Blood Spots In Eggs Research Articles

Detection of blood spots in eggs by hyperspectral transmittance imaging

Blood spots are one of undesired inclusions in eggs, whose detection success is highly dependent on shell color. This research reports a method for detecting blood spots in light brown-shelled eggs on the basis of hyperspectral transmittance images. The normalized spectra of intact eggs and their shells were acquired. Five feature wavelengths of intact eggs selected by the successive projections algorithm and 3 absorption peak locations of eggshells were regarded as characteristic bands. The k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were adopted to develop detection models. The latter achieved better performance. The overall classification accuracy increased to 100% by merging normalized spectra of intact eggs at 5 feature wavelengths with 3 absorption peaks of eggshells as input variables of SVM-based model. Moreover, a practical SVM-based model with 96.43% overall classification accuracy was established by replacing inputs with normalized spectra of intact eggs at characteristic bands. Keywords: hyperspectral transmittance imaging, non-destructive detection, blood-spot, egg DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191206.5376 Citation: Feng Z, Ding C Q, Li W H, Cui D. Detection of blood spots in eggs by hyperspectral transmittance imaging. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(6): 209–214.

Detection of blood spots in eggs by hyperspectral transmittance imaging

Blood spots are one of undesired inclusions in eggs, whose detection success is highly dependent on shell color. This research reports a method for detecting blood spots in light brown-shelled eggs on the basis of hyperspectral transmittance images. The normalized spectra of intact eggs and their shells were acquired. Five feature wavelengths of intact eggs selected by the successive projections algorithm and 3 absorption peak locations of eggshells were regarded as characteristic bands. The k-nearest neighbor (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were adopted to develop detection models. The latter achieved better performance. The overall classification accuracy increased to 100% by merging normalized spectra of intact eggs at 5 feature wavelengths with 3 absorption peaks of eggshells as input variables of SVM-based model. Moreover, a practical SVM-based model with 96.43% overall classification accuracy was established by replacing inputs with normalized spectra of intact eggs at characteristic bands. Keywords: hyperspectral transmittance imaging, non-destructive detection, blood-spot, egg DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191206.5376 Citation: Feng Z, Ding C Q, Li W H, Cui D. Detection of blood spots in eggs by hyperspectral transmittance imaging. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(6): 209–214.

Detection of blood spots in eggs by hyperspectral transmittance imaging

Detection of blood spots in eggs by hyperspectral transmittance imaging

On-line detection of blood spot introduced into brown-shell eggs using visible absorbance spectroscopy

Blood spots in eggs affect their quality, but it is difficult to realise on-line detection of blood spots in brown-shell eggs because the absorption feature of pigment in brown eggshell is similar to that of the blood spot. The major purpose of this study is to explore the optimal discrimination method based on visible absorbance spectroscopy to realise on-line detection. The spectra of 96 brown-shell normal eggs and 98 brown-shell artificial blood-spot eggs were collected in the spectral range of 200–1100 nm by a prototype egg internal quality detection system with a conveyor speed of 4 eggs per second. Three discrimination methods, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), k-nearest neighbour (KNN) and binary logistic regression (BLR) were used and compared. The results showed that the BLR method was better than PLS-DA and KNN, and the best discrimination rates for the training set and prediction set were 95.4% and 96.9%, respectively. In an external validation with 220 eggs, all three real blood-spot eggs were detected and no normal egg was misjudged by the egg internal quality detection system with BLR model. These results indicated that visible absorbance spectroscopy combined with BLR model could be applied as an on-line detection tool for brown-shell blood-spot eggs. • Visible absorbance spectroscopy used to detect blood spots in brown-shell eggs. • We apply binary logistic regression (BLR) method to detect the blood-spot eggs. • The BLR model can be used to detect blood-spot eggs on line.

Effect of Blood Spots in Table Egg Albumen on Salmonella Growth

Presence of blood spots in eggs has been correlated with a greater rate of Salmonella Enteritidis contamination. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether Salmonella inoculated into egg albumen with naturally occurring blood spots would survive or grow. In each of 3 trials, white shell table eggs with blood spots were collected from a commercial egg-processing plant after candling. In each trial, eggs were broken out, and approximately 4 mL of clear albumen (CLEAR) and 4 mL of bloody albumen (BLOOD) from each of 10 eggs were placed in sterile test tubes and inoculated with a nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium. For inoculation, 0.1 mL of the Salmonella Typhimurium suspension (containing 7.1, 7.7, or 7.0 log cfu/mL in trials 1 to 3, respectively) was added to each tube. Tube contents were mixed and incubated at 25°C for 24 h. Immediately after inoculation (0 h) and again after 24 h, 0.1 mL from each tube was plated onto Brilliant Green-Sulfa agar with 200 ppm nalidixic acid and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Results are reported as log colony-forming units per milliliter of albumen. No significant differences (P < 0.05) in mean Salmonella Typhimurium counts were found between CLEAR or BLOOD samples at 0 h (5.6 vs. 5.8, respectively), indicating that initial inoculation levels were consistent between treatments. After 24 h, CLEAR samples were slightly but significantly lower than BLOOD samples for Salmonella Typhimurium (6.5 vs. 6.8, respectively). Salmonella Typhimurium numbers increase somewhat in albumen with or without blood, but slightly greater numbers are produced in albumen with blood spots. In this experiment, blood in the albumen of table eggs contributed to the survival and growth of Salmonella Typhimurium inoculated into egg albumen.

