. The distance of the stars have been computed from the median absolute magnitude taken from Dr. Shapley `S photographic period-luminosity curve, from the median apparent magnitude of the blue light-curves and from the total photographic absorption. The formula used was: 5 log r = m - M - A $ 5. The following table contains a summarN' of the results. Variable m Sp. M c.E. A Distance (Cygni) (pg) (MKK) (pg) (mag) (pg) (parsecs) V386 11.00 GI -1.53 0.91 4.55 395 MW 10.60 GI -1.64 0.61 3.05 689 VY 10.60 GI -1.85 0.71 3.55 603 BZ 11.75 G -2.02 o.8o 4.00 900 TX 11.25 G6 -2.32 0.93 4.65 6o8 SZ 10.75 Ko -2.33 0.50 2.50 1308 CD 10.00 Ko -2.42 0.10 0.50 2421 The total absorptions found for these seven stars agree very well with those estimated by F. Miller2 from star counts in the obscured regions near the North American nebula, and by Oort and Oosterhoff3 from the colors of fotir Cepheids in the Cygnus star cloud. I.Observamry, 65, 257, 1944. 2.Ann. Harv. Colt. Obs. 105, 316, 1936. 3.B. A. N. 9, 325, 1942. Georgetown College Observatory, Washington, D. C. Publication: The Astronomical Journal Pub Date: July 1946 DOI: 10.1086/105900 Bibcode: 1946AJ.....52...44H full text sources ADS |

A remarkable red star.

view Abstract Citations References Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS A remarkable red star. Haro, Guillermo Abstract During an investigation of colors, magnitudes and spectral types, it was noted that the star No. 129 of the list in Dearborn Annals, 4, Part 16, 1940 had a very large color index and is a variable star. For the week of May 29-June 5, its photographic magnitude was 14.75; its photovisual magnitude, 9.75; and its photored magnitude, 8.10. The color index on the international scale is 5.00 + 0.10 mag.; the blue-red (6300 A) color index is 6.65 + 0.10 mag. An examination of plates in the Harvard collection shows that the star varies between photographic magnitudes 13.5 and 15.1. For three centers a survey was made for stars with color indices in excess of four magnitudes. For this purpose the 8-inch Ross-Lundin camera at the Oak Ridge Station was employed with Eastman Io3a-E plates, in blue focus, without filter, exposure time thirty minutes. As had been noted previously (Slipher, Dimitroff) a blue star will then appear as a single black dot; a red one will show a central blue image surrounded by a red halo. A star with a color index in excess of about four magnitudes appears as a red halo without a central blue image. The survey resulted in the discovery of seven additional stars of which the reddest has a bluered color index equal to 6.5 + 0.10 mag. (spectral type N). The survey covers an area of 250 square degrees and is complete to the eleventh photored magnitude. National Astrophysical Observatory, Tonansintla, Mexico. Publication: The Astronomical Journal Pub Date: November 1944 DOI: 10.1086/105808 Bibcode: 1944AJ.....51...67H full text sources ADS |

PSEUDOXANTHOMA ELASTICUM

It has long been our observation that the degenerated elastic tissue in areas of pseudoxanthoma elasticum when stained with hematoxylin and eosin assumes a blue or blue-red color similar to that of calcium deposits in other pathologic conditions. In this paper it is not our intention to speculate on the reasons for our observations or to include suggested similar observations in other dermatoses. However, in general pathology the tendency for calcium to infiltrate degenerated elastic tissue is well recognized. Since this study was completed we have learned in the literature of a similar observation made previously. Friedmann1reported a case of typical pseudoxanthoma elasticum occurring in a woman aged 25, in which he demonstrated the presence of calcium deposits in the involved elastic tissue by microscopic means. Gans2stated that only one other case of pseudoxanthoma elasticum with calcification had been reported, and that the