Blood Respiratory Function Research Articles

Age-Related and Seasonal Changes in Muscle Antioxidant Defense and Erythrocyte Morphometric Parameters of a Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus

During adaptation to a semi-aquatic lifestyle, the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) developed numerous biochemical adaptations to maintain oxygen homeostasis. The aim of the study was to explore age-related and seasonal changes in muscle tissue antioxidant defenses and erythrocyte morphometric parameters in the muskrat. Animals were captured in autumn (juveniles and adults) and spring (adults) in the North-West of Russia (Republic of Karelia). Some physiological and biochemical parameters of “autumn” animals showed an age-related variability: in adult muskrats (most adapted to diving), as compared to juveniles, catalase activity in skeletal muscles was lower, while the respiratory function of blood was higher (due to a lower total surface area of erythrocytes). Adult muskrats demonstrated seasonal changes in some parameters: in “spring” animals, activities of catalase in the heart and superoxide dismutase in skeletal muscles were higher, while levels of low-molecular-weight antioxidants (α-tocopherol and glutathione) both in cardiac and skeletal muscles were lower compared to “autumn” animals. After a long winter (ice-fishing) season, the blood of “spring” animals contained mainly mature erythrocyte forms (normocytes), with their average diameter and surface area being larger than in adult “autumn” muskrats. Our findings, as well as data obtained on other species, support the involvement of the antioxidant system and erythrocytes in the mechanisms that maintain oxygen homeostasis in diving mammals.

ВОЗРАСТНЫЕ И СЕЗОННЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ МЫШЕЧНОЙ ТКАНИ И МОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ЭРИТРОЦИТОВ У ОНДАТРЫ ( ONDATRA ZIBETHICUS )

During adaptation to a semi-aquatic mode of life, the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) developed numerous biochemical adaptations to maintain homeostasis. The aim of the study was to explore age-related and seasonal changes in muscle tissue antioxidant defenses and erythrocyte morphometric parameters in the muskrat. Animals were caught in autumn (juveniles and adults) and spring (adults) in the North-West of Russia (Republic of Karelia). Some physiological and biochemical parameters of animals caught in autumn showed an age-related variability: in adult animals (most adapted to diving), as compared to juveniles, catalase activity in skeletal muscles was lower, while the respiratory function of blood was higher (due to a lower total surface area of erythrocytes). Adult muskrats demonstrated seasonal changes in some parameters studied: in spring, activities of catalase in the heart and superoxide dismutase in skeletal muscles were higher, while levels of low-molecular-weight antioxidants ( α -tocopherol and glutathione) both in cardiac and skeletal muscles were lower, compared to animals caught in autumn. After a long winter (ice-fishing) season, the blood of animals caught in spring contained mainly mature erythrocyte forms (normocytes), with their average diameter and surface area being larger than in adult muskrats caught in autumn. Our findings, as well as data obtained on other species, support the involvement of the antioxidant system and erythrocytes in the mechanisms that maintain oxygen homeostasis in diving mammals.

Influence of "Geprim dlya kur" on morphobic and chemical indicators of rearing flocks and subsequent productivity of laying hens in prevention of hepatosis

Objective of the study: to determine the impact of "Geprim dlya kur" on the morphobic and chemical parameters of rearing flocks and the subsequent productivity of laying hens in the prevention of hepatosis. The drug was used once in the first day of life as an intramuscular injection. In the course of the experiment, blood and liver were taken for morphological, biochemical and histological studies in poultry of the experimental and control groups during the growing season at intervals of 1 month. It was found out that in the experimental group the preparation stimulates protective and respiratory functions of blood that was expressed in increase in number of leukocytes, erythrocytes and hemoglobin. In the experimental group, the Geprim increases the protein-synthetic function of the liver: in the experimental group of young animals, the level of total protein, albumins and the ratio of albumins to globulins was higher during the two months of the experiment. In the blood serum of experimental chickens, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase increased during two months of the experiment. Alanine aminotransferase activity in the experimental group was higher only in the second month of the experiment - 38.5% in relation to control group. By the end of the third month it decreased in relation to the control group by 36.3%. Histological studies have shown 1. dystrophic liver lesions of young animals are observed during the whole period of cultivation in the form of fat and protein dystrophy; 2. application of heprim reduces the accumulation of fat in the liver by 24.53-43.15%; 3. the preparation prevents protein dystrophy with the achievement of maximum effect by 2 months and further during the whole period of cultivation; 4. Geprim stimulates cellular factors of liver protection. "Geprim dlya kur" in the application of chickens allows obtaining greater productivity from laying hens for 24 weeks. The total number of eggs was higher by 29340, productivity per initial laying hen was higher by 1.6 eggs, per average laying hen - by 0.8 eggs.