Atmospheric Ammonia and Incidence of Blood Spots in Eggs

A study was conducted to determine if atmospheric ammonia causes an increase in blood spots in eggs. Results show that atmospheric ammonia did not cause an increase in the number of blood spots in eggs.

The Effect of Methionine, Thiouracil, Dienestrol Diacetate and Thyroprotein on the Development and Prevention of Fatty Liver in Pullets

The effect of two levels each of methionine (0.0 and 0.07 percent), thiouracil (0.0 and 0.05 percent), dienestrol diacetate (0.0 and 0.007 percent), and thyroactive casein (0.0 and 0.0125 percent) on the performance, organ changes, and liver composition in 640 pullets of two strains was studied in a 24 factorial arrangement of treatments. Egg production, egg characteristics, feed conversion, organ weights, and liver composition were parameters measured.Supplemental methionine increased the phosphorus content of liver fat in strain A, but other parameters in the two strains were not affected by the increase in dietary methionine.The thiouracil increased weight gains, grams of fat per total liver, percent of liver fat, thyroid weight, and heart weight but decreased the phosphorus content of liver fat. Nine typical cases of fatty liver syndrome with large liver hematomas occurred in the thiouracil treated birds and one case occurred in an untreated pullet.Dienestrol diacetate did not affect egg production, egg characteristics, organ weights, and liver composition in the two strains.Thyroprotein decreased weight gain, abdominal fat, liver weight, liver fat, thyroid weight, and percent red cells, but decreased percent blood spots in eggs and adjusted weights of the kidney and heart in both strains.

Relationship of Blood Pressure of Hens to Blood Spot Incidence in the Eggs

It is an accepted fact that heredity is an important factor in limiting the incidence of blood spots in eggs of commercial strains of chickens. However, about one percent of all commercially candled eggs are removed from market channels because of blood spots. On a broken-out basis, total blood spot percentages ranged from 2.71 to 5.41 for the commercial strains entered in the 15th Florida Random Sample Test (O’Steen et al., 1968).The differences in blood spot incidence in eggs are theoretically due to differences in (1) capillary fragility, (2) blood clotting time and (3) blood pressure. Bigland et al. (1964) reported that injected chalcones, which reduce capillary fragility, significantly reduced the percentages of blood spots. Siddiqui and Fry (1963), using Warfarin, and Waldroup and Harms (1962) and Day et al. (1964), using dicumarol, found that these anticoagulants in the diets of laying hens increased the clotting or prothrombin time .

Effect of Various Dried “Greens” on Blood Spot Incidence in Chicken Eggs

DEHYDRATED alfalfa and grass meals are accepted components of poultry rations. In addition to supplying nutrients, they serve as an economical means of providing dietary pigments for desired yolk and skin color.The effect of dehydrated alfalfa on blood spot incidence in eggs would appear to be in controversy. Carver and Henderson (1948) reported a definite, but nonsignificant, decrease in blood spot incidence with the addition of 15 percent dehydrated alfalfa to the ration. A significant reduction in blood spots in eggs of White Leghorn hens upon addition of 10 percent dehydrated alfalfa to a basal ration with no “greens” was reported by Sauter et al. (1952). More recently, however, Sauter et al. (1964, 1965) have presented evidence that the addition of either dehydrated alfalfa or menadione sodium bisulfite complex (MSBC) to a low vitamin K diet fed to White Leghorn hens maintained in wire floored cages caused an increase …

An Observed Blood Spot Formation

It has been generally assumed that blood spots in eggs are the result of hemorrhaging from small blood vessels of the stigma which are ruptured at the time of ovulation. Nalbandov and Card (1944) attribute blood spot formation to hemorrhages in the space between the follicular wall and the vitelline membrane prior to ovulation. These workers observed no active intrafollicular hemorrhages in laparotomized hens and no active hemorrhage at the time of ovulation. The observation of the occurrence of an intrafollicular hemorrhage and subsequent blood spot formation will be described in this paper.A laparotomy was performed on an anaesthetized hen shortly after oviposition for the purpose of observation of the ovulatory process by a group of students. The follicle of impending ovulation was observed frequently. There were no recognizable indications at first that ovulation was to occur shortly. Approximately one minute before ovulation the small blood vessels of the…

