Blood Profile Analysis Research Articles

Integrated omics profiling reveals systemic dysregulation and potential biomarkers in the blood of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

BackgroundNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are autoimmune conditions that affect the central nervous system. The contribution of peripheral abnormalities to the disease's pathogenesis is not well understood.MethodsTo investigate this, we employed a multi-omics approach analyzing blood samples from 52 NMOSD patients and 46 healthy controls (HC). This included mass cytometry, cytokine arrays, and targeted metabolomics. We then analyzed the peripheral changes of NMOSD, and features related to NMOSD's disease severity. Furthermore, an integrative analysis was conducted to identify the distinguishing characteristics of NMOSD from HC. Additionally, we unveiled the variations in peripheral features among different clinical subgroups within NMOSD. An independent cohort of 40 individuals with NMOSD was utilized to assess the serum levels of fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP).ResultsOur analysis revealed a distinct peripheral immune and metabolic signature in NMOSD patients. This signature is characterized by an increase in monocytes and a decrease in regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and various T cell subsets. Additionally, we found elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and reduced levels of tissue-repair cytokines. Metabolic changes were also evident, with higher levels of bile acids, lactates, triglycerides, and lower levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, homoarginine, octadecadienoic acid (FA[18:2]), and sphingolipids. We identified distinctive biomarkers differentiating NMOSD from HC and found blood factors correlating with disease severity. Among these, fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP) was a notable marker of disease progression.ConclusionsOur comprehensive blood profile analysis offers new insights into NMOSD pathophysiology, revealing significant peripheral immune and metabolic alterations. This work lays the groundwork for future biomarker identification and mechanistic studies in NMOSD, highlighting the potential of FAP as a marker of disease progression.

Digestive utilization of Sahelian forages associated with cowpea haulms (Vingna unguiculata) and blood profile in Arabic rams

Digestive utilization of sahelian forages associated with Vingna unguiculata and blood profile study was conducted in scientific garden of the University of Sciences and Technology, Ati (JSUSTA). Three forages were used to assess in vivo digestibity in eighteen (18) rams weighing around 31.83±3.02 kg and displayed individually in metabolic cages in six (6) groups of three (3) animals. Control groups received 1000g of feed made up of Brachiaria deflexa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Echinocloa colona. While, experimental groups received basal feeds associated with 30% of Vingna unguiculata. The experiment was preceded by 14 days adaptation and 7 days of data collection during which, hundred (100g) grams of feeds and feces as well as urine (10 ml) were collected for chemical analysis and digestibility assessment. At the end of experimentation, two (2) ml of blood was collected from each animal before and after feeding for blood profile analysis. The results showed that the association of 30% Vingna unguiculata have significantly (p<0.05) increased intake of D. aegyptium and B. deflexa in Arab rams. In vivo digestibility of E. colona was significantly (p<0.05) higher in rams when associated or no with 30% of Vingna unguiculata. Blood profile analysis showed that E. colona associated with 30% of Vingna unguiculata induced significant (p<0.05) increase in blood protein, globulin and cholesterol concentration in Arabic rams.

Analysis of Prescription Pattern of Anti-diabetic Medications in a Teaching Hospital in North India.