IMPACT OF NABICATE ON MORPHOLOGICAL BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF EUROPEAN CARP

The paper reveals the scientific and research experience when exploring the impact of Nabikat (nanobiological catalyst, a product of mechanochemical synthesis of silicon compounds of rice husks and green tea, produced by the Centre for Technology Implementation inNovosibirsk) on the carp organism. The experiment was conducted in May-November of 2017 at Troitsk Fish Factory. The researchers selected 500 specimens of Scaly Carp of which 2 similar groups were arranged. The first group served as a control group and received the feed from the fish factory, while the second group of carps received Nabikat dosed2 kgper 1 ton of feed. The researchers took blood of 10 fish from each group for morphological biochemical analysis. Hematological analysis included the following indicators exploring: hemoglobin content, number of red blood cells and total number of leukocytes. The researchers determined total protein, albumins, urea, glucose, total lipids, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium as biochemical parameters. All the indicators were within the standard before the experiment, except for albumins and calcium, which concentrations were low. When applying Nabikat, the authors observed changes of the main microelements in the blood: lower calcium concentration by 20.68% (P<0.001), magnesium – by 8.51% and higher phosphorus concentration in comparison with the control group. The carps of the experimental group had higher concentrations of albumins by 10.08%, erythrocytes by 4.76 and haemoglobin by 31.51% compared to the control group. Application of Nabikat results in improvement of physiological and biochemical blood parameters of the fish from the experimental group. This was revealed in facilitating of the blood respiratory function.

BLOOD RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC MALE ALBINO RATS TREATED WITH CUCUMIS MELO VAR. FLEXUOSUS LEAVES EXTRACT

Cucumis melo var. flexuosus (L.), snake melon or faqqous, is an ancient plant crop in many different parts of the world. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of faqqous leaves extract on some blood respiratory functions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty five male albino rats were used in the current study and randomly divided into five groups: non-diabetic control group, diabetic control group (received a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg STZ/kg body weight), and other three diabetic groups treated orally with different doses of faqqous leaves extract (30, 60 or 120 mg/kg body weight) for 30 consecutive days. Induction of diabetes by STZ caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in most venous blood parameters including hemoglobin (Hb) content, hematocrit (Hct) value, oxygen partial pressure (PO2), percentage of O2 saturation (% O2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2), and the concentrations of bicarbonate (HCO3-), total CO2, and base excess (BE-), as well as the logarithm of hydrogen ion (pH) of the arterial blood. Faqqous leaves extract (especially at 120 mg/kg body weight) modulated significantly almost all these changes in the blood of diabetic rats. Oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) shifted to the left in the diabetic control group compared with the non-diabetic control one; but shifted to the right in the diabetic groups treated withfaqqous leaves extract. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of faqqousleaves extract improved significantly the blood respiratory functions of diabetic rats.