The Effect of Pyrrole-2-aldehyde Chalcone Derivatives on the Incidence of Blood Spots in Chicken Eggs

INTRODUCTIONFLAVONE glucosides, or their closely related cogeners, are insoluble yellow pigments present in fruits and green leaves of many plants. These, and their watersoluble derivatives—hesperidin, eriodictyol, rutin, quercetin, d-epicatechin, esculin, and the chalcones—have been used experimentally in man to treat disease in which capillary fragility is a prominent finding (Steffanini and Dameshek, 1962; Yokotani, 1960). Also, citrus bioflavonoids have been used, with tenuous results, to reduce the bruising condemnation of market broilers and to treat cases of hemorrhagic disease in chickens (Garth and Young, 1963; Deyoe, Deacon and Couch, 1962).The presence of blood spots is a major factor in keeping commercial eggs from market and frequently results in a considerable financial loss to poultrymen. Incidences of 25 to 42% have been reported (Nalbandov and Card, 1947). Blood spots in eggs are considered to be due to intrafollicular hemorrhage (Nalbandov and Card, 1944), but the cause…

A Study of the Influence of Dehydrated Alfalfa Meal on the Production of Blood Spots in Eggs

BLOOD spots in eggs represent a serious loss to the poultry industry and the loss may become greater with more general use of electronic blood spot detection in the future.Numerous workers have investigated the effects of nutrients on the incidence of blood spots. Nalbandov and Card (1944) observed that blood spots were due to hemorrhaging within the follicular membrane and reported that vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and P had no effect on the incidence of blood spots, but that there was a definite seasonal increase from December through the following July. However, these same workers (1947) reported the feeding of cerograss reduced the incidence of blood spots materially in one of 2 years’ studied. Bearse et al. (1960) found that vitamin A was essential in reducing blood spots and that low levels of vitamin A increased blood spot incidence. The level of vitamin A recommended by the…

Association between Blood Spots in Eggs and Ambient Temperature

While studying the effect of ambient temperatures on egg production of chickens, we observed a difference due to thermal environment, in the number of hens laying eggs containing blood spots.Day-old Leghorns for the experiment were purchased from a California poultry breeder. The birds were kept continuously at 21°±1° or 32°±l°C. throughout the experiment. At 14 weeks the hens were put into individual wire cages. Each treatment was replicated in a 2×2 factorial, the other treatments being 8 and 14-hour photoperiods. One group of hens was kept in cages inside a house and subjected to a 14-hour photoperiod, with no control over temperature. However, the temperatures were recorded.Starting when the hens were 52 weeks of age a sample of eggs was broken out for a 2-week period. A second breakout was made 6 weeks later. The table used for examining eggs was equipped with a mirror so that the…

DECREASE IN INCIDENCE OF BLOOD SPOTS IN CHICKEN EGGS BY INJECTION DERIVATIVES OF PYRROLE-2-ALDEHYDE CHALCONES INTO HENS.

SummarySix types of chalcones were tested for effect on incidence of blood spots in chicken eggs. Single daily subcutaneous injections of 3 pyrrole-2-aldehyde chalcones significantly reduced, from pre-injection levels, the percentage of blood spots in eggs laid by a high blood-spot-producing line of Single Comb White Leghorns, from 78 to 47, 85 to 38 and 85 to 30, respectively, during 14 days of injection. No significant effect of chalcone injections on whole blood clotting time, pro-thrombin time, hematocrit values, buffy coat, erythrocyte count, or differential white blood cell counts was noted. No systemic toxic reaction was observed in chickens injected with the chalcones. A slight local reaction believed due to impurities was noted with 3 of the 6 chalcones used. Since certain chalcones are known to reduce capillary fragility in man, it is assumed that the problem of blood spots in eggs probably is related to capillary fragility.The technical assistance and synthesis of the new chalcones by Mr. A. Ha...