This retrospective observational study aimedto comprehensively analyse the clinical profile and treatment modalities of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who were treatedat a tertiary care centre. The study included a cohort of 300 individuals who sought medical care at the hospital from January 2023 to January 2024. The analysis primarily examined parameters such as the mean number of anti-diabetic medications per prescription, the proportion of various categories of anti-diabetic medications prescribed, the predominant class and type of anti-diabetic medications prescribed, and the proportion of anti-diabetic medications prescribed from the essential drug lists. The age distribution demonstrated that 52.0% of participants were above 60 years old, showcasing a substantial elderly representation. Gender distribution emphasized a male predominance at 65.0%, highlighting potential gender-specific implications in type II diabetes. The blood profile analysis of patients with T2DM revealed a range of values for key parameters. Fasting blood glucose levels ranged from a minimum of 101 mg/dL to a maximum of 359 mg/dL, with a mean of 180.01 mg/dl. The comprehensive analysis of anti-diabetic drug utilization, based on the total number of units prescribed, sheds light on the diverse treatment approaches employed for managing diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin, comprising 31.3% of the total units, plays a pivotal role in glycemic control, with both regular and biphasic formulations contributing significantly at 26.3% and 9.3%, respectively. Among the 300 patients, the overall utilization of anti-diabetic drugs reveals that 38.7% of individuals are using a combination of insulin with oral anti-diabetic drugs, while 61.3% are relying on oral anti-diabetic drugs alone. The most frequently prescribed drug combinations for diabetes management include sulphonylurea with biguanides, emerging as the most prevalent combination with 22 occurrences. The study's findings contribute valuable insights into the socio-demographic profiles and anti-diabetic drug utilization patterns among diabetes patients.

Influence of Ensiled Guinea Grass-Cassava Peels Enriched With Soybean Waste on Performance of West African Dwarf (WAd) Goats

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of ensiled guinea grass (GG)- cassava peel (CSP) enriched with soybean cheese waste (SBCW) in varying proportions into 4 treatments: T1 (GG100%), T2 (GG80% + CSP10% + SBCW10%), T3 (GG60% + CSP30% + SBCW10%) and T4 (GG40% + CSP50% + SBCW10%) on West African Dwarf goats. Twenty WAd goats were allocated into four silages of five growing WAd goats each. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were measured for twelve weeks of the experiment. Digestibility study was carried out using Three animals per treatment for faeces and urine collection. Blood samples were collected via jugular vein for blood profile analysis using standard measures in a completely randomized design. The Crude protein (CP) concentrations of silage increased with the increasing level of cassava peels. Crude fiber levels of the silages also followed the same trend. The group of animals fed T4 had highest feed intake among the treatment groups. Daily weight gain of goats in T4 was better enhanced than other treatments. The apparent digestibility was significantly different (P˂0.05) among the treatment groups. There were diet effects on the parameters measured for rumen liquor of the animals fed silages. The treatments had no effects on the haematology and total protein of goats fed diets. It is therefore indicated that agro-industrial by-products ensiled with guinea grass are potential means of feed sustainability during the dry season period for goats in Nigeria without any deleterious effects on goats’ health and performance.

Effect of Malathion Toxicity on Body Weight and Blood Profile in Male Rabbits

Malathion is a widely used organophosphorous pesticide that a large number of population are undesirably exposing themselves to severe health risk due to taking up the contaminated foods, water and vegetables. The present study was aims to evaluate the chronic toxicity of orally administered low doses of malathion in rabbits based on the body weight loss and blood profile. The study was conducted on sixty male rabbits, non-adult male rabbits they were divided into three equal groups, thirty rabbits of each group. The rabbits were treated orally with different dose (5 and 15 mg/ kg/day) of malathion for thirty days. After treatment; body weight were recorded and blood samples were collected for blood profile analysis to investigate the health changes. Changes in total body weight in both treatment groups were showed reduction while total body weight in control group showed significant increase (p ≤0.5). The counts of WBC were showed significant increase in low and high dose respectively compared with control group. We concluded that malathion decrease body weight.