Гематологічний профіль у щурів при експериментальному диклофенак-індукованому гепатиті

&lt;p&gt;Sodium diclophenac belongs to a group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which is indicated for inflammatory, degenerative and traumatic lesions system of the skeleton, muscles and connectives tissues. The features of changes in hematological (above all, morphological) indices in Wistar line rats for experimental reproduction of toxic hepatitis at oral introduction of diclofenac sodium in a dose of 12.5 mg / kg of body weight (once a day, within 14 days) were investigated. This rats demonstrated the development of chronic inflammatory process in liver that was characterized by reactive leukocytosis (an increase in the number of leukocytes by a factor of 3), neutrophil right shift, monocytopenia (a decrease in the number of monocytes by a factor of 2.6) together with compensatory lymphocytosis, high values of ESR (by a factor of 5.5), and thymol test (by a factor of 2.9). However, erythrocytopenia&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;(a decrease in the number of erythrocytes by 44 %) – which is a sign of anemia development – was revealed in animals under the experimental toxic hepatitis. Besides it, the hemoglobin content was in the range of normal values that was an evidence of a compensatory role of red bone marrow in the maintaining homeostasis of the respiratory function of blood. There were no changes in blood rheology that was indicated by definite stability of the hematocrit value in sick animals. We registered the development of chronic inflammatory process and anemia in rats caused by experimental reproduction of toxic liver damage by oral introduction of sodium diclofenac. &lt;/p&gt;

Effects of Nanodispersed Iron on the Morphofunctional Parameters of the Blood System

The effects of nanodispersed iron forms on the morphology and function of the blood system were studied. Maghemite and lepidocrocite caused a leukocytic shift towards segmented neutrophil forms, reduction of lymphocyte rigidity, and stimulated their compactization. In addition, the counts of small hyperchromatic erythrocytes with high rigidity increased in the blood flow. The results indicated that a single dose of nanodispersed iron-containing drugs improved the blood respiratory function and its microrheology.

Comparative analysis of hemoglobin content in four species of anurans from the Ural uplands

A change in the hemoglobin oxygenbinding capacities towards its maximal oxygen saturation (at its low content) was the strategy of the evolution of the blood respiratory function in Amphibia (1). There� fore, Amphibia require a small oxygen partial pressure in the environment for the complete hemoglobin sat� uration with oxygen (2). Since the respiratory function is performed in adult Amphibia by a whole set of organs, including the skin, lungs, and mucous mem� brane of the oropharyngeal cavity (as opposed to other terrestrial vertebrates), 50-90% of oxygen comes in through them. The relative roles of different organs in respiration depend on the ecological specifics of the species. In the blood of Amphibia, hemoglobin plays the role of the original depositary, where oxygen is reserved in case its inflow through other channels decreases (3). For this reason, data on hemoglobin content in the blood of Amphibia and its age, seasonal, and zonal peculiarities are an important characteristic of adaptive capacities of the species studied and well reflect the functional potential of each of them. In 2010-2011, studies on hemoglobinometry of the blood of Amphibia were performed. The depen� dence of the hemoglobin content and species compo� sition of Amphibia from different natural habitats was for the first time considered. Four species of anurans (Amphibia, Anura) that belong to the family Ranidae from the Ural upland area, including Pelophylax ridi�

The respiratory function of blood in elderly and old age and the factors that determine it

Indices of pulmonary gas exchange, blood gases, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, and intraerythrocytic metabolic parameters were analyzed in 62 apparently healthy elderly and senile subjects (60–92 years old) and 18 young healthy subjects (19–30 years old). PaO2 was found to decrease in elderly and senile subjects. Arterial hypoxemia in old age is caused by an increase in the alveoloarterial PO2 gradient, primarily as a result of the malcoordination of pulmonary ventilation and blood flow. A rightward compensatory shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve was observed, which was due to facilitated oxygen release in tissues owing to a pH decrease in erythrocytes (the Bohr effect). However, the facilitated oxygen release by oxyhemoglobin cannot compensate for the effect of factors deteriorating oxygen supply delivery to tissues, observed with aging, which is confirmed by the decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood of elderly and senile people, reflecting PO2 in tissues.

