Blood Triacylglycerol Levels Research Articles

A Narrative Review of Vitamin A Supplementation in Preterm and Term Infants.

Vitamin A deficiency is an epidemiologically significant concern in all age groups, especially in preterm and term infants. Its deficiency causes various developmental malformations. Vitamin A supplementation has been a practiced alternative for many decades, but its effectiveness is debatable in the medical system. The bioavailability of beta-carotenes varies greatly and ranges from 2% to 30%, depending on how it is present in the plant's cellular composition. Vitamin A has a bioavailability of up to 75%. The bioavailability of beta-carotenes is positively impacted by several activitiesbut mainly by mechanical ones that allow cellular interaction. These include enough chewing, mincing, and pureeing. The bioavailability of beta-carotene can be increased by moderate cooking and combining high-quality lipids. The WHO recommends waiting for a minimum of one month between vitamin A dosages. Six months is the maximum amount of time between dosages. For instance, giving the optimum dosage to a child who has not had vitamin A in two months is preferable to skipping the dose and making the child wait eight months (i.e., two months plus six months) before receiving the following amount. There were no discernible variations in the occurrence of momentarily increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), or alkaline phosphatase between the leading group and the trace group. However, patients in the top group experienced high blood triacylglycerol levels more frequently than those in the trace group, suggesting that hypertriacylglycerolemia may be a side effect of vitamin A administration. It is imperative to memo that neonatal vitamin A supplementation negatively affects subsequent diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccination in females. Since many children are delayed in obtaining their initial DPTseries, several nations prescribe DPT boosters, so older children may be affected if vitamin A supplementation negatively interacts with DPTin such children.

Congruent Assessment of human hypoglycemic effect through STZ-Induced Diabetic rats fed Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a heterogeneous metabolic disorder, affect people at any point of their lives. Globally, a wide variation in the prevalence of diabetes was observed but, showed zero percent within people that regularly consume camel milk because of their highly nutritional and therapeutic potentials to treat many metabolic and autoimmune diseases. The present study validated the efficacy of camel milk by investigating the differential hypoglycemic effects in concurrence with related biochemical tests in rats fed with raw and pasteurized milk of the one-humped Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (60mg.Kg-1 body weight) fed separately with raw and pasteurized camel milk for three weeks and injected with streptozotocin induced DM besides the investigation on the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), and insulin. Results showed a significant hypoglycemic effect with both raw and pasteurized camel milk but, more prominent with the raw milk. Three weeks consumption of raw camel milk significantly increased blood cholesterol levels while consumption of pasteurized camel milk caused the reverse. Both types of camel milk revealed significant decrease in the blood TAG levels and were statistically validated. Thus, the present study recommends the choice of camel milk consumption especially in diabetic patients as well, as an immunity booster in the wake of the present environmental health issues.

Intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune inflammatory disease of multiple joints that puts the patient at high risk for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of the present study was to conduct an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess potential changes in RA disease activity, inflammation, and CVD risk after oral intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Publications up to July 31, 2016 were examined using the PubMed, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases. English language; human subjects; both sexes; RCTs; oral intake of ω-3 fatty acids; minimum duration of 3mo; and no medication change throughout intervention. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess quality of trials. We included 20 RCTs, involving 717 patients with RA in the intervention group and 535 RA patients in the control group. Despite the evidence of overall low quality of trials, consumption of ω-3 fatty acids was found to significantly improve eight disease-activity-related markers. Regarding inflammation, only leukotriene B4 was reduced (five trials, standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.440; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.676 to -0.205; I2=46.5%; P<0.001). A significant amelioration was found for blood triacylglycerol levels (three trials, SMD, -0.316; 95% CI, -0.561 to -0.070; I2=0.0%; P=0.012). The beneficial properties of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on RA disease activity confirm the results of previous meta-analyses. Among five proinflammatory markers evaluated, only leukotriene B4 was found to be reduced. However, a positive effect on blood lipid profile of patients with RA was evident, perhaps for the first time.