Kimchi cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) by-products treated with calcium oxide and alkaline hydrogen peroxide as feed ingredient for Holstein steers.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with calcium oxide (CaO) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) as substitutional ingredient of total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro fermentation, in situ disappearance and growth performance of Holstein steers. Cannulated Holstein (600 ± 47 kg) was used for both the in vitro and in situ experiments. The treatments used were TMR only (CON), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products fresh matter (FM) basis (TC), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis (TCC), and TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis + 3.22% AHP FM basis (TCCA). For in vivo experiment, thirty-four Holstein steers (273 ± 45 kg) were subjected to a 150-day feeding trial, divided into two groups: CON and TC. In the in vitro experiment, pH of TCCA was greatest (p < 0.05) among other treatments at all incubation times. Ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different for each treatment. However, butyrate was greater (p < 0.05) in TCC and CON than in both TC and TCCA. During in situ experiment, the dry matter (DM) disappearance was greatest (p < 0.05) in TCCA among other treatments. Also, disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed greatest (p > 0.05) in TCCA treatment. In the in vivo experiment, average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between CON and TC. In blood profile analysis, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total protein concentration were not significantly different between treatments. But, creatinine concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in TC than in CON. Overall results suggest that Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with CaO and AHP can be used as substitutional ingredient in TMR for Holstein steers.

A Comparative Analysis of Erythropoietin and Carbamoylated Erythropoietin Proteome Profiles.

In recent years, erythropoietin (EPO) has emerged as a useful neuroprotective and neurotrophic molecule that produces antidepressant and cognitive-enhancing effects in psychiatric disorders. However, EPO robustly induces erythropoiesis and elevates red blood cell counts. Chronic administration is therefore likely to increase blood viscosity and produce adverse effects in non-anemic populations. Carbamoylated erythropoietin (CEPO), a chemically engineered modification of EPO, is non-erythropoietic but retains the neurotrophic and neurotrophic activity of EPO. Blood profile analysis after EPO and CEPO administration showed that CEPO has no effect on red blood cell or platelet counts. We conducted an unbiased, quantitative, mass spectrometry-based proteomics study to comparatively investigate EPO and CEPO-induced protein profiles in neuronal phenotype PC12 cells. Bioinformatics enrichment analysis of the protein expression profiles revealed the upregulation of protein functions related to memory formation such as synaptic plasticity, long term potentiation (LTP), neurotransmitter transport, synaptic vesicle priming, and dendritic spine development. The regulated proteins, with roles in LTP and synaptic plasticity, include calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 (Camk1), Synaptosomal-Associated Protein, 25 kDa (SNAP-25), Sectretogranin-1 (Chgb), Cortactin (Cttn), Elongation initiation factor 3a (Eif3a) and 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 (Rplp2). We examined the expression of a subset of regulated proteins, Cortactin, Grb2 and Pleiotrophin, by immunofluorescence analysis in the rat brain. Grb2 was increased in the dentate gyrus by EPO and CEPO. Cortactin was induced by CEPO in the molecular layer, and pleiotrophin was increased in the vasculature by EPO. The results of our study shed light on potential mechanisms whereby EPO and CEPO produce cognitive-enhancing effects in clinical and preclinical studies.

Effect of garlic rhizome (Allium sativum) powder supplemented diets on the haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens at starter and finisher phases

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of garlic rhizome powder on blood profile of broiler at different growth phases (starter and finisher phase). One hundred and twenty Abor acre broiler chicks were used for the study and the chicks were randomly distributed into four treatment groups and the treatment groups were then divided into different replicates with each replicate having 10 chicks i.e. 30 chicks in each treatment group. The garlic powder was included at different inclusion levels and the treatments were designed as T1: basal diet with no garlic powder, T2: basal diet supplemented with 0.5% garlic powder T3: basal diet supplemented with 1.0% garlic powder and T4 having 1.5% garlic powder. Starter diet was offered to the birds for the first four weeks of the feeding trial and finisher diet was also provided for the birds within 5th to 8th week. Daily feed intake and weekly body measurement were taken. At the end of the starter phase, blood was collected for haematological and serum biochemistry analysis also blood was collected for blood profile analysis at the seventh (8th) week of the experiment. The blood samples collected were analyzed for haematological parameters which include haemoglobin, Packed cell volume, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin, Mean corpuscular volume, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and serum biochemical parameters which include Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphate, Cholesterol, Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Uric acid and Creatinine. Results showed that the effect of feeding graded levels of garlic rhizome powder on the haematological and serum parameters were significant (P&lt;0.05). The cholesterol levels of experimental birds dropped significantly with increasing levels of garlic in the diets. Inclusion of garlic powder on broiler feed had no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) on the creatinine level. Therefore 1.5% inclusion of garlic should be added to broiler feed to enhance production of broiler lean meat with lowest cholesterol.