Red blood cell function and haematology in two tropical freshwater fishes from Australia

Salmon catfish and tarpon occur in habitats that periodically become deficient in oxygen resulting in high mortalities of other fish species. The water-breathing catfish, Arius leptaspis, and the facultative air-breathing tarpon, Megalops cyprinoides, both have high haemoglobin and haematocrit, and the oxygen carrying capacity in the air-breather is exceptionally high (15.6 ± 1.2 vol%). Iso-pH oxygen equilibria of the red blood cells at 25 °C revealed high affinity ( P 50 = 9 mmHg, pH 7.4) and co-operativity ( n 50 > 2.2, pH 7.4) in the catfish, and contrasted with low affinity ( P 50 = 32 mmHg, pH 7.4) and co-operativity ( n 50 ≈ 1) in the air-breathing tarpon. Oxygen binding was further distinguished by relative pH insensitivity (Bohr factor, Ø = Δlog P 50 / Δlog pH = − 0.22) in the catfish, compared with a significant Bohr effect in the tarpon ( Ø = − 0.96). The potential for modulation of haemoglobin–oxygen affinity was indicated by a high ratio of GTP to ATP in the erythrocytes of the catfish, whereas regulation in the tarpon appeared due to ATP alone. Differences in blood respiratory functions between the two species are likely to reflect reduced opportunity for activity under extreme hypoxia in the catfish.

Red blood cell pH, the Bohr effect, and other oxygenation‐linked phenomena in blood O2 and CO2 transport

The discovery of the S-shaped O2 equilibrium curve and the Bohr effect in 1904 stimulated a fertile and continued research into respiratory functions of blood and allosteric mechanisms in haemoglobin (Hb). The Bohr effect (influence of pH/CO2 on Hb O2 affinity) and the reciprocal Haldane effect (influence of HbO2 saturation on H+/CO2 binding) originate in the Hb oxy-deoxy conformational change and allosteric interactions between O2 and H+/CO2 binding sites. In steady state, H+ is passively distributed across the vertebrate red blood cell (RBC) membrane, and intracellular pH (pHi) changes are related to changes in extracellular pH, Hb-O2 saturation and RBC organic phosphate content. As the Hb molecule shifts between the oxy and deoxy conformation in arterial-venous gas transport, it delivers O2 and takes up CO2 and H+ in tissue capillaries (elegantly aided by the Bohr effect). Concomitantly, the RBC may sense local O2 demand via the degree of Hb deoxygenation and release vasodilatory agents to match local blood flow with requirements. Three recent hypotheses suggest (1) release of NO from S-nitroso-Hb upon deoxygenation, (2) reduction of nitrite to vasoactive NO by deoxy haems, and (3) release of ATP. Inside RBCs, carbonic anhydrase (CA) provides fast hydration of metabolic CO2 and ensures that the Bohr shift occurs during capillary transit. The formed H+ is bound to Hb (Haldane effect) while HCO3- is shifted to plasma via the anion exchanger (AE1). The magnitude of the oxylabile H+ binding shows characteristic differences among vertebrates. Alternative strategies for CO2 transport include direct HCO3- binding to deoxyHb in crocodilians, and high intracellular free [HCO3-] (due to high pHi) in lampreys. At the RBC membrane, CA, AE1 and other proteins may associate into what appears to be an integrated gas exchange metabolon. Oxygenation-linked binding of Hb to the membrane may regulate glycolysis in mammals and perhaps also oxygen-sensitive ion transport involved in RBC volume and pHi regulation. Blood O2 transport shows several adaptive changes during exposure to environmental hypoxia. The Bohr effect is involved via the respiratory alkalosis induced by hyperventilation, and also via the pHi change that results from modulation of RBC organic phosphate content. In teleost fish, beta-adrenergic activation of Na+/H+ exchange rapidly elevates pHi and O2 affinity, particularly under low O2 conditions.

