Blue Force Research Articles

Darth Vader's Secret Weapon: Implementing Mission Engineering with UAF

AbstractWhen planning and conducting a Mission Engineering (ME) study, it is important to have a complete, correct, and coherent model of the mission architecture. The Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) has been found to be effective for this purpose. The OUSD (R&E) Mission Integration office is exploring how to use UAF for their ME architectures. This paper will explore some of the required modeling features and constructs that will enable this to occur. The paper “Implementing Mission Engineering with UAF” was presented at a previous conference and this paper will expand on that presentation and will discuss additional work that has been accomplished since then. This paper will also explore the proposed extensions for UAF to better support ME. We created a prototype model using the Battle of Hoth from Star Wars as a proof of concept for these modeling extensions and used the process and ME concepts defined in the Mission Engineering Guide (MEG). Since then there have been several concepts that were explored such as compatibility with the Model‐Based Acquisition (MBAcq) approach, recent initiatives from the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Mission Capabilities, Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE) process and methods, detailed resource engagement, use of different modeling languages (e.g., Systems Modeling Language (SysML), SysML v2 and UAF v2), Effects and Outcomes, variety of measures, additional attributes/stereotypes such as differentiation between enemy/friendly/neutral ‐ Blue Force, Red Force, etc., provenance/confidence of enemy resources, and so forth. This paper will summarize the research and modeling done to date and explore these additional concepts as well as new ideas introduced in the MEG v2.

Defense and Offence Strategies for Tactical Wireless Networks Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Network forces attempt to dominate the spectrum in tactical wireless networks while preventing their opponents from holding any communication. In this context, both the defensive and the offensive capabilities of a network force are critical. Therefore, in this paper, we study the communication competition between two network forces, denoted as blue force (BF) and red force (RF), where each force is equipped with a transmitter, a receiver, and a friendly jammer. We propose defense and offense strategies for the BF using recurrent neural networks (RNN)s where the occupied channels by the RF nodes in the future time slots are predicted. Then the entity of each occupied channel in terms of RF users and jammer is identified. As a result, the BF transmitter finds unoccupied channels, and the BF jammer jams the RF transmitter's channels. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by calculating both the ergodic rate (ER) of the BF receiver and RF receiver as well as the prediction accuracy of RF future channels. Simulation results show that the BF receiver attains ER of at least <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$90\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> of the maximum achievable ER and a detection accuracy higher than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$85\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for all the considered scenarios. Furthermore, the BF jammer can target the RF transmitter frequency channels and can reduce the RF receiver ER to less than <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> of its maximum achievable value.

D-CEWS: DEVS-Based Cyber-Electronic Warfare M&S Framework for Enhanced Communication Effectiveness Analysis in Battlefield.

Currently, in the field of military modernization, tactical networks using advanced unmanned aerial vehicle systems, such as drones, place an emphasis on proactively preventing operational limiting factors produced by cyber-electronic warfare threats and responding to them. This characteristic has recently been highlighted as a key concern in the functioning of modern network-based combat systems in research on combat effect analysis. In this paper, a novel discrete-event-system-specification-based cyber-electronic warfare M&S (D-CEWS) was first proposed as an integrated framework for analyzing communication effects and engagement effects on cyber-electronic warfare threats and related countermeasures that may occur within drones. Accordingly, for the first time, based on communication metrics in tactical ad hoc networks, an analysis was conducted on the engagement effect of blue forces by major wireless threats, such as multi-layered jamming, routing attacks, and network worms. In addition, the correlations and response logics between competitive agents were also analyzed in order to recognize the efficiency of mutual engagements between them based on the communication system incapacitation scenarios for diverse wireless threats. As a result, the damage effect by the cyber-electronic warfare threat, which could not be considered in the existing military M&S, could be calculated according to the PDR (packet delivery ratio) and related malicious pool rate change in the combat area, and the relevance with various threats by a quantifiable mission attribute given to swarming drones could also be additionally secured.