Toxic Potentials of Nittol Detergent on Haematological Parameters of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Nigeria

Background: The toxic effect of Nittol detergent on the haematological parameters of the African catfish (C. gariepinus) sub-adult was investigated. The experiment was conducted in triplicates forthe four treatments. Behavioral changes in fish exposed to different concentrations of Nittol detergent ranged from erratic swimming, moribund movement, jumping and lack of balance. Similar changes were not observed in the control throughout the experiment. Nittol detergent is composed of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, sodium per-borate and sodium silicate (perfume) as active ingredients. The fish were exposed to concentrations 1.0 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 3.0 g/L and 4.0g/L. At 1.0 g/l concentration, the mean mortality was 80% with an initial erratic swimming.&#x0D; Results: It was observed that mean mortality increased drastically with increasing Nittol Detergent concentrations. At a concentration 3.0 g/L, total mortality was observed within 72 hours of exposure preceding moribund swimming while total mortality was observed at 4.0 g/L. The concentration at which 50% of the experimental fishes were killed (LC50) was 0.9 g/L. Results from statistical analysis indicated that mortality varied significantly with concentrations as higher values recorded higher mortality rates. However, mean values showed the highest mortality (74%) with Nittol detergent. Haematological results obtained from blood profile analysis showed various degrees of alterations and changes in values when compared to the control. The PCV of the exposed fish was 26% when compared to 27% in the control, HB was 8.9 (GDL) as against 9.0 Gdl of the control, total WBC was 640 x 109/L as against 1280 x 109/L of the control. The RBC reading was 4.7 compared to 5.3 (mm3) of the control. For the differential counts, the lymphocyte was 80%. Neutrophils were 4 % and monocyte 16% compared to 62%, 8% and 30% of the control respectively. The results revealed a significant decrease in PCV counts for 8.0, 16.0, 25.0, and 50.0ml/l concentration when compared to the control. There revealed significant decrease of haemoglobin count for 8.0 ml/l group (p&gt;0.05) and significant decrease for 16.0 ml/l, 25.0 ml/l and 50.0 ml/l groups (p&lt;0.05), when compared to the control. The results showed insignificant decrease of RBC count for 1.0 g/l (p&gt;0.05) and a significant decrease for the 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 g/l groups (p&lt;0.05), compared to the control. This means that as the toxicant concentration increased, the fish red blood count decreased the more. This further implies that at higher concentration of, RBC reduces correspondingly. Lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils in the control set showed (apparently normal cell after) hematoxylin and eosin staining. Differential blood samples exposed to various concentrations of Nittol Detergent showed denatured cells, haemolysis and blood cell shrinkage.&#x0D; Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that Nittol Detergent has significant toxic effect on the haematological parameters of C. gariepinus and recommended the control disposal of this detergent into aquatic bodies to reduce the negative impact on the blood quality of aquatic organisms.

Significance of Hepatitis B Virus Diagnosis by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction over Serological Markers in Hepatitis B Virus Patients

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of viral hepatitis, as currently over 2 billion people have HBV infection worldwide. Nucleic acid assay and quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been developed for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring of patients with HBV infection. These tests might also show correlation between HBV DNA and HBs serostatus. The study aimed to find and analyze the frequency and impact of HBsAg seropositivity among patients revealed HBV DNA negative level through quantitative estimation of both seromarkers. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Elecsys assays were used for quantitative estimation of HBV DNA and HBs antigen, respectively. A total of 256 blood samples were used from patients referred for either diagnostic purpose and/or HBV viral load monitoring after antiviral therapy. Blood profile analysis showed 12.26% HBs antigen seropositivity among patients revealed negative for nucleic acid assay for HBV DNA. Positive HBs antigen titers ranged from 1000–50,000 COI, with seronegative anti-HBs antibody test for all samples tested positive for HBs antigen. This study delineated that negative or undetectable quantitation of HBV DNA level does not exclude HBV infection; as the level might fluctuate in different phases of HBV replication. This gives an impression and raising a question about significance of replacing test for HBsAg with quantitation of HBV DNA PCR assay. Thus, the study refers to a special HBV profile outside the classical pattern.