The hormonal regulation of blood respiratory function in cattle during the neonatal period

The hormonal regulation of blood respiratory function in cattle during the neonatal period

The hormonal regulation of blood respiratory function in cattle during the neonatal period

The hormonal regulation of blood respiratory function in cattle during the neonatal period

Effect of intraoperative hemodilution on lung and blood respiratory function after abdominal delivery

Caesarean section surgery is always accompanied by significant blood loss, the value of which varies quite widely - on average, from 800 to 900 ml. Tactics to compensate blood loss during this operation is constantly debated in the press, and there are completely polar points of view - from the recognition of the need to compensate blood loss "drop by drop" and even create hypervolemia to the complete rejection of transfusion therapy during abdominal delivery.

Respiratory adaptations in diving mammals

This report examines the evidence for the presence of oxygen stores in the lungs, blood and systemic musculature of diving mammals, the modifications in the respiratory functions of blood that may be important in utilizing the lung and blood oxygen stores, and the potential importance of the oxygen stores and the respiratory functions of blood in supporting short-duration, aerobic dives. Increasing oxygen stores by increasing lung volume does not occur in diving mammals. The long-duration diving whales have small lung volumes which results in lung collapse during dives and the seals dive following partial expiration which produces the same effect. The short-duration diving dolphins, porpoises and rodents have lung volumes comparable to terrestrial mammals, dive following inspiration and appear to use the lungs as an oxygen store. Adaptations in the oxygen affinity of the blood parallel the modifications in lung volume. Where the lungs do not represent a potential oxygen store the oxygen affinity is low, maximizing the unloading of oxygen while maintaining a high tissue oxygen tension. Where the lungs do represent an oxygen store, the affinity is high, maximizing the uptake of oxygen from the alveolar space. Increases in the concentration of respiratory pigment in the blood and in muscle are important adaptations in diving mammals. The blood oxygen stores in diving mammals vary from near normal to over three times normal for terrestrial mammals while the muscle oxygen stores vary from near normal to nearly ten times normal. The degree to which the blood and muscle oxygen stores are increased can be equated to the duration of the dive and demands for oxygen; longer duration divers and those with higher metabolic demands have greater oxygen stores than divers that remain submersed for shorter periods or have lower rates of oxygen utilization.

DPG - a link between blood acid-base status and respiratory function.

The intimate connection between the acid-base status and respiratory function of blood is a fundamental concept of physiology. Recognition of this fact effectively dates back to the report by Bohr et al. (1904) of the effect of CO2 on the oxyhemglobin dissociation curve (ODC), since it later became clear that CO2-mediated pH changes are primarily responsible for the “Bohr effect”.

The Respiratory Functions of Blood

The Respiratory Functions of Blood

Book Reviews

Book Review in this Articles The Treatment of Haemophilia A and B and von Willebrand's Disease. Edited by Rosemary Biggs. Human Blood Groups. Edited by J. F. Mohn, R. W. Plunkett, R. K. Cunningham and R. M. Lambert. The Respiratory Function of Blood. By Lars Garby and Jerry Meldon. Problem Solving in Immunohematology. By Arthur Simmons.

A theoretical model of the respiratory function of blood.

The model of the respiratory function of blood as outlined here is judged to be a powerful tool for the evaluation of the potential effects of changes in blood as well as tissue parameters upon the supply of oxygen to tissue. The erythrocyte-plasma disequilibria in lung and systemic capillaries which is a consequence of the slowness of plasma CO2 hydrolysis are not significant in terms of the delivery of oxygen to tissue, but result in slightly lower unloading of CO2 in the lungs compared to that which might occur at full equilibration. However, the effects might be of greater interest when relating pH values measured by in vivo sampling to actual values prevailing within the capillaries. The physiological importances of hyperventilation and elevated DPG levels in anemia cannot as yet be clarified. If anything, it appears that increased DPG is a compensatory mechanism to restore proper O2-Hb affinity in alkalosis, while the purpose for an alkalosis is not obvious.

Respiratory function of blood in the acutely ill patient and the effect of steroids.

Respiratory function of blood in the acutely ill patient and the effect of steroids.