장기간 유산소성 운동과 저항성 운동이 신체구성, 항산화체계 및 혈중 대사 변인에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to examine the Effects of 8-week aerobic and resistance exercise on body composition, blood antioxidant systems, glucose, triacylglycerol(TG) levels. Twenty-four male without any medical problems were randomly assigned to either a aerobic exercise(AE) group(n=12) and resistance exercise(RE) group(n=12). Before the experiment, subjects participated in the graded exercise test or one repetition maximum test. Body composition was assessed before and after the exercise program. Blood samples were collected to identify antioxidant systems and metabolic factors. Results of this study show that in AE was effective for decreasing body weight, lean mass and RE was effective for increasing lean mass. It was also found that both AE and RE are effective in the reduction of body fat percentage and waist hip ratio(WHR). The derivatives of Reactive Oxygen Metabol ites(d-ROM) levels in AE group decreased significantly in 8-week compared with those in the 0-week. The d-ROM levels in 8-week were significantly lower in the AE group than RE group. In addition, the blood Biological Antioxidant Potential(BAP) and TG levels were significantly lower in the both groups. In conclusion, it was found that both exercises are effective in improving body composition, TG levels, as well as antioxidant activity, and that aerobic exercise was especially effective in the reduction of reactive oxygen species.

A review of the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood triacylglycerol levels in normolipidemic and borderline hyperlipidemic individuals.

Circulating levels of triacylglycerol (TG) is a recognized risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death worldwide. The Institute of Medicine and the American Heart Association both recommend the consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), to reduce serum TG in hyperlipidemic individuals. Additionally, a number of systematic reviews have shown that individuals with any degree of dyslipidemia, elevated serum TG and/or cholesterol, may benefit from a 20-30 % reduction in serum TG after consuming n-3 PUFA derived from marine sources. Given that individuals with serum lipid levels ranging from healthy to borderline dyslipidemic constitute a large portion of the population, the focus of this review was to assess the potential for n-3 PUFA consumption to reduce serum TG in such individuals. A total of 1341 studies were retrieved and 38 clinical intervention studies, assessing 2270 individuals, were identified for inclusion in the current review. In summary, a 9-26 % reduction in circulating TG was demonstrated in studies where ≥ 4 g/day of n-3 PUFA were consumed from either marine or EPA/DHA-enriched food sources, while a 4-51 % reduction was found in studies where 1–5 g/day of EPA and/or DHA was consumed through supplements. Overall, this review summarizes the current evidence with regards to the beneficial effect of n-3 PUFA on circulating TG levels in normolipidemic to borderline hyperlipidemic, otherwise healthy, individuals. Thus demonstrating that n-3 PUFA may play an important role in the maintenance of cardiovascular health and disease prevention.

Characterization of genome-wide transcriptional changes in liver and adipose tissues of ZDF (fa/fa) rats fed R-α-lipoic acid by next-generation sequencing

We report on the characterization of lipogenic tissue transcriptional networks that support physiological responses of obese rats to a lipid-lowering bioactive food compound, R-α-lipoic acid (LA). Nine-week-old male Zucker diabetic fatty (fa/fa) rats were fed a chow diet supplemented with 3 g LA per kg diet or pair fed for 2 wk. At the end of the trial, high-quality RNA was extracted from the liver and epididymal fat and subjected to transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq technology. Results showed a substantially higher number of differentially expressed genes [DEG, false discovery rate adjusted P ≤ 0.05 and absolute log2 (fold change) ≥ 1] in the liver (110 genes) vs. epididymal fat (10 genes). Most epididymal fat DEG were also differentially expressed in liver and shared directionality of change. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of these transcripts revealed significant enrichment of GO categories related to immune response, stress response, lipid metabolism, and carboxylic acid metabolic processes. Of interest, interferon-related genes involved in defense against microorganisms and innate immune response were induced by LA. Lipid metabolism-related transcript changes observed in LA-fed animals included downregulation of lipogenic genes (Pnpla3, Pnpla5, Elovl6, Acly, Gpam, and Aacs) and concomitant upregulation of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acid metabolic processes (Acot1, Acot2, Acsf2, and Crat). Transcriptional changes were accompanied by the lowering of abdominal adiposity and blood triacylglycerol levels. We conclude that LA dietary supplementation induces prominent gene expression changes in liver in support of significant improvement of whole-body lipid status.