Comparison the effects of animal fat (ghee) with that of vegetable fat (dalda) in respect to hemato-biochemical parameters in mice

The experiment was conducted to compare the effects of animal fat (ghee) and vegetable fat (dalda) in respect to hemato-biochemical changes in mice. A total of twenty one, 45 days old (Swiss Albino) mice were randomly divided into three equal experimental groups as A, B and C (n=7). Group A was considered as control and fed only broiler pellet, group B was fed broiler pellet with ghee (25 gm/1000 gm feed) and group C was fed broiler pellet with dalda (25 gm/1000 gm feed) respectively. At day 40, all mice were sacrificed to collect blood for hematological parameters where blood profile was analyzed by biochemical tests. Total erythrocyte counts were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in ghee and dalda supplemented mice (B: 8.99±.34 million/cu. mm. and C: 8.27±.43 million/cu.mm.) compared to control group (A: 7.49±.22 million/cu.mm.). The significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher hemoglobin concentration was recorded in ghee supplemented group B (9.02±.18 gm/dl) than other groups and control group A showed lowest value (7.59±.52 gm/dl). In Blood profile analysis, serum cholesterol and HDL value were higher in ghee and dalda supplemented group than control group. On the other hand triglyceride value was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in control group (A: 44±4.58 mg/dl) than ghee and dalda supplemented group (B: 80.33±2.51 mg/dl, C: 71.2±4.26 mg/dl). The study suggests that ghee and dalda supplementation with regular diet would be able to significantly increase cholesterol and triglyceride in mice.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2018, 4(2): 222-226

Blood biochemical and hormonal profiles vis-a-vis production performance of single and twin kid bearing Surti goats (Capra hircus)

Study was undertaken to investigate the effect of single and twin kidding on blood bio-chemical, hormonal profiles and production performance of 14 goats. The animals were divided into group1 (single kid, n=7) and group 2 (twin kids, n= 7). The blood samples were collected on 0, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 day of parturition for analysis of blood profiles. Milk yield and fat% were also recorded on different test days. Serum glucose, albumin, BUN and cholesterol was higher in twin bearing dam; however, it was not significantly (P less than 0.05) different. Overall total protein and NEFA was higher in singlet bearing goats on 0 and 45 days of parturition. Cortisol was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in singlet bearing goats initially (7d) during kidding, however overall cortisol level was higher in twin bearing dams, indicating fast recovery of stress in singlet bearing goats. Level of estrogen was also higher in twin bearing goats. Milk yield was significantly higher in twin bearing goats. It was therefore inferred that kidding pattern had a marked influence on blood profiles and production performance in Surti goats.

A survey of diseases in captive bearded dragons: a retrospective study of 529 patients