NIKE BLUETRACK: Blue Force Tracking in GNSS-Denied Environments Based on the Fusion of UWB, IMUs and 3D Models.

Blue force tracking represents an essential task in the field of military applications. A blue force tracking system provides the location information of their own forces on a map to commanders. For the command post, this results in more efficient operation control with increasing safety. In underground structures (e.g., tunnels or subways), the localisation is challenging due to the lack of GNSS signals. This paper presents a localisation system for military or emergency forces tailored to usage in complex underground structures. In a particle filter, position changes from a dual foot-mounted INS are fused with opportunistic UWB ranges and data from a 3D tunnel model to derive position information. A concept to deal with the absence of UWB infrastructure or 3D tunnel models is illustrated. Recurrent neural network methodologies are applied to cope with different motion types of the operators. The evaluation of the positioning algorithm took place in a street tunnel. If a fully installed infrastructure was available, positioning errors under one metre were reached. The results also showed that the INS can bridge UWB outages. A particle-filter-based approach to UWB anchor mapping is presented, and the first simulation results showed its viability.

To Forward or not to Forward: Considerations on and Experiments with Network Layer Forwarding in Combination with Middleware Services for Group Communications

Group communications is central to information dissemination in tactical edge environments as an approach to delivering information to multiple nodes in a bandwidth efficient manner. The NATO IST-161 Research Task Group on Efficient Group and Information Centric Communications in Mobile Military Heterogeneous Networks has been exploring and evaluating multiple approaches, including specific middleware capabilities that provide group communications. Some of these middleware implementations incorporate their own capabilities for information routing / forwarding, which raises the question of layering them on top of existing IP multicast forwarding mechanisms. This paper examines the benefits and tradeoffs of using an underlying network forwarding approach, Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) aided by the OLSRv2 unicast routing protocol, in combination with group communications middleware. The experiments are carried out in the context of disseminating Blue Force Data in the Anglova scenario with and without the assistance of SMF and OLSRv2. The current results show that further integration is necessary between the middleware protocols and the underlying routing protocols in order to achieve the desired performance.

Combat process simulation and attrition forecasting based on system dynamics and Multi-agent modeling

The purpose of this research is to develop a tool for all medical support and war rescue researchers that can predict and analyze the total number of attritions in combat, the temporal and spatial distribution of attritions, and the composition of the wounded. All the parameters in the tool are adjustable for the users to personalize the settings and to simulate different combat environments according to their needs. This research adopts a method that combines system dynamics and intelligent agent simulations. First, a combat process simulation and an attrition prediction model are constructed using system dynamics methods. The model converts the degrees of combat damage of the various targets of the red and blue forces into attrition data by combining specific combat missions, analyzing the factors influencing the combat, weapon performance, and protection capability of the two forces, and constructing a causal loop and stock flow relationship for the engagement process. On this basis, an intelligent-agent modeling method is used to obtain the total attrition from the combat attrition prediction model, and to decompose the total attrition, which includes only time and quantity, into each specific individual combatant. By establishing a correspondence relationship between the degree of damage to the combat target and the various types of combat injuries, these individual combatants can be assigned with specific combat injury information according to specific proportions. By simulating each individual combatant of the attrition personnel and assigning a specific injury status, the attrition flow is converted into a casualty flow. In the process, a scientific basis is provided for formulating a medical support plan, raising logistic personnel and resources, properly allocating medical resources, and effectively implementing injury treatment.

Optimizing fire allocation in a Network Centric Warfare-type model

In this paper, we introduce a non-linear Lanchester’s model of Network Centric Warfare type and investigate an optimization problem for this model, where only the Red force is supplied by several supply agents. Optimal fire allocation of the Blue force is sought in the form of a piece-wise constant function of time. A “threatening rate” is computed for the Red force and each of its supply agents at the beginning of each stage of the combat. These rates can be used to derive the optimal decision for the Blue force to focus its firepower to the Red force itself or one of its supply agents. This optimal fire allocation is derived and proved by considering an optimization problem of the number of Blue force troops. Numerical experiments are included to demonstrate the theoretical results.