Effect of High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise on Postprandial Plasma Triacylglycerol in Sedentary Young Women

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) such as the 30-s Wingate test attenuates postprandial triacylglycerol (TG), however, the ability of shorter versions of HIIE to reduce postprandial TG is undetermined. Thus, the effect of 8-s sprinting bouts of HIIE on blood TG levels of 12 females after consumption of a high-fat meal (HFM) was examined. Twelve young, sedentary women (BMI 25.1 ± 2.3 kg/m²; age 21.3 ± 2.1 years) completed a maximal oxygen uptake test and then on different days underwent either an exercise or a no-exercise postprandial TG condition. Both conditions involved consuming a HFM after a 12-hr fast. The HFM, in milkshake form provided 4170 kJ (993 Kcal) of energy and 98 g fat. Order was counter-balanced. In the exercise condition participants completed 20-min of HIIE cycling consisting of repeated bouts of 8 s sprint cycling (100-115 rpm) and 12 s of active rest (easy pedaling) 14 hr before consuming the HFM. Blood samples were collected hourly after the HFM for 4 hr. Total postprandial TG was 13% lower, p = .004, in the exercise (5.84 ± 1.08 mmol L⁻¹ 4 h⁻¹) compared with the no-exercise condition (6.71 ± 1.63 mmol L⁻¹ 4 h⁻¹). In conclusion, HIIE significantly attenuated postprandial TG in sedentary young women.

A lipase inhibitor monoterpene and monoterpene glycosides from Monarda punctata

An 80% acetone extract of Monarda punctata showed an inhibitory effect on lipase activity in isolated mouse plasma in vitro and carvacrol was obtained as the active constituent. It had an IC 50 value of 4.07 mM in vitro and suppressed elevations in blood triacylglycerol levels in olive oil-loaded mice. Furthermore, from the whole plant, 22 compounds were isolated. Six monoterpene glycosides ( 3– 8), a flavone glucuronide ( 9), and other known compounds were identified based on the results of spectroscopic analyses.

Suppressive effect of resistant maltodextrin on postprandial blood triacylglycerol elevation

As the physiological functions of soluble dietary fibre, the favourable efficacy, such as attenuating the absorption of saccharides or lipids, is expected. Resistant maltodextrin, a soluble dietary fibre, was investigated and found that it delays the glucose absorption and attenuates the postprandial rise in the blood glucose levels, however, the efficacy of resistant maltodextrin on lipid metabolism is not yet reported. We conducted an animal experiment and a human experiment to investigate the effect of resistant maltodextrin on postprandial blood triacylglycerol elevation. 1. Rats were fed corn oil with or without resistant maltodextrin and the postprandial changes in triacylglycerol were examined. 2. We then conducted a dietary loading experiment on 13 healthy adult male and female subjects using a meal containing approximately 50 g fat. A beverage not containing resistant maltodextrin was used as a placebo; subjects consumed the loading meal and a beverage containing either 5 g or 10 g resistant maltodextrin; blood was periodically collected to see the changes in serum constituents. 1. The corn oil administration experiment using rats showed that resistant maltodextrin dose-dependently suppressed elevation of blood triacylglycerol levels after corn oil administration. 2. The dietary loading experiment on 13 healthy subjects with 5 or 10 g of resistant maltodextrin showed that; in each administration group, resistant maltodextrin significantly suppressed postprandial elevation of blood triacylglycerol, RLP-cholesterol and insulin. These results indicate that resistant maltodextrin ingested with fatty meals suppresses the postprandial elevation of blood triacylglycerol levels.

Influence of Dietary n-6 and n-3 Polyunsaturates on Lipids in Chickens Divergently Selected for Body Weight

The effects of dietary lipid sources rich in n-6 (soybean oil) or n-3 (menhaden oil) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on blood triacylglycerol levels and tissue fatty acid compositions in female chickens from two genetic lines were examined. Triacylglycerol concentrations in the plasma very low density and low density lipoprotein fractions were elevated in the low-weight (LW) chickens compared with the high-weight (HW) group. Chicken heterophil to lymphocyte ratios and total antibody titers to sheep red blood cells at 84 days were not influenced by genetic line or by the dietary lipid fed. Concentrations of C18:1 fatty acid isomers and total monounsaturates were highest in liver and heart tissues of HW chickens. Feeding menhaden oil enriched the plasma, liver, and heart with n-3 PUFA in both genetic lines. The data indicate a difference in hepatic fatty acid metabolism between the HW and LW lines that is unaffected by dietary n-6 or n-3 PUFA.