The aim of this clinical retrospective study was to analyse the prevalence of common disorders in 529 captive bearded dragons that were presented to three exotic animal clinics in Central Europe (Austria and Czech Republic) over a period of three years. A diagnosis was made on the basis of the presenting clinical signs and physical examination in 30.8% of the cases, whereas various additional diagnostic tests were performed in the other cases (69.2%). These included diagnostic imaging (radiography, ultrasound and computed tomography), examination of faecal samples for the presence of parasites, a blood-profile analysis, histological, as well as bacteriological and mycological examinations and necropsy. Gastrointestinal diseases (42.67%) like endoparasitism, constipation, sand ingestion, tympany and meteorism were the most common disorders. In 51.92% of the cases of constipation, endoparasites were present, whereas in 38.46% of the cases of constipation, metabolic bone diseases and imbalances in calcium and phosphorus levels were detected. Most of the analysed faecal samples (83.27%) were positive for the presence of endoparasites (48.7% pinworms, 25.39% coccidians and 16.06% flagellates). Dermatological problems (22.4%) contained skin tumours, which were observed in adult lizards (age range from three to eight years) and included spindle cell tumour on the eyelid, as well as spindle cell sarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma on the trunk. Osteodystrophy, limb fractures and various types of necrosis on the limbs and tail were frequently observed musculoskeletal disorders (18.93%). Over half of all animals (57.14%) that underwent a blood test, showed a deviation in the calcium-phosphorus ratio, 63.98% showed hypocalcaemia and 26.71% hyperphosphataemia. Diseases of the urogenital system (9.47%) included renal diseases and dystocia. Neoplastic diseases besides skin tumours included two cases of leukaemia in 4-year-old bearded dragons, one of these with lymphoma in kidneys, lungs and liver and one ganglioneuroma in the body cavity of a bearded dragon of unknown age. Orthopaedic surgeries were most frequently performed to amputate the limbs or tail, whereas soft-tissue surgeries most often included the treatment of skin wounds and correction of cloacal prolapse, in addition to ovariectomy, salpingotomy or salpingectomy in female bearded dragons. Similar to the situation in Australia and the USA, infectious as well as non-infectious diseases are common in captive bearded dragons in Central Europe. Due to the high occurrence of endoparasitism, skin diseases and metabolic bone diseases in this present study, regular veterinary controls in bearded dragons including parasitological faecal examinations and optimisation of feeding and housing are necessary to improve the standard of health of bearded dragons kept as pet lizards in Europe.