Optimization in a Nonlinear Lanchester-Type Model Involving Supply Units$$^* $$

In this paper, we introduce a nonlinear Lanchester-type model involving supply units. The model describes a battle where the Blue party consisting of one armed force $$B $$ is fighting against the Red party. The Red party consists of $$n $$ armed forces each of which is supplied by a supply unit. A new variable called “fire allocation” is associated to the Blue force, reflecting its strategy during the battle. A problem of optimal fire allocation for Blue force is then studied. The optimal fire allocation of the Blue force allows that the number of Blue troops is always at its maximum. The allocation is sought in the form of a piece-wise constant function of time with the help of “threatening rates” computed for each agent of the Red party. Numerical experiments are included to justify the theoretical results.

Methods and analytical tools for assessing tactical situation in military operations using potential approach and sensor data fusion

The paper presents designed quantitative methods and algorithms implemented in specialized mobile mCOP application for combat decision support. Military operations require sophisticated planning and execution in order to minimize risks and potential losses while fulfilling mission objectives in constrained time. To support such features the decision makers design methods of evaluating threats and tactical scenarios. The outcomes of such calculations provide mission alternatives called variants or Courses of Actions. To determine which possible CoA is matching the scenario and in the end is the most feasible, a set of quantitative methods can be used. The evaluation process considers both tactical and topographical characteristics of the scenario. The location, orientation and composition of forces, combat potentials, performed tasks, as well as terrain and battlespace environment features are the parameters considered in the algorithms, which in result provide threat levels, attrition rates, potential losses, objectives timelines etc. To assess tactical situation we implemented, a set of combat potential evaluation methods, which using doctrinal patterns, can be easily employed in mobile software. The advantage of equipping each decision maker at the tactical level with sophisticated methods provides means of increasing the speed of task execution, provides more accurate decisions but most of all supports instant reporting from combat units. Due to the development of hardware and software platforms, smartphones offer are capable of running complex algorithms for tactical support for individual soldiers and low level commanders support. Since they are capable to utilize tactical data (forces location, composition, tasks) in dynamic mobile military networks, accessible anywhere during mission, and provide provides rich functional support for situation awareness and decision superiority. These two key factors of 21st century military operations influence the efficiency of recognition, identification and targeting during combat missions. Military support tools providing rich tactical and their analytical capabilities, can serve as recon data hubs, but most of all can support and simplify complex analytical tasks for commanders. The tasks mainly include topographical and tactical orientation within the battlespace. Developed software platform mCOP, demonstrates all research findings, providing personalized combat-oriented distributed mobile system, supporting blue force tracking capabilities, reconnaissance data fusion as well as threat level evaluation for functionalities for management of military and crisis management scenarios. Presented research demonstrates and evaluates the proves the usefulness of deploying mobile applications for combat support, situation awareness development, and the delivery of augmented reality based threat level analytical data to extend the capabilities and properties of constructed methods and of software tools applied for supporting military and border protection operations.

A stochastic air combat logistics decision model for Blue versus Red opposition

AbstractTechnologically advanced aircraft rely on robust and responsive logistics systems to ensure a high state of operational readiness. This paper fills a critical gap in the literature for combat models by closely relating effectiveness of the logistics system to determinants of success in combat. We present a stochastic diffusion model of an aerial battle between Blue and Red forces. The number of aircraft of Blue forces aloft and ready to be aloft on combat missions is limited by the maximum number of assigned aircraft, the reliability of aircraft subsystems, and the logistic system's ability to repair and replenish those subsystems. Our parsimonious model can illustrate important trade‐offs between logistics decision variables and operational success.