Reduced Incidence of Blood Spots in Eggs with Dicumarol Supplementation

Lowered blood prothrombin time of layers, as a result of adding menadione sodium bisulfite complex (MSBC) to the diet, has been associated with an increased incidence of blood spots in eggs (Day and Woody, 1964). In contrast, the addition of anti-coagulants to layer diets has reportedly prolonged blood clotting times without affecting the incidence of blood spots (Waldroup and Harms, 1962; Siddiqui and Fry, 1963). Both of the above research groups concluded that prothrombin time and the incidence of egg blood spots appear not to be correlated. However, a critical examination of the data presented shows that the anti-coagulants actually decreased the percentage of eggs containing blood spots. The preliminary experiment reported herein was conducted to study the effect of supplemental dicumarol, MSBC and sulfaquinoxaline (SQ) on: (1) the incidence and size of blood spots in eggs, (2) blood prothrombin times and, (3) egg production and feed utilization of cage…

The Relationship of Vitamin K to the Incidence of Blood Spots in Eggs and Blood Prothrombin Time of Layers

We are aware of only one report indicating that supplemental vitamin K decreases the incidence of blood spots in eggs (Berruti and Didrick, 1961). A recent report by Suater et al. (1963) indicates that supplemental alfalfa meal, a rich source of vitamin K, increases egg blood spotting. Waldroup and Harms (1962) added dicumarol, a vitamin K antagonist, to a layer ration and failed to significantly increase blood spotting of eggs. These workers also concluded that blood prothrombin time was not related to the incidence of blood spots in eggs.The present study was conducted to determine the effect of menadione sodium bisulfite complex (MSBC) and alfalfa meal on blood spotting of eggs and to determine if there is a relationship between blood prothrombin time and the incidence of blood spots in eggs. EXPERIMENTALWhite Leghorn layers were maintained in individual cages and allowed feed and water ad libitum. Three basal…

The Influence of Dicumarol on the Incidence of Blood Spots in Eggs

THE occurrence of blood spots in eggs is a problem which causes great losses in marketable eggs, as well as unfavorable reaction from consumers. It is commonly assumed that from 1/2 to 6 percent of chicken eggs randomly selected contain blood spots.The exact cause of blood spots in eggs has not been determined, however, the occurrence of blood spots has been associated with certain physiological functions. Nalbandov and Card (1944) found that blood spots were due to the rupturing of blood vessels in the follicle wall. It was later reported that blood spots were due to hemorrhages that occur before ovulation (Taylor, 1949).It has recently been suggested that the addition of stabilized vitamin K to a hen feed will greatly reduce the percentage of blood spots occurring in eggs (Berruti and Dedrick, 1961). These workers postulated that the vitamin K was functioning in preventing hemorrhages of blood vessels …

Incidence of Meat and Blood Spots in Eggs of Fayoumi and Some Standard Breeds

OCCASIONALLY some eggs are laid which contain varying amounts of blood and meat spots. Such eggs are of a low market quality and are unattractive as food. A study was directed to these abnormal eggs and rejects. REVIEW OF LITERATUREVan Wagnen, Hall and Wilgus (1937), reported that the frequency of meat spots varies with breeds. Jeffrey (1945), found a difference between Leghorn and heavy breeds. Dawson et al. (1945), reported that heredity was an important factor in the production of eggs containing blood spots.Jeffrey and Pino (1943), reported that the belief that blood spots result from the hens being frightened was untrue. Carlson (1957), observed that there was a higher percentage of blood spots among caged layers than among birds of the same variety in convential floor pens.Burmester and Card (1938), stated that meat spots are really degenerated blood spots. Nalbandov and Card (1944), found that their…

Blood Spot Incidence in Chicken Eggs and Vitamin A Level of the Diet

THE occurrence of blood spots in eggs of the domestic fowl has been considered generally to be caused by genetic and environmental factors. A suggestion that diet might be associated with the incidence of blood spots in chicken eggs was noted at this Station (Bearse and Miller, 1940) when in experiments on vitamin A requirements of laying hens, diets with a low level of this vitamin produced eggs with numerous small blood spots. The occurrence of increased blood spots was attributed to a possible vitamin K deficiency because of low levels of alfalfa in the rations fed.Many nutritional factors have been studied to determine their effect on production of blood spots in eggs [Nalbandov and Card, 1944, 1947; Denton, 1947; Carver and Henderson, 1948; Sauter et al., 1952]. While some of these investigations showed a beneficial effect from grass range, dried cereal grass, and fresh cut and dehydrated alfalfa, …

The Relationship of Oviposition Time, Clutch Position, Barometric Pressure, and Egg Weight to the Incidence of Blood Spots in Eggs

THIS experiment was designed to determine if ovulation time (based on oviposition time) was different for eggs containing blood spots than for normal eggs. In addition, the experiment was set up to discover if there was an influence on the incidence of blood spots due to egg clutch position, barometric pressure, egg weight, and egg albumen height.Some studies of this nature have been reported in the literature; however, none of them reported the influence of ovulation time on blood spots. Quinn and Godfrey (1940) found no significant correlation between the percentage of blood spots and egg production, egg weight, or body weight. Jeffrey (1945) studied the relationship between the size and color of meat spots and the position of the abnormal eggs in the clutch. He found that the percentage of large red meat spots was highest in the eggs in clutch position 1 followed by a sharp decline …