Local and systemic analysis of porous iron implantation in femoral bone of rats

Event Abstract Back to Event Local and systemic analysis of porous iron implantation in femoral bone of rats Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum1, Devi Paramitha1, 2, Sitaria Fransiska Siallagan1, Arlita Sariningrum1, Anizza Dyah Kartika Maharani1, Fitri Aprian Harjo1, Muhammad Fajar Nashrulloh1, Risti Laily1, Dwida Rahmadani1, Retno Wulansari1, Hera Maheshwari1, Hendra Hermawan2 and Deni Noviana1 1 Bogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Indonesia 2 Laval University, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Center, Canada Introduction: Recently porous biodegradable metals have been proposed as new materials for bone scaffolds [1] with magnesium as the most studied over the last 5 years [2]. Its porous structure was proven to play important role in cell growth, spreading and proliferation due to higher surface contact area and interconnectivity within the pores [3]. Meanwhile, porous iron is introduced more recently [4] where in vitro cytotoxicity assessments show positive effect toward the proliferation of mesenchymal and osteoblast cells [4],[5]. In this work we aim to further elaborate its potentiality as bone implant material via in vivo implantation study in femoral bone of rats and evaluation of the local and systemic body response. Materials and Methods: This study was approved by Animal Care and Use Committee, Bogor Agricultural University (#6-2014 IPB). Implants (5 x 2 x 0.5 mm3) were prepared form pure porous iron (Alantum, Korea) with with pore size of 450 μm, 580 μm, and 800 μm. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats (6-7 weeks age) were grouped based on the implant’s pore size and 1 sham group. Implants were inserted into the right femur bone defects. Local and systemic body responses were observed at day 7, 14, and 30 post-implantation (n=5). One mL of venous-tail blood was collected and analysed for cell blood count, biochemistry profile, and concentration of metal (Fe, Ca, P) ions. Peri-implant muscle samples were collected at near (±0.1 mm) and far (±5 mm) areas from implant for Fe ion concentration analysis. Radiograms were taken using portable digital computer radiography. Colorimetric analysis was done on retrieved implants and on opened area of implant-tissue contact using image analysis software. All data were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Duncan test. Results and Discussion: Fig. 1A presents evidence that porous iron implant only affect the percentage of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte due to the inflammation response against the implant [6]. The concentration of Fe and Ca ions was increase in the 1st weeks of implantation (Fig 1B) similar to our previous findings [7]. Fig. 1C shows the changes of kidney and liver enzyme function in the level of SGPT, SGOT, urea, and creatinine over time. Fig. 1. Systemic blood profile analysis. (A) Cells blood count, (B1-3) Metal (Fe, Ca, and P) ion concentration, (C1-4) Liver and renal enzyme function biochemistry. Fig. 2A shows radiograms with different degradation rate of the implants due to different pore size. However, there is no significant difference in term of peri-implant-bone radio-density and pore sizes (Fig. 2B). Iron ion concentration was found higher at the near peri-implant area and was decreasing over 30 days, except for the 800 μm group (Fig. 2C). Fig. 2. Radiograms and local Fe ion analysis: (A1-3) Radiography at day 30, (B1-3) Radiodensity of implant, peri-implant-bone and peri-implant-muscles, (C1-3) Fe ions concentration at local tissue. Fig. 3A shows that the colorimetric analysis on the opened peri-implant tissue and the retrieved implant has consistently with the radiographic analysis. The reddish-brown tissue intensity is higher for 450 μm implant group (Fig. 3B). This can be related to higher volume of iron in this group and the greater implant-tissue interaction area causing pronounce earlier degradation process[8]. Fig. 3. Colorimetric image analysis of: (A1-4) Opened peri-implant tissue, (B1-4) retrieved implant and its corrosion product. Conclusions: In general, the study provide evidences that the implantation of porous iron implants on the femoral bone of rats does not cause negative effect toward local and systemic biological responses of the animal. The authors acknowledge Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture-DGHE for grant No. 083/SP2H/PL/Dit.Litabmas/II/2015 and the collaboration with Alantum, Korea, and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University.; This work in part of the international Indonesia-Canada collaboration between Laval University and Bogor Agricultural University.; The authors thank to Dr. Erwin, Dr. Sitaria Fransiska Siallagan, Dr. Tetty Barunawati Siagian, Dr. Frizky Amelia and Dr. Nindya Dwi Utami for the discussion.

Reconstitution of the cellular immune response by lactoferrin in cyclophosphamide-treated mice is correlated with renewal of T cell compartment

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used to treat both malignant and non-malignant immune-mediated inflammatory disorders in humans. It is also known as a potent immunosuppressive drug in humans and experimental animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of lactoferrin (LF) on cellular responses and reconstruction of the lymphocyte pool in mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CP). Twelve week-old CBA mice were given a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of CP (400 mg/kg body weight), then were treated per os with seven doses of LF (1 mg/dose) on alternate days. We demonstrated that the magnitude of delayed type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin, strongly diminished by CP action, was reconstituted by LF. Oral LF treatment also resulted in partial recovery of Concanavalin A-induced splenocyte proliferation. Blood profile analysis revealed elevation of leukocytosis by LF in CP-treated mice (from 64.9 to 84.76% of the control value). LF also caused substantial restoration of the percentage of the lymphocyte population in circulating blood (from 43.4 to 60.2% of the control values). LF alone had no effect on the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in normal mice, however, the total number of leukocytes decreased by 23.25%. Furthermore, we showed that LF increased the cellularity of spleens isolated from CP-treated mice (from 53.2 to 78.8%) and the content of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages (elevations from 50.6 to 67.3% and from 65.2 to 83.6%, respectively). Lastly, using panning technique, we demonstrated that LF strongly elevated the pool of CD3+ T cells in normal and CP-immunocompromised mice and CD4+ T cell content. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that lactoferrin, given orally to CP-immunosuppressed mice, could reconstitute a T-cell mediated immune response by renewal of the T cell pool.