Research on Red Force and Blue Force Confront Simulation System of Navy Surface Warship

All the world’s military powers attach great importance to the training of Imaginary Enemy Force, and the high level of simulation of fighting between red force and blue force has become an important mode of military exercise. On the basis of introducing the function of red force and blue force fighting simulation system of naval surface warship, this paper analyzes the structure of the system and the logical relationship between its parts, puts forward 10 key steps of the system operation flow, and finally looks forward to the impact of the new technology. The structural design and process steps proposed in this paper can be applied to the development of other analog countermeasure systems.

GPS Tracker Through HF Radio Using FSK Method

A GPS tracker through HF radio using FSK method for Blue Force Tracking (BFT) application was developed. The project aims to transmit and receive the location information which is obtained from the GPS data. The system used frequency range of 500 Hz to 2000 Hz for modulating and demodulating the GPS data using FSK method. The smallest frequency gap between characters without affecting the accuracy of the output is 100 Hz, but the transmission time per character must be set to 100 ms. The transmission speed was investigated to find the optimum speed of the system by varying the delay command in the program. The system can accurately transmit and receive the location data in 1350 ms per coordinate. In general, the developed system successfully maintains the performance of transmitting and receiving the location information which can be applied for the future advancement of the BFT.

Evolution of military information management

The paper focuses on information dimension in the structure of Information and Communication Technology architecture and searches for better models to describe the structure of blue force information, especially from Enterprise Architecture (EA) approach. Enterprise Architecture has been developed better to communicate the complex structures of military capabilities. Major EA frameworks (TOGAF, DODAF, NAF) recognize the layer of information between business and technology. Nevertheless, in practice, the focus tends to turn more to the technology as has happened in several Command, Control, Communications, Computing, Information, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) or Enterprise Resource Management (ERM) programs. The paper develops a tool for architects to use in measuring the maturity of information management in the current military organization and in defining the possible paths of evolution in information management available for military. The outcome is a roadmap that describes the evolution of past and probable future for military information management and explains different drivers and constraints on roads. The roadmap is tested against experiences gained from several C4ISR, and ERM focused military transformations. The overall research approach is following the hypothetico-deductive model, and the roadmap part is applying the theory of evolution in sociotechnical systems. Since information is essential for cognitive level sense making, decision making, and learning, Enterprise Architects should include information maturity in their roadmaps of technical and business process development. The roadmap for military information management is to help the analysing of the current situation and provide possible paths towards future stages aligned through business, information, and technical layers.

Bacterial Communities within Gingival Tissues from Periodontal Lesions Compared with Subgingival Plaque

ABSTRACTPeriodontitis is caused by dysbiosis of subgingival plaque that results in increased bacterial invasion into gingival tissues. Although shifts in subgingival microbiota from healthy to periodontitis have been well characterized, the characteristics of bacterial communities located within gingival tissues have not been studied. To characterize microbiota within the tissues of periodontal lesions in comparison with plaque microbiota, gingival tissues and subgingival plaque were obtained from the same tooth of patients with periodontitis (n = 7). A pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that species richness and diversity were not significantly different between the two communities. However, inter-subject variation in intra-tissue communities was smaller than that in plaque communities. Intra-tissue communities were characterized by decreased Firmicutes and increased Fusobacteria, compared with the plaque communities. Particularly, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis were highly increased within tissues, comprising 15–40% of the total bacteria. Furthermore, biofilm formation within the tissue was observed by Alcian Blue staining and atomic force microscopy, where degradation of fibers was prominent. Taken together, bacteria formed complex biofilm communities within gingival tissues that may serve as a reservoir for persistent infection. This novel finding may instigate new research into therapeutic strategies to treat periodontitis.

Evolution of military information management: The transformation of military organisation often neglects the culture and maturity of its information management

&lt;i&gt;Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has made major advances in linking physical dimension through information to cognitive dimension as described by John Perry et al. (2004) in their model for Information Superiority. The information technology linkage between the physical and cognitive dimensions has created new ways of effect both for the red and blue force.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;The paper focuses on the information dimension and searches for better models to describe the structure of blue force information, especially from the Enterprise Architecture (EA) approach. Enterprise Architecture has been developed to better communicate the complex structures of military capabilities. Major EA frameworks (TOGAF, DODAF) recognise the layer of information between business and technology, but in practice, the focus turns more to the technology as has happened in several Command, Control, Communications, Computing, Information, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) and Enterprise Resource Management (ERM) programmes. The paper develops a tool for architects to use in measuring the maturity of information management in the current military organisation and in defining the possible paths of evolution in information management available for the military.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;The outcome of this paper is a roadmap picturing the evolution of military information management. Enterprise Architects may use the roadmap in analysing and developing both C4ISR and ERM capabilities in military organisations. The primary research question for this paper is: What may cause so many failures in defining Enterprise Architecture at information management level and then in implementing C4ISR and ERM tools?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;The paper first defines six stages for management of unstructured information from various former studies and information architecture models (Cook, 1996). The basic stages of evolution of unstructured information are defined as print, file, page, social media content, semantic content, and intelligent content.&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;These six stages and a generic military structure are processed through an evolutionary model derived from evolutionary theory for technical development described by Joel Mokyr (1998). The Mokyr model helps to recognise the paths of evolution, the forces that may influence the development and the ways that have been taken in achieving goals.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;The outcome is a roadmap that describes the evolution of past and possible future for military information management and explains different drivers and constraints on roads. The roadmap is aligned with other similar roadmap tools Enterprise Architects are using. The roadmap is further tested against experiences gained from several C4ISR and ERM focused military transformations. The overall research approach follows the hypothetico- deductive model (Brody, 1993) and the roadmap part applies the theory of evolution in sociotechnical systems (Bertalanffy, 1969).&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;Military organisations have followed the general evolutionary path (print – file – page – social media content – semantic – intelligent content) in developing their management of unstructured information. The general path includes two definite leaps that require more effort: 1) from files to pages, and 2) from unstructured content to more structured content. There have also been more discrete shortcuts together with downgrades defined by cultural and doctrinal powers of the force.&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;Meanwhile, it is possible to accelerate evolution by taking shortcuts. A consistent effort to change technology, processes, and people at the same time is needed when, for example, taking force from publish-pull pages to semantic information management. It might be easier to start with structured information and then, gradually, include unstructured information.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;Strong forces may also pull back already achieved development if the change has not been made to stick properly. Losing the thin trust for shared information management early in implementation may prevent individuals from sharing for a long time. Not providing the expected level of availability of the service for the knowledge base may lose the confidence of process owners.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;Since information is essential for cognitive level sense making, decision making, and learning, Enterprise Architects should include information maturity in their roadmaps of technical and business process development. The roadmap for military information management is to help analysis of the current situation and provide possible paths towards future stages aligned through business, information, and technical layers.&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;i&gt;The research in this paper only covers the approach of evolution. The systems and business strategy approached are studied in other papers. This article does not illustrate the integrated roadmap of business, information, and technology, which can be found in further papers by the writers. The research is based mainly on qualitative data in proving the roadmap. There is room for further assurance when the information sharing cultures of the military are enabling it.&lt;/i&gt;

Analysis of Blue Honeysuckle Binding Force During Harvest Period

The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of proper binding force to harvest blue honeysuckle. After tracking such force over 16 days for four breeds of blue honeysuckle during the harvest period, we find that the binding force is mainly distributed in the range of 0.1 ~ 1.7N (P<0.05). This distribution range varies slightly between breeds: the picking forces of L.caerulea subsp.altaicai and Berel are greater than Bluebird and wild L.caerulea var.edulis of Changbai Mountain, and the binding forces of all breeds decrease over time with different slopes. Moreover, we also find that the binding force in the afternoon are significant larger than in the morning for the same day (P<0.05), and no significant difference is found between sunny and rainy days. We categorize factors affecting the binding force, such as testing day, morning and afternoon, relative humidity, temperature, weather conditions into environmental factors and time factor.

Competing Cognitive Resilient Networks

We introduce competing cognitive resilient network (CCRN) of mobile radios challenged to optimize data throughput and networking efficiency under dynamic spectrum access and adversarial threats (e.g., jamming). Unlike the conventional approaches, CCRN features both communicator and jamming nodes in a friendly coalition to take joint actions against hostile networking entities. In particular, this paper showcases hypothetical blue force and red force CCRNs and their competition for open spectrum resources. We present state-agnostic and stateful solution approaches based on the decision theoretic framework. The state-agnostic approach builds on multiarmed bandit to develop an optimal strategy that enables the exploratory-exploitative actions from sequential sampling of channel rewards. The stateful approach makes an explicit model of states and actions from an underlying Markov decision process and uses multiagent ${Q}$ -learning to compute optimal node actions. We provide a theoretical framework for CCRN and propose new algorithms for both approaches. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithms outperform some of the most important algorithms known to date.

대화력전에 대한 이종 무기체계의 조합모델개발 연구

본 논문에서는 대화력전의 목표달성에 대한 평가척도를 선정하고 평가척도의 최적값을 만족하는 청군의 타격자원의 합리적인 조합과 목표달성시간의 회귀식을 도출하고자 하였다. 또한 현실세계에서 회귀식을 도출하는 일련의 과정을 연구방법론적 관점에서 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 현재 북한과 대한민국이 보유하고 있는 무기체계들의 정보를 이용하여 대화력전을 단순화한 시뮬레이션을 만들어 목표달성시간을 도출하였다. 시뮬레이션에서는 대화력전을 탐지, 결정, 타격의 세 단계로 나누었다. 탐지에는 난수를 활용한 확률을 적용했고 결정과 타격은 고정된 상수를 적용시켰다. 고정된 적에 대해서 목표달성시간을 도출하였으며 목표달성시간이 최단시간으로 나오는 것이 시뮬레이션의 최적값이라고 판단했다. 시뮬레이션의 목표달성시간을 바탕으로 미니탭의 반응표면분석법을 이용하여 고정된 홍군에 대한 청군 무기체계의 최적조합 및 회귀식을 도출하였다. 도출된 회귀식은 2-표본 t검정을 이용하여 검증하였다.

Applications of RFID technology in dismounted soldier solution systems – study of mCOP system capabilities

This paper discusses application of RFID technology in Dismounted Soldier Solutions gathered from the development and demonstration of mCOP platform. The software has been developed to elaborate Network Enabled Capabilities in tactical environments. Presented research was a part of demonstration prepared for the European Defence Agency. The main aim of the tool is the delivery of command support capabilities utilizing data fusion and integration mechanisms implemented in heterogeneous military mobile networks. Application of military integration standards such as JC3IEDM, NFFI and TSO supports interoperability with BMS class systems. Utilisation of RFID technology in mCOP software has several purposes, mainly used for process automation of authorisation and personal identification. Indirectly such functionalities can be used for implementation of UAV supported - Blue Force Tracking and IFF services. This research elaborates a set of implemented ideas for such solutions. Developed system serves as a multi-level and multi-platform command and control system supporting military and crisis operations. A crucial part of the system - mCOP, the handheld application for tactical level commanders, serves as personal toolkit for location monitoring and combat situation distribution and management. The tool delivers a set of tailored functionalities supporting commander’s situation awareness and decision making process. The mCOP hosting device equipped with RFID delivers also means of tactical , emergency, micro network communication.

Use of force tracking systems during natural catastrophes

The flood that engulfed Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Croatia in 2014 imposed a need to establish a more efficient system of command and control over involved units and departments. The complexity of the situation, as well as the composition and cooperation between various forces in the field gave rise to consider the applying of modern systems of command and control. The paper presents the basic characteristics of modern information system of command and control that are currently in use in the armed forces and civilian power structures of developed countries. Using historical method and the chronology is seen development of Blue Force Tracking, Tactical Ground Reporting i GeoSuite systems. By analyzing and comparing these systems we have come to conclusions on their advantages and disadvantages. At the end, there are the suggestions for the development of its own system.